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Here is the original text from the Controlled Substances Act page:
gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), which has been used as a general anaesthetic and for the treatment of narcolepsy and alcohol withdrawal with minimal side-effects [1] and controlled action but a limited safe dosage range. It was placed in Schedule I in March 2000 after widespread recreational use led to increased emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and deaths [2]. Uniquely, this drug is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses, under the trademark Xyrem;
- ^ Tunnicliff, G. (1997). Sites of action of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)--A neuroactive drug with abuse potential. Clinical Toxicology, 35(6), 581-590. doi: 10.3109/15563659709001236
- ^ Okun, M. S., Boothy, L. A., Bartfield, R. B., & Doering, P. L. (2001). GHB: An important pharmacologic and clinical update. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacological Science, 4(2), 167-175.
INAH 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
INAH 3 is the abbreviation for the third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus, and is the sexually dimorphic nucleus of humans. INAH 3 is significantly larger in males than in females irrespective of age.[1] Homologues of the INAH3 have been observed taking a direct role in sexual behavior in rhesus monkeys,[2] sheep,[3] and rats.[4] Lesions in this area of the male rhesus monkey brain reduced heterosexual behavior, but not sexual drive.[5]
Research
A scientific paper authored by Simon LeVay and published in the journal Science suggests that the region is an important biological substrate with regards to sexual orientation. This article reported the INAH 3 to be smaller on average in homosexual men than in heterosexual men, and in fact has approximately the same size in homosexual men as in heterosexual women. [6][7] A study by Dick Swaab similarly found the INAH 3 to be smaller in male-to-female transsexual people than in control males, and similar to control females.[8]
""Controversy"" LeVay's study was criticized as having various methodological flaws.[9]
References
edit- ^ Allen LS; Hines M; Shryne JE; Gorski RA (1989). "Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain". J Neurosci. 9 (2): 497–506. PMID 2918374.
- ^ Slimp JC; Hart BL; Goy RW (Feb 17 1978). "Heterosexual, autosexual and social behavior of adult male rhesus monkeys with medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions". Brain Res. 142 (1): 105–22. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90180-4. PMID 414825.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Roselli C, Larkin k, Resko J, Stellflug J, and Stormshak F (2004). "Volume of a Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus in the Ovine Medial Preoptic Area/Anterior Hypothalamus Varies with Sexual Partner Preference". Endocrinology. 145 (2): 478–483. doi:10.1210/en.2003-1098. PMID 14525915.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Balthazart J, Ball G (2007). "Topography in the preoptic region: Differential regulation of appetitive and consummatory male sexual behaviors". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 28 (4): 161–178. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.05.003. PMC 2100381. PMID 17624413.
- ^ Slimp JC; Hart BL; Goy RW (Feb 17 1978). "Heterosexual, autosexual and social behavior of adult male rhesus monkeys with medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions". Brain Res. 142 (1): 105–22. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90180-4. PMID 414825.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Central Nervous System Dimorphisms Related to Reproductive Behaviors" Dale Purves ed., Neuroscience, 2:ed (2001) Online http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=neurosci.section.2127
- ^ LeVay S 1991 A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science 253: 1034–7
- ^ Zhou, Jiang-Ning; Hofman, Michel A.; Gooren, Louis J. G.; Swaab, Dick F. (1995). "A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality". Nature. 378 (6552): 68–70. doi:10.1038/378068a0. PMID 7477289.
- ^ Hegarty, Peter. (1997) "Materializing the Hypothalamus: A Performative Account of the 'Gay Brain'" Feminism & Psychology, Vol 7(3) Online http://fap.sagepub.com/content/7/3/355.abstract
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