| Bladder cancer | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The white in the bladder is contrast. | |
| Specialty | Oncology |
| Symptoms | Blood in the urine, pain with urination[1] |
| Usual onset | 65 to 84 years old[2] |
| Types | Transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma[3] |
| Risk factors | Smoking, family history, prior radiation therapy, frequent bladder infections, certain chemicals[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Cystoscopy with tissue biopsies[4] |
| Treatment | Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy[1] |
| Prognosis | Five-year survival rates ~77% (US)[2] |
| Frequency | 549,000 new cases (2018)[5] |
| Deaths | 200,000 (2018)[5] |
Bladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder.[1] It is a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body.[6][7] Symptoms include blood in the urine, pain with urination, and low back pain.[1]
Risk factors for bladder cancer include smoking, family history, prior radiation therapy, frequent bladder infections, and exposure to certain chemicals.[1] The most common type is transitional cell carcinoma.[3] Other types include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.[3] Diagnosis is typically by cystoscopy with tissue biopsies.[4] Staging of the cancer is determined by transurethral resection and medical imaging.[1][8][9]
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer.[1] It may include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.[1] Surgical options may include transurethral resection, partial or complete removal of the bladder, or urinary diversion.[1] The typical five-year survival rates in the United States is 77%, Canada is 75%, and Europe is 68%.[2][10][11]
Bladder cancer, as of 2018, affected about 1.6 million people globally with 549,000 new cases and 200,000 deaths.[5] Age of onset is most often between 65 and 84 years of age.[2] Males are more often affected than females.[2] In 2018, the highest rate of bladder cancer occurred in Southern and Western Europe followed by North America with rates of 15, 13, and 12 cases per 100,000 people.[5] The highest rates of bladder cancer deaths were seen in Northern Africa and Western Asia followed by Southern Europe.[5]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Bladder Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 1 January 1980. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
- ^ a b c d e "Cancer of the Urinary Bladder - Cancer Stat Facts". SEER. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ a b c "Bladder Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 1 January 1980. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Bladder Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 5 June 2017. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
- ^ a b c d e "Bladder Cancer Factsheet" (PDF). Global Cancer Observatory. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- ^ "Cancer Fact sheet N°297". World Health Organization. February 2014. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
- ^ "Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
- ^ "EAU Guidelines: Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer". Uroweb. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ "Bladder Cancer - Stages and Grades". Cancer.Net. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ "Bladder cancer". World Cancer Research Fund. 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ "Survival statistics for bladder cancer - Canadian Cancer Society". www.cancer.ca. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.