Wikipedia

User:Kneelb4zod6/The catholic church and science

< User:Kneelb4zod6

Astronomy edit

 
Detail of the tomb of Pope Gregory XIII celebrating the introduction of the Gregorian Calendar.

The Catholic Church’s longstanding interest and investment in astronomy prior to the scientific revolution fueled developments in related fields and set the Church up to become a nexus of astronomical study through the scientific revolution and into the early modern period in spite of the flagrant conflicts between Copernican and church doctrine. [1]

The Church’s interest in astronomy stemmed from issues surrounding the determination of the date for Easter, which was originally tied to the Hebrew lunisolar calendar. In the 4th century, due to perceived problems with the Hebrew calendar’s leap month system, the Council of Nicea prescribed that Easter would fall on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.[2] Thus, it became necessary that the Church have the capacity to predict the date of Easter with enough accuracy and forewarning to allow both for sufficient time to prepare for the feast as well as ensure universal celebration of the holy day across all of the Church’s dominion – a daunting logistical feat. This necessity fueled constant innovation and refinement of astronomical practice as the solar and lunar years apart over centuries.[3]

The Church’s dedication to ever-increasingly accurate astronomy led to developments in ancillary disciplines.[4] In the 12th century, the church helped re-popularize and disseminate ancient Greek ideas and mathematical techniques across Europe by sponsoring the translation of newly available Arabic-language version of Greek texts into Latin.[5] This was done in large part to aid in astronomical study. In the late 16th century, the church encouraged the inclusion of pinhole cameras into the construction of churches.[4] Pinhole cameras are among the best tools for measuring the time between solstices. The transformation of churches into solar observatories encouraged innovations in engineering, architecture and construction, and fueled the careers of secular astronomers like Cassini.[6]

By the 16th century, the date of the vernal equinox on the Julian calendar had receded from March 25 to March 11th.[7] The Council of Trent in 1562 authorized the pope to deal with calendar reform. The resulting Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar used throughout the world today.[8][9][10] It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582.[11]

When the Church sent Jesuit missionaries spread gospel in China in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were accepted into and valued by the Chinese Imperial court because of their astronomical and mathematical expertise.[12] This channel of communication for dialog between China and Europe allowed not only for the propagation of European sciences into China, but also the flow of Chinese technologies and ideas back to Europe. The introduction of Chinese ideas into European popular consciousness through this Jesuit channel is credited by modern historians with adding fuel to the scientific revolution and enlightenment. In many cases Jesuits were specifically dispatched to China with a list of topics on which to collect information.[13]

In 1789, the Vatican Observatory opened. It was moved to Castel Gandolfo in the 1930s and the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope began making observation in Arizona, USA, in 1995.[14]

  1. ^ Heilbron, John (October 1999). "The Sun in the Church". The Sciences. 39 (5): 29–35. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  2. ^ Constantine. "THE FIRST ECUMENICAL COUNCIL". Fordham Sourcebooks. Fordham University. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  3. ^ Heilbron 1999, p. 29.
  4. ^ a b Heilbron 1999, p. 30.
  5. ^ Volz, Carl (1997). The Medieval Church: From the Dawn of the Middle Ages to the Eve of the Reformation. Nashville: Abingdon Press. pp. 119–125. ISBN 9780687006045.
  6. ^ Heilbron 1999, p. 32.
  7. ^ Elman, Benjamin (2005). On Their Own Terms: Science in China 1550-1900. Harvard University Press. p. 80.
  8. ^ Introduction to Calendars. United States Naval Observatory. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  9. ^ Calendars Archived April 1, 2004, at the Wayback Machine by L. E. Doggett. Section 2.
  10. ^ The international standard for the representation of dates and times ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar. Section 3.2.1.
  11. ^ See Wikisource English translation of the (Latin) 1582 papal bull 'Inter gravissimas' instituting Gregorian calendar reform.
  12. ^ Hu, Minghui (2015). China's Transition to Modernity: The New Classical Vision of Dai Zhen. Seattle: University Washington Press. p. 21. ISBN 0295741805.
  13. ^ Hobson, John M. (2004). The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. ISBN 0521547245.
  14. ^ Johnson, George (2009-06-23). "Vatican's Celestial Eye, Seeking Not Angels but Data". The New York Times.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kneelb4zod6/The_catholic_church_and_science&oldid=911312084"