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Kingdom of Mauretania
c. 3rd century BC–40 AD
Map of Mauretania (yellow) under the rule of Juba II and Ptolemy (25 BC–40 AD)
Map of Mauretania (yellow) under the rule of Juba II and Ptolemy (25 BC–40 AD)
CapitalVolubilis?
Caesarea (from 25 BC)
Common languagesBerber languages
Punic (written)
Greek (written)
Latin (written)
Religion
Traditional Berber religion
Hellenistic religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraClassical antiquity
• Foundation
c. 3rd century BC
• Interregnum
33 BC–25 BC
• Reestablished as Roman client kingdom
25 BC
• Abolished by Emperor Caligula
40 AD
Today part ofMorocco
Algeria

The Kingdom of Mauretania was an ancient polity in what is now Morocco and Algeria that existed from around the 3rd century BC to its annexation by the Roman Empire in 40 AD. Most of what is known about Mauretania's history revolves around its interactions with Rome and Numidia. It originated as a tribal confederation led by the Mauri people of northern Morocco. A Mauretanian king, Baga, was first mentioned in 206 BC, when he allied with king Massinissa of Numidia. A century later king Bocchus I intervened in the Jugurthine War by betraying his son in law Jugurtha and expanding his kingdom as far east as Saldae. During the reigns of Bocchus II and Bogud it was briefly seperated into two parts before Bocchus II managed to reunify the kingdom and even annexed territories as far east as the Rhumel River, but his death in 33 BC left it practically defunct. Emperor Augustus restored the kingdom in 25 BC and installed Juba II and Cleopatra Selene as vassal rulers seated in Caesarea. Mauretania was finally annexed by Emperor Caligula in 40 AD and turned into the provinces of Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis.

Coins were not minted until the mid-1st century BC.

Geography edit

The ancients applied the term "Mauretania" to a vast and loosely defined region in northern Africa that originally stretched from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to Numidia in the east. In the late 2nd century BC, just before the eastward expansion of the kingdom, the border between Mauretania and Numidia was said to be the Muluccha river, likely corresponding to either the Moulouya River or the Wadi Kiss [fr] slightly further east.[1] The region is dominated by the Rif Mountains, which practically divided Mauretania in a western and an eastern part and the Atlas Mountains, which provided a natural southern boundary separating Mauretania from the Sahara. The mountainscape is interrupted by arid plains and, especially in western Mauretania, fertile rivers like the Sebou.[2]

Languages edit

The Berber language was written with the Libyco-Berber alphabet, which became widespread in Morocco by the 2nd century BC.[3] The evidence usually corresponds to epitaphs engraved on stone, although some inscriptions were also carved into pottery.[4] A notable inscription was carved into a carefully crafted stele found near a tumulus in Sidi Slimane, likely from the 2nd century BC.[5]

Literature edit

  • Callegarin, Laurent; El Khayari, Abdelaziz (2016). "Le faciès culturel de la période maurétannie". Rirha. Site antique et médiéval du Maroc. Vol. II. Casa de Velázquez. pp. 85–116.
  • Roller, Duane W. (2003). The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge Classical Monographs. ISBN 0415305969.


https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/521


Further reading edit












Kingdom of Tylis
c. 278 BC–c. 212 BC
CapitalTylis
Common languagesCeltic (ruling elite)
Thracian (common)
Religion
Celtic polytheism, Thracian polytheism
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraClassical antiquity
• Foundation
c. 278 BC
• Disestablished
c. 212 BC
Today part ofBulgaria
Turkey

The kingdom of Tylis was an ancient Celtic kingdom in what is now Bulgaria and European Turkey. It was established shortly after the failed Celtic invasion of Greece in 279 BC, when chief Comontorius led survivors of the campaign into eastern Thrace and founded a new town named Tylis, henceforth the capital. Little is known about the history of the kingdom, although it seemed to have thrived on extorting tribute from its neighbours. It was finally destroyed during the rule of king Cavarus, who was deposed by rebellious Thracians in around 212 BC.

History edit

Early history edit

Invasion of Greece edit

The Diodochos Lysimachus, who had ruled an empire stretching from Thessaly and Macedon into Asia Minor,[6] was killed in the Battle of Corupedium in 281.[7] Likely having checked previous Celtic incursions beforehand, it was his demise that allowed the Celts to push southwards.[8]

In 279 the Celts invaded the kingdom of Macedon. By that point most of Macedon was ruled by king Ptolemy Ceraunus, an usurper who had asserted his rule over his rival Antigonus II Gonatas[9] and the widow of Lysimachus.[10] The Celts under chief Bolgius offered their withdrawal for money, but Ceraunus interpreted this as a sign of weakness and attacked. His army was defeated and he himself got killed.[11] Effectively without a king for the next two years, Macedon descended into anarchy.[12] The Celts, now causing havoc in the countryside without being able to storm the cities and fortifications,[13] were eventually defeated by the general Sosthenes, albeit not decisively.[11] Bolgius returned home.[14]

 
The route of the Celtic incursions (280–277)

Brennus's successor was Cerethrius, who led the remainder of his warband into Thrace in 277. The Roman historian Justin reported how Antigonus II Gonatas hired Gallic mercenaries in Lysimacheia, possibly Cerethrius's warband. The same author, however, also described a battle at Lysimacheia beween Antigonos and a Celtic army that supposedly occurred in the same year, ending in the defeat of the latter. In any case, Antigonus left Lysimacheia strengthened[15] and seized the Macedonian throne with the help of several thousand Celtic mercenaries.[16] Another Gaulish contingent crossed the Bosphorus to fight for king Nicomedes I of Bithynia.[17]

Establishment in Thrace edit

 
Celtic couple of the 3rd century BC
 
Bronze boar from Mezek, southeastern Bulgaria.

While the political situation of Thrace in the 3rd century remains confused and enigmatic, there is ample evidence that the kingdom of Tylis was just one of many political entities that existed in Thrace at that time.[18]

King Cavarus and demise edit

 
Copper coin of Cavarus, the last king of Tylis

References edit

  1. ^ Roller 2003, pp. 39–41.
  2. ^ Roller 2003, pp. 42–45.
  3. ^ Callegarin & El Khayari 2016, p. 94.
  4. ^ Callegarin & El Khayari 2016, p. 92.
  5. ^ Callegarin & El Khayari 2016, pp. 85–90.
  6. ^ Lund 1992, p. 1.
  7. ^ Lund 1992, pp. 205–206.
  8. ^ Waterfield 2021, p. 39.
  9. ^ Waterfield 2021, pp. 38–39.
  10. ^ Sánchez 2017, pp. 192–194.
  11. ^ a b Rankin 2002, p. 88.
  12. ^ Waterfield 2021, pp. 39–40.
  13. ^ Waterfield 2021, p. 40.
  14. ^ Sánchez 2017, p. 197.
  15. ^ Sánchez 2017, pp. 199–200.
  16. ^ Waterfield 2021, p. 119.
  17. ^ Sánchez 2017, p. 200.
  18. ^ Delev 2015, pp. 61–63.

Literature edit

  • Delev, Peter (2015). "From Koroupedion to the Beginning of the Third Mithridatic War (281–73 BCE)". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 59–74. ISBN 978-1444351040.
  • Emilov, Julij (2015). "Celts". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 366–381. ISBN 978-1444351040.
  • Lund, Helene S. (1992). Lysimachus. A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship. Taylor & Francis Ltd. ISBN 978-0415070614.
  • Rankin, David (2002). Celts and the Classical World. Taylor & Francis.
  • Sánchez, Fernando López (2017). "Galatians in Macedonia (280–277 BC). Invasion or Invitation?". In Toni Ñaco del Hoyo, Fernando López Sánchez (ed.). War, Warlords, and Interstate Relations in the Ancient Mediterranean. Brill. pp. 183–203.
  • Waterfield, Robin (2021). The Making of a King. Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon and the Greeks. Oxford University.
  • Jovanović The eastern Celts

https://www.academia.edu/21664091/The_Mal_Tepe_Tomb_at_Mezek_and_the_problem_of_the_Celtic_kingdom_in_South_Eastern_Thrace he Celtic presence in Thrace during the 3rd century BC in the light of new archaeological data









A small group of individuals fought in the revolt.[1]

It has even been proposed that its antisemitism was appropriated directly from Naszim, although this seems unlikely.[2]

These rhetorics were rooted in Islamic tradition[3] but also bore similarities to those found in contemporary fascism[4] and might have been anti-Jewish Axis propaganda during ww2[5]


  • Gershoni, Israel (2014). "Introduction: An Analysis of Arab Responses to Fascism and Nazism in Middle Eastern Studies". In Israel Gershoni (ed.). Arab Responses to Fascism and Nazism. Attraction and Repulsion. pp. 1–34.

During WW2 the situation in Palestine stalled, largely because of the lack of an Arab leadership.[6]

  1. ^ Abu-Amr 1994, p. 3.
  2. ^ Gershoni 2010, p. 27.
  3. ^ el-Aswaisi 1998, p. 203.
  4. ^ Gershoni & Jankowski 2010, p. 223.
  5. ^ Herf 2009, p. 244.
  6. ^ El-Aswaisi 1998, p. 187.
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