adding to the article 'Gender inequalities in Japan'
adding to summary at beginning
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Inequality also lies within divorce and the marriage of same sex couples due to both a lack of protective divorce laws and the presence of restrictive marriage laws; discrimination exists outside of the law and is present in the modern day society of Japan[1]
Divorce
editIn Japan the process of getting a divorce is considered a personal family issue in which the Japanese government does not get extremely involved in except to provide legal papers that need to be consensually signed by both partners in the marriage. Partners have the option to get divorced through the family court system or through simple registration at their ward[2]. Divorce in the late 70's in Japan was usually due to adultery, financial problems, and incompatibility, however divorces now are most often due to incompatibility with personalities followed by abuse and violence by the husband[3]. In cases that involve domestic violence or abuse, most often women are left at a disadvantage, being left with limited economic opportunities post-divorce due to discrimination and unequal distributions of assets[4].
Gender Inequality in Education Historically
editIn Japanese society today, there is practically no gender gap in education between genders and in fact gender inequality has been overall declining in Japan, however Japan has not historically been this way[5]. When structuralized education was in early modernization, there were huge limitations for female opportunity in all education levels: elementary attendance was low, secondary education opportunities were limited, and higher education was not an option [6]. However, things began to change slowly throughout the 19th century and continued to change through the end of WWII for equal educational opportunities. After WWII, gender equality in education along with democratization, sexual equality, and change in the employment structure were at full speed and prompted many changes towards a more equal society [6].
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Gender Inequalities in LGBTQ+ Marriage Rights
editSame sex marriage is not legal in Japan, however same sex unions are allowed and are facilitated through adult adoption and partnership certificates[7]. Japanese culture of 'eroticized violence' is quite present in Japan which sexualizes and mistreats the female body with influences laws which encourages conformity and homogeneity in the legal restraints and law making surrounding sexual violence[8] These inequalities affect many aspects of individuals who do not identify with heterosexual marriage norms including social and legal discrimination in the work place, education, healthcare, and housing, with the legal discrimination stemming from the Koseki[9]. There have been changes to try and fight social discrimination such as the Japanese Ministry of Health enforcing work place regulations against income and social discrimination of someone due to their sexual orientation [10].
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Works Cited
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- ^ King, Johnathan. "LGBTQ+ Rights and Protections: Do Existing Theories Explain Japan's Limited Legislation?". Middle Tennessee State University.
- ^ Maree, Claire. "Same-Sex Partnerships in Japan: Bypasses and Other Alternatives". Tsuda College.
- ^ Kumagai, Fumie. "The fallacy of late-life divorce in japan". Care Management Journals.
- ^ Ono, H. "DIVORCE IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN AND ITS GENDERED PATTERNS".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Hojo, Masakazu. "Inequality in Japanese Education: Estimation Using the Gini Education Coefficient". Japanese Economy.
- ^ a b Saito, Yasuo. "Gender Equality in Education in Japan". JICA.
- ^ Maree, Claire. "Same-Sex Partnerships in Japan: Bypasses and Other Alternatives". Tsuda College.
- ^ Burns, Catherine. Sexual Violence and the Law in Japan.
- ^ Maree, Claire. "Sexual citizenship at the intersections of patriarchy and heteronormativity: Same-sex partnerships and the koseki". Melbourne University.
- ^ Hiramori, daiki. "Social-Institutional Structures That Matter: An Exploratory Analysis of Sexual/Gender Minority Status and Income in Japan". University of Washington.