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Article Draft edit
Lead edit
Description and Taxonomy edit
Measurements:[1]
- Length: 8.3-10.2 in (21-26 cm)
- Weight: 1.6-3.5 oz (44-100 g)
- Wingspan: 16.5-17.3 in (42-44 cm)
Yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus)[2] are considered to be relatively large blackbirds with large heads. Their name derives from the Greek word for yellow, xanthous, and the word for head, cephalus.[2] Adults have a pointed bill. The adult male is mainly black with a yellow head and breast; they have a white wing patch sometimes only visible in flight. The adult female is mainly brown with a dull yellow throat and breast. Immature members of both sexes are brown with duller yellow plumage compared to adult males. Immature males also have some white patches on the wing.[1] Both sexes resemble the respective sexes of the smaller yellow-hooded blackbird of South America.
Behavior and Ecology edit
Migration, Habitat, and Breeding edit
When migrating, males and females travel separately. Males typically arrive at the breeding marshes 2-3 weeks before females during spring migration.[3] Research suggests that females choose breeding sites based on the reproductive success (number of young per breeding female) of the site in previous years.[4] The breeding habitat of the yellow-headed blackbird are marshes in North America (mainly west of the Great Lakes), particularly in plants such as cattails (genus Typha), bulrush (genus Scirpus), and common reeds (genus Phragmites).[5] The nest is built with and attached to marsh vegetation and is constructed over open water.[3]
Food edit
These birds eat seeds during majority of the year and insects throughout the summer months.[6] Sunflowers are fairly popular amongst Yellow-headed Blackbirds in the Northern Great Plains, with a study indicating that males eat more sunflower than grains and females more grains than sunflower.[7] Some methods of gathering food involve flipping over stones, catching insects from the top of water, and foraging. Foraging methods take place in uplands, with the flock taking a "rolling" formation in which birds fly from the back to the front of the flock to feed. Female Yellow-headed blackbirds primarily feed their newly-hatched young insects from the order Odonata, which includes dragonflies and damselflies.[4]
Songs and Calls edit
This bird's song resembles the grating of a rusty hinge. Male Yellow-headed blackbirds have been observed to have two types of songs, and "accent song" and a "buzz song". The “buzz songs'' have much higher pitch than the accent song, and thus do not echo as well in the dense marshes they live in. For that reason, buzzing songs are typically done when communicating closer whereas accent songs are done to communicate with birds further in the marshes.[8] Female birds have a song that is described to be similar to the male "buzz song", consisting of harsh grating or buzz sounds. Both sexes are also found to elicit harsh calling notes.[5]
Natural Threats edit
Yellow‐headed blackbirds have been found to be sensitive to nest predation risk, for example by Marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris), and alter their nest attendance behavior accordingly.[9]
Conservation edit
Because Yellow-headed blackbirds typically reside in wetlands, their population numbers depend on the conditions of the wetlands in which they reside.[1] For instance, drainage projects, herbicides/pesticides, and other crop protection methods have impacts on the health of wetlands, and consequently, cause the bird population to fluctuate in number. Currently, Yellow-headed blackbird numbers are stable and will likely remain that way in the long term.
References edit
- ^ a b c "Yellow-headed Blackbird Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
- ^ a b Twedt, Daniel J. "Ecology of yellow-headed blackbirds." Ecology and Management of Blackbirds (Icteridae) in North America. CRC Press, 2017. 43-64.
- ^ a b Ellarson, ROBERT S. "The yellow-headed blackbird in Wisconsin." Passenger Pigeon 12 (1950): 99-109.
- ^ a b Ward, Michael P. (2005-10-01). "Habitat selection by dispersing yellow-headed blackbirds: evidence of prospecting and the use of public information". Oecologia. 145 (4): 650–657. doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0179-0. ISSN 1432-1939.
- ^ a b Nero, Robert W. (1963). "Comparative Behavior of the Yellow-Headed Blackbird, Red-Winged Blackbird, and Other Icterids". The Wilson Bulletin. 75 (4): 376–413. ISSN 0043-5643.
- ^ "Yellow-headed Blackbird Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ Twedt, Daniel J., William J. Bleier, and George M. Linz. "Geographic and temporal variation in the diet of Yellow-headed Blackbirds." The Condor 93.4 (1991): 975-986.
- ^ "The Sweet Songs Of The Yellow-Headed Blackbird". Montana Public Radio. 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ Behrens, C.; Ruff, Z.J.; Harms, T.M.; Dinsmore, S.J. (2019). "Predator density influences nest attendance of Yellow‐headed Blackbirds Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus". Ibis. 161 (3): 679–685. doi:10.1111/ibi.12705.