On the Internet[edit]
editMain article: Fake news website
See also: Internet manipulation
The roots of fake news[edit]
editMain article: Media pluralism The roots of "fake news" from UNESCO's World Trends Report The term "fake news" gained importance with the electoral context in Western Europe and North America. It is determined by fraudulent content in news format and its velocity. “Fake news” has become a much-used and much-hyped term in the so-called “post-truth” era that we now live in[1]. According to Bounegru, Gray, Venturini and Mauri, fake news is when a deliberate lie "is picked up by dozens of other blogs, retransmitted by hundreds of websites, cross-posted over thousands of social media accounts and read by hundreds of thousands" that it then effectively becomes "fake news". On January 10, 2019 Fox Nation ran a documentary called Black Eye: Dan Rather and the Birth of Fake News.
The evolving nature of online business models encourages the production of information that is "click-worthy" and independent of its accuracy.
The nature of trust depends on the assumptions that non-institutional forms of communication are freer from power and more able to report information that mainstream media are perceived as unable or unwilling to reveal. Declines in confidence in much traditional media and expert knowledge have created fertile grounds for alternative, and often obscure sources of information to appear as authoritative and credible. This ultimately leaves users confused about basic facts.
Internet companies with threatened credibility tend to develop new responses to limit fake news and reduce financial incentives for its proliferation.
Changed article
The term "fake news" gained importance with the electoral context in Western Europe and North America. It is determined by fraudulent content in news format and its velocity. According to Bounegru, Gray, Venturini and Mauri, fake news is when a deliberate lie "is picked up by dozens of other blogs, retransmitted by hundreds of websites, cross-posted over thousands of social media accounts and read by hundreds of thousands" that it then effectively becomes "fake news".
The evolving nature of online business models encourages the production of information that is "click-worthy" and independent of its accuracy, which ultimately leaves users confused about basic facts. Internet companies with threatened credibility tend to develop new responses to limit fake news and reduce financial incentives for its proliferation.
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Donald Trump
What was originally a term used for misinformation, is now used as a tool for propaganda.[2]
Donald Trump frequently mentions fake news on Twitter to criticize the media in the United States, including CNN and New York Times. President Trump has claimed that the mainstream American media regularly reports fake news. His use of the term has increased distrust of the American media globally, particularly in Russia. His claims have given credibility to the stories in the Russian media that label American news, especially news about atrocities committed by the Syrian regime against its own people, where it was quoted that "munitions at the air base had as much to do with chemical weapons as the test tube in the hands of Colin Powell had to do with weapons of mass destruction in Iraq", as just more fake American news.[224]
Trump has carried on a war against the mainstream media, often attacking it as "fake news". Every few days, Trump issues a threat against the press due to his claims of "fake news". There are many instances of which norms that protect press freedom that have been pushed or even upended by Trump[3]. Donald Trump’s election exposed structural pathologies in America’s media system. This commentary addresses three broad media failures that combine to imperil democratic society: the news media’s extreme commercialism; Facebook’s proliferation of misinformation; and the crisis of newspaper journalism[4].
Fake News in Social Media
editFake News and disinformation is spread all over social media, such as Twitter, everyday. More than 6.6 million tweets linking to fake and conspiracy news publishers around the 2016 campaign. Most News stories on Twitter follow a statistically regular pattern. However many fake news stories do not follow this pattern. Organized blocks or accounts coordinate to create a longer lifecycle for this fake news information.[5]
References
edit- ^ McGonagle, Tarlach (2017-12). ""Fake news": False fears or real concerns?". Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 35 (4): 203–209. doi:10.1177/0924051917738685. ISSN 0924-0519.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "How President Trump took 'fake news' into the mainstream". BBC News.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=requires|archive-url=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Hepworth, Shelley. "Tracking Trump-era assault on press norms". Columbia Journalism Review.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Pickard, Victor (2016). "Media Failures in the Age of Trump". upenn.edu.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Disinformation, 'Fake News' and Influence Campaigns on Twitter". Knight Foundation. Retrieved 2020-12-07.