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Development planners were forced to rely on the work of social scientists in order to devise resettlement plans.

Potential References:

Courtland W. Robinson, "Minimizing Development Induced Displacement," Migration and Policy Institute (2004).

Paul K. Gellert and Barbara D. Lynch, "Mega-project as displacements," UNESCO (2003), pp. 16-35.

Michael Cernea, "Re-examining Displacement: A Redefinition of Concepts In Development and Conservation Policies, " Social Change, March 2006, Vol 36, nr. 1, pp8-35. New Delhi, India.

Seth Mydans, "A Corner of Indonesia, Sinking in a Sea of Mud," The New York Times, December 18, 2008.

Theodore E. Downing, "Avoiding New Poverty: Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement," Mining Minerals and Sustainable Development and International Institute for Environment and Development, April 2002.

Michael Hudson, "Refugees of Development," The Huffington Post, June 18, 2015

OCHA, "Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, " (2004).

Critique of existing article:

The article provides a definition of development-induced displacement ("DID"), including its causes, effects and magnitude as well as some examples. The article in its existing state, however, is choppy and disorganized. The article needs additional subsections to help clarify the information. There are also facts presented with no references ("...development is affecting more and more people..." and "The lack of rehabilitation policies for migrants means that they are often compensated only monetarily..."). The Chicago example fails to explain what caused the displacement and seems out of place. The article makes a judgment by claiming that "Humanitarian aid agencies should target their efforts...". The "Causes" subsection contains overlapping information, which are only lists. The "Examples" subsection also only provides a list of 4 examples and does not provided uniform information for each.

Suggestions for Improvement:

I would like to improve the flow of the article by creating additional subsections to organize the information. I would also like to focus on the effects of displacement that are particular to DID as well as remove the value judgment made about the focus of aid agencies. I also plan to elaborate on the examples presented and possibly add additional example to touch on other kinds of DID besides dams.

Relevant Questions:

Who are the agencies responsible for DID and compensation to the displaced (government? corporations?). What role do aid agencies and NGO's play in DID?

Article:

Development-induced displacement edit

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Definition and Context edit

Development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) occurs when people are forced from their homes and/or land as a result of development. This subset of forced migration has been historically associated with the construction of dams for hydroelectric power and irrigation but is also the result of various development projects such as mining, agriculture, the creation of military installations, airports, industrial plants, weapon testing grounds, railways, road developments, urbanization, conservation projects, and forestry. Development-induced displacement is a social problem affecting multiple levels of human organization, from tribal and village communities to well-developed urban areas. While, development is widely viewed as an inevitable step towards modernization and economic growth in developing countries. For those who are displaced to allow for major development projects, however, the end result is most often loss of livelihood and impoverishment.[1][2]

Classification of development-induced displaced persons (DIDPs), refugees and internally displaced persons rests on fundamental differences in the type of assistance provided to each category. Refugees and internally displaced persons typically need international protection and assistance as a result of fleeing violence and persecution. Development-induced displaced persons require the restoration of their capacity to generate income and protection from the state. While people displaced as a result of development have similar experiences to refugees (as defined by the UNHCR) in terms of economic and social loss, they are not protected by international law.[3][4]

Types of Displacement edit

"Primary" or "direct" displacement occurs when people are moved from their traditional lands to make way for a development project or when people move towards a project to meet a new labor demand. Primary displacement is usually predictable and can therefore be mitigated through planning.[5]

"Secondary" or "indirect" displacement is a result of environmental, geographical and socio-political consequences of the development project that take place over time and distance from the initial project. This type of displacement is less predictable and difficult to control.[5] One example of secondary displacement is if a community is forced to move because of pollution of their water supply by a mining project.

Effects of development-induced displacement edit

It has been estimated that fifteen million people each year are forced to leave their homes as a result of public and private development projects and that number continues to increase as countries move from developing to developed nations.[6][7]

Compensation and rehabilitation policies designed to mitigate effects of displacement are often unsuccessful due to corruption of street level bureaucrats, underestimation of the value of resources, failure of planners to recognize the intricacies of the existing social and economic systems of the displaced and lack of involvement of displaced persons in the planning process.[3] Communities and individuals are most often only compensated monetarily, without proper mechanisms for addressing their grievances or political support to improve their livelihoods. When land is used as compensation, it is often inadequate in terms of size, location and natural resources.[8] Land tenure laws may also prevent resettlement policy from being effective. Poor and indigenous people are mostly affected by displacement as they have few political and monetary resources.

Michael Cernea's impoverishment and reconstruction model (IRR) sets forth eight potential risks of displacement:

  1. Landlessness
  2. Joblessness
  3. Homelessness
  4. Marginalization
  5. Food insecurity
  6. Increased morbidity and mortality
  7. Loss of access to common property
  8. Social Disarticulation[9]

The consensus among researchers is that impoverishment due to loss of capacity to generate income is the most apparent effect of DIDR. Additionally, displacement severs social ties which are often crucial for survival in indigenous communities. Loss of connection to historical, religious, symbolic or spatial locations resulting from forced migration diminishes cultural identity.[10] Development-induced displaced persons, like refugees and internally displaced persons, also experience psychological stress as well as feelings of helplessness and distrust towards their government and humanitarian groups. While the state is charged with protecting them as equal citizens, they are considered "others" and left to bear the cost for those who will benefit.[3][4]

Women are disproportionately affected by DIDR as the loss of land used by women to generate economic worth further marginalizes their standing as they become more dependent on their husbands.[11]

 Policy and Mitigation edit

The work of sociologists and anthropologists studying displaced populations gradually led to a body of theoretical and conceptual knowledge. Development planners were eventually forced to rely on the work of social scientists in order to devise resettlement plans. Cernea argues that, assisted by dissent from NGOs and displaced persons themselves, a "ripple effect" of early policies led to expansion of resettlement policy which continues to broaden over time.[7]

Resettlement policy may be adopted by the state, regional associations, private development companies, NGOs, large financial institutions and the United Nations. Regardless of the source of the policy, local-level participation during all stages of the planning process is crucial to mitigating negative outcomes. Policies adopted by large financial institutions (mainly the World Bank and OECD), NGOs (The Brookings Institution) and the World Commission on Dams provide guidelines for resettlement of those displaced by development, though implementation is lacking and, with no political mandate, the guidelines are often ineffective. State involvement is dependent on political will but the precarious position of the state as "player and referee" leaves the displaced with little protection.[12][13]

In 1998, the United Nations was presented with the Guiding Principals on Internal Displacement, a set of guidelines proposed by group of legal scholars identifying rights and protections for internally displaced people. These guidelines specifically name the state as the protector of the rights of its citizens against the effects of development-induced displacement. Should the state fail to protect the rights of DIDRs, the Guidelines state that the international community must respond.[14] In 2002, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs established an IDP Unit to investigate instances of DIDR.[4] There is currently no enforceable international law governing DIDR.

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Examples[edit | edit source] edit

The following examples were selected to show varying types of DIDR:

See also[edit | edit source] edit

  • Economic migrants (not to be confused with "development-induced displacement", as the cause of their migration is not necessarily "development", but is to the contrary likely caused by the absence of development)

References[edit | edit source] edit

  • Understanding Impoverishment. The Consequences of Development-Induced Displacement edited by Christopher McDowell 2005 ISBN 978-1-57181-916-1
  • Development-Induced Displacement: Problems, Policies and People edited by Chris de Wet 2005 ISBN 978-1-84545-095-3
  • Development-Induced Displacement: Causes, Consequences, and Socio-Legal Context Bogumil Terminski, 2015. ISBN 978-3-83826-723-4
  • Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: An International Bibliography compiled by Bogumil Terminski, Geneva, 2013.
  • The International Network on Displacement and Resettlement, http://www.displacement.net. 2014

Review edit

Looks like you are on the way to better organizing parts of the article. Do you have a reference for the 10 million a year displaced or for it mostly affecting poor and indigenous people? In the current article the information about India and about Chicago should not be in the same paragraph. I guess you haven't quite got everything you want to do done yet. Are you planning to keep the Causes section? The article should include some pros of development, of how what is gained by development is weighed against the displacement of people. Can a link be found for the articles referenced? If they are online and have a DOI number that would be possible. RBThom (talk) 01:35, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Looking at the original article, I had the same critiques as you about the need for a more cohesive article as well as subsections and references. The addition of the effects section is great and one that was needed. As for suggestions one important factor the original article brought up is how women are the most impacted group in every category of development-induced displacement, it would be useful to keep this information and I noticed you added that poor and indigenous groups were the most impacted however you did not include women as well. It would also be useful to know if the examples of different kinds of DID are from the most globally impacted areas or randomly selected? Another suggestion is about citations (which is probably still in the process of being edited), I would suggest adding citations for the policies of the various organizations you cited as well as the claim of ineffectiveness, the ten million per year estimate in the effects section, as well as adding the full citations as opposed to just the source name and year, like with Chris deWet (2006). Also will the definition and context section be your lead section or do you have another lead section planned?

Overall, I think you are onto a great start for your article with the additions you have made. I really enjoyed reading it and learning about DID, which I was not familiar with before reviewing your article. Khgsu (talk) 03:45, 27 February 2017 (UTC)Response to Peer Review:

References - I am still working on the citations for this. A lot of them are left over from the original article and I need to look through them to see what is what. It looks like the original author cited some things and then just put in some general references so I need to do a little more research on the differences between what is actually cited and what he/she just considers "references". I will provide formal citations for all references.

Reference for 10 million - I have seen some different numbers for this but settled on 10 million. I just forgot to put in the citation.

Causes Section - I incorporated this into the "Definition and Context Section"

India and Chicago - I took this out completely because I felt as though it was out of place and was given too much attention in the article.

Positives of development - Good idea! I will work that in.

Lead Section - I was planning on having the "Definition and Context" be the lead section but I will give it some additional thought. Just didn't want to be redundant.

Women - I will elaborate on the effects of DID on women.

Policy citations - I will work these in as well.

Thanks!! - LK

  1. ^ Cernea, Michael (1996). "Public Policy Responses to Development-Induced Displacements". Economic and Political Weekly: 1515–1523.
  2. ^ Drydyk, Jay (2007). "Unequal Benefits: The Ethics of Development-Induced Displacement". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Winter 2007: 105–113.
  3. ^ a b c De Wet, Chris (2006). Development-Induced Displacement: Problems, Policies and People. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 4–5. ISBN 1-84545-096-5.
  4. ^ a b c Robinson, W. Courtland (2004). "Minimizing Development-Induced Displacement". Migration Information Source.
  5. ^ a b Gellert, Paul K.; Lynch, Barbara (2003). "Mega-projects as displacements". International Social Science Journal. 55 (175): 15–25. doi:10.1111/1468-2451.5501002.
  6. ^ Cernea, M.M. (2006). "Development-induced and conflict-induced IDPs: bridging the research divide". Forced Migration Review. Special Issue: 25–27.
  7. ^ a b Cernea, Michael (2006). "Re-examining "Displacement": A Redefinition of Concepts In Development and Conservation Policies". Social Change. 36: 8–35. doi:10.1177/004908570603600102. S2CID 147021648.
  8. ^ Irge, Satiroglu; 1981-, Choi, Narae (2015). Development-induced displacement and resettlement. pp. 20–22. ISBN 9781138794153. OCLC 972742648. {{cite book}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Cernea, Michael M. (1999). The Economics of Involuntary Resettlement: Questions and Challenges. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. pp. 17–18. ISBN 0-8213-3798-X.
  10. ^ Cernea, Michael (1996). "Public Policy Responses to Development-Induced Displacements". Economic and Political Weekly: 1515–1523.
  11. ^ Terminski, Bogumil (2012-08-10). "Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Social Problem and Human Rights Issue (A Global Perspective)". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2028490. S2CID 128712342. SSRN 2028490. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ De Wet, Chris (2006). Development-Induced Displacement: Problems, Policies and People. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 14. ISBN 1-84545-096-5.
  13. ^ Drydyk, Jay (2007). "Unequal Benefits: The Ethics of Development-Induced Displacement". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Winter 2007: 105–113.
  14. ^ "Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement".
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