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哀鸽是鸠鸽科动物,又名泣鸽,分布於中美洲和北美洲及其近海岛屿。每年,大量的哀鸽从分布区北部地区迁徙至1月温度高於−12°C的南部地区越冬。
哀鸽的栖息地有开放式和半开放式环境,包括农业区和城市区,对人类改变的环境有良好的适应性。这种鸟数量很多,据估计全球共有4.75亿只。在很多地区,哀鸽是狩猎运动的目标猎物之一,它的肉也被人们食用。在哀鸽的分布区内,经常可以听到它发出“呜-呜-”的哀鸣,也经常会听到其飞过时翅膀发出的尖啸声。哀鸽是飞行健将,时速最快能达到88千米/小时(24.5米/秒)。
哀鸽通常全身为暗哑的浅灰褐色,雌鸟和雄鸟外形相似。哀鸽一般是一夫一妻制,一窝产2枚蛋。雏鸟的双亲都会孵蛋并照顾雏鸟一段时间。在美国,每年最多有7000万哀鸽被猎捕,因此哀鸽为了维持种群的稳定,有着极旺盛的繁殖力。一对哀鸽每年常会产2-3窝蛋,是北美洲繁殖期最长的鸟类。在温暖地区的繁殖季节裡,一对哀鸽一季产卵最多能达到6窝。哀鸽主要吃植物种子,本土植物和外来植物的种子都会取食,而雏鸽的食物是父母喂食的鸽乳。
化石记录
edit哀鸽最早的可靠化石记录可追溯至早更新世,约在180万年前。1931年,亚历山大·韦特莫尔 在佛羅里達州聖彼德斯堡附近的塞米诺族人居住区首次发掘出哀鸽化石。在人类出现之前的自然遗址、贝丘和其他一些史前人类的遗址中,都能找到哀鸽存在的证据。分布在美国的6个州的至少11个遗址,以及墨西哥和加勒比地区的部分遗址都存在哀鸽的化石。位于洛杉矶的拉布瑞亚焦油坑(La Brea Tar Pits)中,也有属于17只哀鸽的29个化石标本。[1]
不过,由于存在的化石都是一些零散的碎片,关于哀鸽的化石资料,尤其是更新世时期的化石资料仍十分缺乏,这就使考古学家们感到很困惑,不能对哀鸽的演化作进一步研究。[1]而且,由于化石的形成是一个很复杂的过程,单纯的化石并不能反映哀鸽的生活习性和生活范围,而知道了不同化石标本的分布距离,才能获得这些资料,这正是目前紧缺的。
参考资料
edit- ^ a b (in English) Thomas S. Baskett、Mark W. Sayre、Wildlife Management Institute和Roy E. Tomlinson《Ecology and management of the Mourning Dove》,“Historical Perspective”,Stackpole Books(1993年),ISBN 9780811719407