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User:Kvwiki1234/Tennis/USWomensSinglesChampions

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US Open Women’s Singles Champions
LocationQueens – New York City
United States
VenueUSTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center
Governing bodyUSTA
Created1887; 137 years ago (1887)
Editions132 (2018)
Open Era: 51 (2018)
SurfaceGrass (1887–1974)
Clay (1975–1977)
Hard (1978–present)
Prize moneyTotal: US$36,324,000 (2016)
Winner: US$3,500,000 (2016)
TrophyUS Open Trophy
WebsiteOfficial website
Most titles
Amateur era8: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory
Open era6: Chris Evert
6: Serena Williams
Most consecutive titles
Amateur era4: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory
4: Helen Jacobs
Open era4: Chris Evert
Current champion
Bianca Andreescu
(first title)

The US Open women's singles championship is an annual tennis event that is being held since 1887 as part of the US Open[a][b] tournament. The tournament is played on outdoor hard courts[c] at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows – Corona Park, New York City.[6][1]

The US Open is played during a two-week period in late August and early September and has been chronologically the last of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis year since 1987.[3] The Philadelphia Cricket Club (1887–1920) and Forest Hills (1921–1977) hosted the event before it settled in 1978 at its current site.[2] The United States Tennis Association is the national body that organizes this event.

The champion receives a full-size replica of the event's trophy engraved with her name.[7] In 2016, the winner received prize money of US$3,500,000.[8][9] A bonus pool of US$1,000,000 is also paid to US Open champions who finished in first place during the US Open Series.[10]

History

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The format of the women's singles event has undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1888 through 1918, the event started with a knockout phase, the All-Comers singles, whose winner faced the defending champion in a challenge round.[11] The All-Comers winner was awarded the title by default six times (1893, 1899, 1900, 1905, 1906 and 1907) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1919 edition.[12] Since 1887, all matches have been played as the best-of-three sets, except in the eleven-year period from 1891 until 1901, when the challenge round was scored the best-of-five-sets.[12] From 1894 until 1901 the women were required to play best-of-five sets in both the all-comers final and the challenge round.[13]

Format

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Since 1887, the winner of the next game at five-games–all took the set in every match except the All-Comers final and the challenge round, which was won by the player who had won at least six games and at least two games more than his opponent. This advantage format was introduced for the final sets of early rounds, for women starting in 1887, and used for all sets in final rounds from 1887 through 1969.[14] The tie-break system was introduced in 1970 for all sets, in its best-of-nine points sudden death version until 1974, and in its best-of-12 points lingering death version since 1975.[14][4][15] The US Open is the only Grand Slam tournament to have a third set tie-break, which has occurred twice in women's singles finals in 1981 and in 1985.[3]

Surface

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The court surface changed twice, from grass (1887–1974), to Har-Tru clay (1975–1977), to hard courts since 1978.[16] No women's tennis player won the event on all three surfaces, and no women's tennis player won it on both grass and clay. Chris Evert was the only one to win the event on clay and on hard court, thereby making her the only woman to win on two different surfaces at the event.

Finals

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Key
Regular competition
All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡
Defending champion, Challenge round winner †
All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊

U.S. National Championships

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Elisabeth Moore is a four-time champion
 
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman is a four-time champion
 
Molla Bjurstedt Mallory's eight US singles championships is the all–time record among both men and women.
 
Helen Wills Moody is a seven-time champion
 
Maureen Connolly Brinker was a three-time champion
Year[d] Country Champion Country Runner–up Score
1887   USA Ellen Hansell   USA Laura Knight 6–1, 6–0
1888   USA Bertha Townsend ‡   USA Ellen Hansell 6–3, 6–5
1889   USA Bertha Townsend † (2)   USA Lida Voorhees 7–5, 6–2
1890   USA Ellen Roosevelt ‡   USA Bertha Townsend 6–2, 6–2
1891   GBR Mabel Cahill ‡   USA Ellen Roosevelt 6–4, 6–1, 4–6, 6–3
1892   GBR Mabel Cahill † (2)   USA Elisabeth Moore 5–7, 6–3, 6–4, 4–6, 6–2
1893   USA Aline Terry ◊   USA Augusta Schultz 6–1, 6–3
1894   USA Helen Hellwig ‡   USA Aline Terry 7–5, 3–6, 6–0, 3–6, 6–3
1895   USA Juliette Atkinson ‡   USA Helen Hellwig 6–4, 6–2, 6–1
1896   USA Elisabeth Moore ‡   USA Juliette Atkinson 6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2
1897   USA Juliette Atkinson ‡ (2)   USA Elisabeth Moore 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 3–6, 6–3
1898   USA Juliette Atkinson † (3)   USA Marion Jones 6–3, 5–7, 6–4, 2–6, 7–5
1899   USA Marion Jones ◊   USA Maud Banks 6–1, 6–1, 7–5
1900   USA Myrtle McAteer ◊   USA Edith Parker 6–2, 6–2, 6–0
1901   USA Elisabeth Moore ‡ (2)   USA Myrtle McAteer 6–4, 3–6, 7–5, 2–6, 6–2
1902   USA Marion Jones ‡ (2)   USA Elisabeth Moore 6–1, 1–0, retired
1903   USA Elisabeth Moore ‡ (3)   USA Marion Jones 7–5, 8–6
1904   USA May Sutton ‡   USA Elisabeth Moore 6–1, 6–2
1905   USA Elisabeth Moore ◊ (4)   USA Helen Homans 6–4, 5–7, 6–1
1906   USA Helen Homans ◊   USA Maud Barger-Wallach 6–4, 6–3
1907   USA Evelyn Sears ◊   USA Carrie Neely 6–3, 6–2
1908   USA Maud Barger-Wallach ‡   USA Evelyn Sears 6–3, 1–6, 6–3
1909   USA Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ‡   USA Maud Barger-Wallach 6–0, 6–1
1910   USA Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman † (2)   USA Louise Hammond Raymond 6–4, 6–2
1911   USA Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman † (3)   USA Florence Sutton 8–10, 6–1, 9–7
1912   USA Mary Browne ‡   USA Eleonora Sears 6–4, 6–2
1913   USA Mary Browne † (2)   USA Dorothy Green 6–2, 7–5
1914   USA Mary Browne † (3)   USA Marie Wagner 6–2, 1–6, 6–1
1915   NOR Molla Bjurstedt ‡   USA Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 4–6, 6–2, 6–0
1916   NOR Molla Bjurstedt † (2)   USA Louise Hammond Raymond 6–0, 6–1
1917[e]   NOR Molla Bjurstedt † (3)   USA Marion Vanderhoef 4–6, 6–0, 6–2
1918   NOR Molla Bjurstedt † (4)   USA Eleanor Goss 6–4, 6–3
1919   USA Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (4)   USA Marion Zinderstein 6–1, 6–2
1920   USA Molla Mallory (5)   USA Marion Zinderstein 6–3, 6–1
1921   USA Molla Mallory (6)   USA Mary Browne 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
1922   USA Molla Mallory (7)   USA Helen Wills 6–3, 6–1
1923   USA Helen Wills   USA Molla Mallory 6–2, 6–1
1924   USA Helen Wills (2)   USA Molla Mallory 6–1, 6–3
1925   USA Helen Wills (3)   GBR Kitty McKane Godfree 3–6, 6–0, 6–2
1926   USA Molla Mallory (8)   USA Elizabeth Ryan 4–6, 6–4, 9–7
1927   USA Helen Wills (4)   GBR Betty Nuthall 6–1, 6–4
1928   USA Helen Wills (5)   USA Helen Jacobs 6–2, 6–1
1929   USA Helen Wills (6)   GBR Phoebe Holcroft Watson 6–4, 6–2
1930   GBR Betty Nuthall   USA Anna McCune Harper 6–1, 6–4
1931   USA Helen Wills Moody (7)   GBR Eileen Bennett Whittingstall 6–4, 6–1
1932   USA Helen Jacobs   USA Carolin Babcock Stark 6–2, 6–2
1933   USA Helen Jacobs (2)   USA Helen Wills Moody 8–6, 3–6, 3–0, retired
1934   USA Helen Jacobs (3)   USA Sarah Palfrey Cooke 6–1, 6–4
1935   USA Helen Jacobs (4)   USA Sarah Palfrey Cooke 6–2, 6–4
1936   USA Alice Marble   USA Helen Jacobs 4–6, 6–3, 6–2
1937   CHI Anita Lizana   POL Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6–4, 6–2
1938   USA Alice Marble (2)   AUS Nancye Wynne Bolton 6–0, 6–3
1939   USA Alice Marble (3)   USA Helen Jacobs 6–0, 8–10, 6–4
1940   USA Alice Marble (4)   USA Helen Jacobs 6–2, 6–3
1941   USA Sarah Palfrey Cooke   USA Pauline Betz 7–5, 6–2
1942   USA Pauline Betz   USA Louise Brough 4–6, 6–1, 6–4
1943   USA Pauline Betz (2)   USA Louise Brough 6–3, 5–7, 6–3
1944   USA Pauline Betz (3)   USA Margaret Osborne duPont 6–3, 8–6
1945   USA Sarah Palfrey Cooke (2)   USA Pauline Betz 3–6, 8–6, 6–4
1946   USA Pauline Betz (4)   USA Doris Hart 11–9, 6–3
1947   USA Louise Brough   USA Margaret Osborne duPont 8–6, 4–6, 6–1
1948   USA Margaret Osborne duPont   USA Louise Brough 4–6, 6–4, 15–13
1949   USA Margaret Osborne duPont (2)   USA Doris Hart 6–3, 6–1
1950   USA Margaret Osborne duPont (3)   USA Doris Hart 6–4, 6–3
1951   USA Maureen Connolly   USA Shirley Fry Irvin 6–3, 1–6, 6–4
1952   USA Maureen Connolly (2)   USA Doris Hart 6–3, 7–5
1953   USA Maureen Connolly (3)   USA Doris Hart 6–2, 6–4
1954   USA Doris Hart   USA Louise Brough 6–8, 6–1, 8–6
1955   USA Doris Hart (2)   GBR Patricia Ward Hales 6–4, 6–2
1956   USA Shirley Fry Irvin   USA Althea Gibson 6–3, 6–4
1957   USA Althea Gibson   USA Louise Brough 6–3, 6–2
1958   USA Althea Gibson (2)   USA Darlene Hard 3–6, 6–1, 6–2
1959   BRA Maria Bueno   GBR Christine Truman Janes 6–1, 6–4
1960   USA Darlene Hard   BRA Maria Bueno 6–4, 10–12, 6–4
1961   USA Darlene Hard (2)   GBR Ann Haydon Jones 6–3, 6–4
1962   AUS Margaret Court   USA Darlene Hard 9–7, 6–4
1963   BRA Maria Bueno (2)   AUS Margaret Court 7–5, 6–4
1964   BRA Maria Bueno (3)   USA Carole Caldwell Graebner 6–1, 6–0
1965   AUS Margaret Court (2)   USA Billie Jean King 8–6, 7–5
1966   BRA Maria Bueno (4)   USA Nancy Richey 6–3, 6–1
1967   USA Billie Jean King   GBR Ann Haydon Jones 11–9, 6–4

US Open

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Billie Jean King is a four-time champion overall and a three-time champion in the open era, and won three in four-year timespan
 
American Chris Evert won an Open Era record four consecutive titles at the US Open between 1975 and 1978, and a record six overall (shared with Serena Williams) with victories in 1980 and 1982.
 
Steffi Graf is a five-time champion.
 
Serena Williams is a six-time champion, winning these over a fifteen-year period. She shares the Open Era titles record with Chris Evert.
Year[d] Country Champion Country Runner-up Score
1968   GBR Virginia Wade   USA Billie Jean King 6–4, 6–2
1969   AUS Margaret Court (3)   USA Nancy Richey 6–2, 6–2
1970   AUS Margaret Court (4)   USA Rosemary Casals 6–2, 2–6, 6–1
1971   USA Billie Jean King (2)   USA Rosemary Casals 6–4, 7–6
1972   USA Billie Jean King (3)   AUS Kerry Melville Reid 6–3, 7–5
1973   AUS Margaret Court (5)   AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 7–6, 5–7, 6–2
1974   USA Billie Jean King (4)   AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 3–6, 6–3, 7–5
1975   USA Chris Evert   AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 5–7, 6–4, 6–2
1976   USA Chris Evert (2)   AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6–3, 6–0
1977   USA Chris Evert (3)   AUS Wendy Turnbull 7–6, 6–2
1978   USA Chris Evert (4)   USA Pam Shriver 7–5, 6–4
1979   USA Tracy Austin   USA Chris Evert 6–4, 6–3
1980   USA Chris Evert (5)   TCH[f] Hana Mandlíková 5–7, 6–1, 6–1
1981   USA Tracy Austin (2)   USA Martina Navratilova 1–6, 7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–1)
1982   USA Chris Evert (6)   TCH Hana Mandlíková 6–3, 6–1
1983   USA Martina Navratilova   USA Chris Evert 6–1, 6–3
1984   USA Martina Navratilova (2)   USA Chris Evert 4–6, 6–4, 6–4
1985   TCH[f] Hana Mandlíková   USA Martina Navratilova 7–6(7–3), 1–6, 7–6(7–2)
1986   USA Martina Navratilova (3)   TCH Helena Suková 6–3, 6–2
1987   USA Martina Navratilova (4)   FRG Steffi Graf 7–6(7–4), 6–1
1988   FRG[g] Steffi Graf   ARG Gabriela Sabatini 6–3, 3–6, 6–1
1989   FRG[g] Steffi Graf (2)   USA Martina Navratilova 3–6, 7–5, 6–1
1990   ARG Gabriela Sabatini   FRG Steffi Graf 6–2, 7–6(7–4)
1991   YUG Monica Seles   USA Martina Navratilova 7–6(7–1), 6–1
1992   YUG[h] Monica Seles (2)   ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6–3, 6–3
1993   GER Steffi Graf (3)   CZE Helena Suková 6–3, 6–3
1994   ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario   GER Steffi Graf 1–6, 7–6(7–3), 6–4
1995   GER Steffi Graf (4)   USA Monica Seles 7–6(8–6), 0–6, 6–3
1996   GER Steffi Graf (5)   USA Monica Seles 7–5, 6–4
1997    SUI Martina Hingis   USA Venus Williams 6–0, 6–4
1998   USA Lindsay Davenport    SUI Martina Hingis 6–3, 7–5
1999   USA Serena Williams    SUI Martina Hingis 6–3, 7–6(7–4)
2000   USA Venus Williams   USA Lindsay Davenport 6–4, 7–5
2001   USA Venus Williams (2)   USA Serena Williams 6–2, 6–4
2002   USA Serena Williams (2)   USA Venus Williams 6–4, 6–3
2003   BEL Justine Henin   BEL Kim Clijsters 7–5, 6–1
2004   RUS Svetlana Kuznetsova   RUS Elena Dementieva 6–3, 7–5
2005   BEL Kim Clijsters   FRA Mary Pierce 6–3, 6–1
2006   RUS Maria Sharapova   BEL Justine Henin 6–4, 6–4
2007   BEL Justine Henin (2)   RUS Svetlana Kuznetsova 6–1, 6–3
2008   USA Serena Williams (3)   SRB Jelena Janković 6–4, 7–5
2009   BEL Kim Clijsters (2)   DEN Caroline Wozniacki 7–5, 6–3
2010   BEL Kim Clijsters (3)   RUS Vera Zvonareva 6–2, 6–1
2011   AUS Samantha Stosur   USA Serena Williams 6–2, 6–3
2012   USA Serena Williams (4)   BLR Victoria Azarenka 6–2, 2–6, 7–5
2013   USA Serena Williams (5)   BLR Victoria Azarenka 7–5, 6–7(6–8), 6–1
2014   USA Serena Williams (6)   DEN Caroline Wozniacki 6–3, 6–3
2015   ITA Flavia Pennetta   ITA Roberta Vinci 7–6(7–4), 6–2
2016   GER Angelique Kerber   CZE Karolína Plíšková 6–3, 4–6, 6–4
2017   USA Sloane Stephens   USA Madison Keys 6–3, 6–0
2018   JPN Naomi Osaka   USA Serena Williams 6–2, 6–4
2019   CAN Bianca Andreescu   USA Serena Williams 6–3, 7–5

Statistics

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In the U.S. National Championships, under the challenge round format, Elisabeth Moore (1896, 1901, 1903, 1905) holds the record for most singles titles with four and Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (1909–1911) holds the record for most consecutive women's singles titles at three. With four consecutive singles titles each, Molla Bjurstedt Mallory (1915–1918) and Helen Jacobs (1932–1935) hold the record for most consecutive women's singles titles won after the challenge round format was abolished. Bjurstedt Mallory's eight singles titles (1915–1918, 1920–1922, 1926) is the all-time record.[3]

During the US Open, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, Chris Evert (1975–1978) holds the record for most consecutive women's singles titles at four and the record for most overall titles at six (1975–1978, 1980, 1982) with Serena Williams (1999, 2002, 2008, 2012–2014).[3]

This event has been won without losing a set during the open era by Margaret Court in 1969, Billie Jean King in 1971 and 1972, Evert in 1976, 1977 and 1978, Martina Navratilova in 1983 and 1987, Monica Seles in 1992, Steffi Graf in 1996, Martina Hingis in 1997, Lindsay Davenport in 1998, Venus Williams in 2001, Serena Williams in 2002, 2008 and 2014, and Justine Henin in 2007.

Multiple champions

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Title defended in the challenge round
Player Amateur Era Open Era All-time Years
    Molla Bjurstedt Mallory (USA) (NOR) 8 0 8 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1926
  Helen Wills Moody (USA) 7 0 7 1923, 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1931
  Chris Evert (USA) 0 6 6 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982
  Serena Williams (USA) 0 6 6 1999, 2002, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014
  Margaret Court (AUS) 2 3 5 1962, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1973
  Steffi Graf (GER)[g] 0 5 5 1988, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996
  Elisabeth Moore (USA) 4 0 4 1896, 1901, 1903, 1905
  Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (USA) 4 0 4 1909, 1910, 1911, 1919
  Helen Jacobs (USA) 4 0 4 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935
  Alice Marble (USA) 4 0 4 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940
  Pauline Betz (USA) 4 0 4 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946
  Maria Bueno (BRA) 4 0 4 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966
  Billie Jean King (USA) 1 3 4 1967, 1971, 1972, 1974
  Martina Navratilova (USA) 0 4 4 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987
  Juliette Atkinson (USA) 3 0 3 1895, 1897, 1898
  Mary Browne (USA) 3 0 3 1912, 1913, 1914
  Margaret Osborne duPont (USA) 3 0 3 1948, 1949, 1950
  Maureen Connolly (USA) 3 0 3 1951, 1952, 1953
  Kim Clijsters (BEL) 0 3 3 2005, 2009, 2010
  Bertha Townsend (USA) 2 0 2 1888, 1889
  Mabel Cahill (GBR) 2 0 2 1891, 1892
  Marion Jones (USA) 2 0 2 1899, 1902
  Sarah Palfrey Cooke (USA) 2 0 2 1941, 1945
  Doris Hart (USA) 2 0 2 1954, 1955
  Althea Gibson (USA) 2 0 2 1957, 1958
  Darlene Hard (USA) 2 0 2 1960, 1961
  Tracy Austin (USA) 0 2 2 1979, 1981
    Monica Seles (SCG) (YUG) 0 2 2 1991, 1992
  Venus Williams (USA) 0 2 2 2000, 2001
  Justine Henin (BEL) 0 2 2 2003, 2007

Champions by country

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Former country ¤
Country Amateur Era Open Era All-time First title Last title
  United States 67 25 92 1887 2017
  Australia 2 4 6 1962 2011
  Germany[g] 0 6 6 1988 2016
  Belgium 0 5 5 2003 2010
  Brazil 4 0 4 1959 1966
  Great Britain[i] 3 1 4 1891 1968
  Norway 4 0 4 1915 1918
  Russia 0 2 2 2004 2006
  Argentina 0 1 1 1990 1990
  Italy 0 1 1 2015 2015
  Serbia and Montenegro[h] ¤ 0 1 1 1992 1992
  Yugoslavia ¤ 0 1 1 1991 1991
  Canada 0 1 1 2019 2019
  Chile 1 0 1 1937 1937
  Czechoslovakia[f] ¤ 0 1 1 1985 1985
  Japan 0 1 1 2018 2018
  Spain 0 1 1 1994 1994
   Switzerland 0 1 1 1997 1997

See also

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US Open other competitions

Grand Slam women's singles

Notes

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  1. ^ Known as the U.S. National Championships during the Amateur Era.[1][2]
  2. ^ The tournament entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition, allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs.[3][4]
  3. ^ The US Open specifically uses DecoTurf hard courts, categorized as a "Medium" speed surface by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).[5]
  4. ^ a b Each year is linked to an article about that particular event's draw.
  5. ^ The 1917 U.S. National Championships, taking place during World War I, were held as a National Patriotic Tournament awarding no prize to the winner.[17]
  6. ^ a b c Czechoslovakia (TCH, 1918–1992), evolved into Czech Republic (CZE, 1992–present) and Slovakia (SVK, 1992–present).
  7. ^ a b c d Two wins by a player from West Germany (FRG, 1949–1990).
  8. ^ a b FR Yugoslavia (YUG, 1992–2003) and Serbia and Montenegro (SCG, 2003–2006), evolved into Serbia (SRB, 2006–present) and Montenegro (MNE, 2006–present).
  9. ^ All two wins by players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922).

References

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General
  • "History > Women's Singles Championships". usopen.org. IBM, United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original on 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  • "US National/US Open Championships" (PDF). usta.com. United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
Specific
  1. ^ a b "History of the U.S. National Championships/US Open". usopen.org. IBM, United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  2. ^ a b "US National/US Open Championships" (PDF). usta.com. United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
  3. ^ a b c d e "History > Women's Singles Championships". usopen.org. IBM, United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original on 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  4. ^ a b "History > Year-by-Year History". usopen.org. United States Tennis Association (USTA). Retrieved 2017-02-04.
  5. ^ "List of Classified Court Surfaces". itftennis.com. ITF Licensing. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
  6. ^ "Tournament profile - US Open". atpworldtour.com. ATP Tour, Inc. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
  7. ^ Fendrich, Howard (2008-10-09). "Federer feels 'much better ... than I ever have'". USA Today. Associated Press (AP). Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  8. ^ E.J. Crawford (July 12, 2016). "2016 US Open to feature richest purse in tennis history". United States Tennis Association (USTA).
  9. ^ Andrew Das (July 12, 2016). "Record Prize Money at U.S. Open". www.nytimes.com. The New York Times.
  10. ^ "Olympus US Open Series at a glance". usopenseries.com. United States Tennis Association. 2009-05-26. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
  11. ^ "Elisabeth Holmes Moore HOF Page". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  12. ^ a b Collins, Bud (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). [New York]: New Chapter Press. pp. 453, 465–468. ISBN 978-0942257700.
  13. ^ Ohnsorg, Roger W. (2011). Robert Lindley Murray: The Reluctant U.S. Tennis Champion; includes "The First Forty Years of American Tennis". Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4269-4514-4.
  14. ^ a b Axthelm, Pete; Talbert, William F. (1967). Tennis observed: The USLTA men's singles champions, 1881-1966. Barre Publishers.
  15. ^ "Breaking with tradition". The Age. The Age Company Ltd. 2004-01-25. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  16. ^ Adams, Susan B. (1998-08-30). "The U.S. Open: A Celebration - A Retrospective: The Men; Twin Pillars of Fire and Ice". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
  17. ^ Williams, Paul B.; Grupp, George W.; Ferris, John A. (1921). United States Lawn Tennis Association and the World War. United States National Lawn Tennis Association, Robert Hamilton company. OCLC 07888301. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
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Women US Open women's singles champions Category:Women's tennis in the United States

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