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v t e Technical and de facto standards for wired computer buses
General	System bus Front-side bus Back-side bus Daisy chain Control bus Address bus Bus contention Bus mastering Network on a chip Plug and play List of bus bandwidths
Standards	SS-50 bus S-100 bus Multibus Unibus VAXBI MBus STD Bus SMBus Q-Bus Europe Card Bus ISA STEbus Zorro II Zorro III CAMAC FASTBUS LPC HP Precision Bus EISA VME VXI VXS NuBus TURBOchannel MCA SBus VLB HP GSC bus InfiniBand Ethernet UPA PCI PCI Extended (PCI-X) PXI PCI Express (PCIe) AGP Compute Express Link (CXL) Direct Media Interface (DMI) RapidIO Intel QuickPath Interconnect NVLink HyperTransport Infinity Fabric Intel Ultra Path Interconnect Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI) SpaceWire
Storage	ST-506 ESDI IPI SMD Parallel ATA (PATA) SSA DSSI HIPPI Serial ATA (SATA) SCSI Parallel SAS Fibre Channel SATAe PCI Express (via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface)
Peripheral	Apple Desktop Bus Atari SIO DCB Commodore bus HP-IL HIL MIDI RS-232 RS-422 RS-423 RS-485 Lightning DMX512-A IEEE-488 (GPIB) IEEE-1284 (parallel port) IEEE-1394 (FireWire) UNI/O 1-Wire I²C (ACCESS.bus, PMBus, SMBus) I3C SPI D²B Parallel SCSI Profibus USB Camera Link External PCIe Thunderbolt
Audio	ADAT Lightpipe AES3 Intel HD Audio I²S MADI McASP S/PDIF TOSLINK
Portable	PC Card ExpressCard
Embedded	Multidrop bus CoreConnect AMBA (AXI) Wishbone SLIMbus
Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest. Category

v t e Computer display standards
PC-compatible video hardware	MDA (1981) CGA (1981) HGC (1982) Plantronics (1982) Quadcolor (1983) Tandy (1984) PGC (1984) EGA (1984) JEGA (1987) MCGA (1987) VGA (1987) 8514 (1987) SVGA (1987) AX-VGA TIGA (1989) XGA (1990) EVGA (1991)
Standard display resolutions	160×120 320×200 640×200 640×350 640×480 720×348 800×600 1024×768 1152×864 1280×1024 1400×1050 1600×1200 2048×1536 2560×2048 3200×2400 4096×3072 5120×4096 6400×4800
Widescreen display resolutions	240×160 320×240 432×240 480×270 480×320 640×400 800×480 854×480 1024×576 1280×720 1280×768 1280×800 1366×768 1366×900 1440×900 1600×900 1680×945 1680×1050 1920×1080 (1080p) 1920×1200 2048×1152 2560×1440 (QHD) 2560×1600 3200×2048 3840×2160 (4K UHD) 3200×2400 3840×2400 5120×2880 5120×3200 5760×3240 6400×4096 6400×4800 7680×4320 (8K UHD) 7680×4800 15360 × 8640

v t e Audio and video connectors
Analog audio	Banana plug Binding post D-subminiature Euroblock DIN Mini-DIN Audio jack RCA Speaker spring terminal Speakon XLR
Digital audio	BNC D-sub S/PDIF TOSLINK XLR
Video	BNC Component RGB Component YPbPr Composite video D-Terminal DB13W3 DFP DIN Mini-DIN DMS-59 LFH DVI Mini-DVI Micro-DVI RCA S-Video UDI VGA Mini-VGA
Audio and video	ADC Belling-Lee CCJ/EIAJ EVC Type F HDBaseT HDMI DisplayPort mDP MHL (superMHL) Minijack P&D PDMI SCART
Visual charts	List of video connectors
General-purpose	Thunderbolt USB

v t e Software distribution
Licenses	Beerware Floating licensing Free and open-source Free Open source Freely redistributable License-free Proprietary Public domain Source-available
Compensation models	Adware Commercial software Retail software Crippleware Crowdfunding Freemium Freeware Pay what you want Careware Donationware Open-core model Postcardware Shareware Nagware Trialware
Delivery methods	Digital distribution File sharing On-premises Pre-installed Product bundling Retail software Sneakernet Software as a service
Deceptive and/or illicit	Unwanted software bundling Malware Spyware Trojan horse Worm Ransomware Scareware Shovelware Vaporware list
Software release life cycle	Abandonware End-of-life Long-term support Software maintenance Software maintainer Software publisher
Copy protection	Digital rights management Software protection dongle License manager Product activation Product key Software copyright Software license server Software patent Torrent poisoning

v t e Cloud computing
Business models	Content as a service Data as a service Desktop as a service Function as a service Infrastructure as a service Integration platform as a service Backend as a service Network as a service Platform as a service Security as a service Software as a service
Technologies	Cloud database Cloud-native computing Cloud storage Cloud storage gateways Data centers Dew computing Distributed file system for cloud Hardware virtualization Internet Mobile cloud computing Native cloud application Networking Security Serverless computing Structured storage Virtual appliance Web APIs Virtual private cloud
Applications	Box Dropbox Google Workspace Drive HP Cloud (closed) IBM Cloud Microsoft Office 365 OneDrive Nextcloud Oracle Cloud Rackspace Salesforce Workday Zoho
Platforms	Alibaba Cloud Amazon Web Services AppScale Box CloudBolt Cloud Foundry Cocaine (PaaS) Creatio Engine Yard Helion GE Predix Google App Engine GreenQloud Heroku IBM Cloud Inktank Jelastic Microsoft Azure MindSphere Netlify Oracle Cloud OutSystems openQRM OpenShift PythonAnywhere RightScale Scalr Force.com SAP Cloud Platform Splunk Vercel vCloud Air WaveMaker
Infrastructure	Alibaba Cloud Amazon Web Services Abiquo Enterprise Edition CloudStack Citrix Cloud Deft DigitalOcean EMC Atmos Eucalyptus Fujitsu Google Cloud Platform GreenButton GreenQloud IBM Cloud iland Joyent Linode Lunacloud Microsoft Azure Mirantis Netlify Nimbula Nimbus OpenIO OpenNebula OpenStack Oracle Cloud OrionVM Rackspace Cloud Safe Swiss Cloud Zadara libvirt libguestfs OVirt Virtual Machine Manager Wakame-vdc Vercel Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand
Category Commons

v t e Executable and object file formats
a.out AIF COFF CMD COM ECOFF ELF GOFF Hunk Mach-O MZ NE OMF OS/360 PE PEF X XCOFF
Comparison of formats .exe

v t e Internet suites
Current	AOL Desktop Arachne Classilla Gnuzilla MSN Explorer ObjectView Otter SeaMonkey Torch
Discontinued	AOL OpenRide Beonex Communicator Cyberdog Cyberjack Emissary Internet Explorer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Minuet Mozilla Netscape 5 Communicator Opera version 12.18 and earlier Turnpike
Related technologies	HyperCard Gopher Email Elm Viewdata Teletext Videotex X.25 Aliweb ASCII HyperText Markup Language HyTelnet Libwww Virtual Reality Markup Language File Transfer Protocol Telnet NLS NCSA Telnet UUCP Usenet ARPANET BITNET Prodigy CompuServe 3D Markup Language for Web
Related articles	Browser wars Web page World Wide Web Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog List of web browsers List of web browsers for Unix/Linux Comparison of web browsers Usage share of web browsers Timeline of web browsers

v t e Browser engines
Active (comparison)	Blink Gecko Goanna WebKit
Maintained	ArkWeb EdgeHTML Flow MSHTML NetSurf Presto Servo
Discontinued	KHTML Mariner Tasman Tkhtml

v t e Style sheet languages
Modes	Desktop publishing Web development User interfaces
Standard	Cascading (CSS) DSSSL Extensible (XSL)
Preprocessor	JavaScript (JSSS) FOSI Qt Sass Less Stylus SMIL Timesheets PostCSS
List Comparison

v t e Gopher
A protocol for document search and retrieval on the Internet
Active clients	Dooble Lynx W3m WebPositive
Discontinued clients	Agora Arachne Amaya Arena AT&T Pogo Beonex Communicator Camino Cello Classilla Conkeror Cyberjack ELinks Epiphany Galeon GopherVR IBrowse Internet Explorer Internet Explorer for Mac Kazehakase libwww Line Mode Browser Minimo Minuet Mosaic Mothra Mozilla Application Suite Netscape OmniWeb SlipKnot Songbird tkWWW UdiWWW xB Browser
Previously supported	Epiphany Firefox Flock SeaMonkey
Server software	Bucktooth NetPresenz PyGopherd Squid Synchronet
Search engines	Jughead Veronica Wide area information server (WAIS)
Content	AllMusic CCSO Nameserver Gophermap Phlog
Hosts	SDF Public Access Unix System The WELL
People	Mark P. McCahill

v t e Rich Internet Applications
Basic frameworks	Adobe Flash Apache Flex Apache Pivot Cappuccino Curl Google Web Toolkit JavaFX Lively Kernel Moonlight Silverlight OpenLaszlo Qt Quick SproutCore XULRunner
Site-specific browsers	AIR Curl Fluid Gollum Google Chrome Gears Mozilla Prism WebCatalog
Category List of frameworks

v t e BitTorrent
Companies	BitTorrent, Inc. Vuze, Inc.
People	Bram Cohen Ross Cohen Eric Klinker Ashwin Navin
Technology	Glossary Broadcatching Distributed hash tables DNA I2P index Local Peer Discovery Peer exchange Protocol encryption Super-seeding Tracker Torrent file TCP UDP µTP WebRTC WebTorrent
Clients (comparison, usage share)	BitTorrent (original client) BitComet BitLord Deluge Free Download Manager Flashget FrostWire Getright Go!Zilla KTorrent libtorrent (library) LimeWire µTorrent Miro MLDonkey qBittorrent rTorrent Shareaza Tixati Transmission Tribler Vuze (formerly Azureus) WebTorrent Desktop Xunlei
Tracker software (comparison)	OpenBitTorrent opentracker PeerTracker
Search engines (comparison)	1337x BTDigg Demonoid etree Nyaa Torrents The Pirate Bay Rutracker.org Tamil Rockers YggTorrent YourBittorrent
Defunct sites (comparison)	BTJunkie ExtraTorrent EZTV isoHunt KickassTorrents LokiTorrent Mininova Oink's Pink Palace RARBG Suprnova.org t411 Torrent Project TorrentSpy Torrentz What.CD YIFY YouTorrent
Related topics	aXXo BitTorrent Open Source License Glossary of BitTorrent terms Popcorn Time Slyck.com TorrentFreak
Category Commons

v t e gnutella
Pioneers	Justin Frankel Tom Pepper Spencer Kimball Gene Kan
Technology	Tiger Tree hash Distributed hash table Query flooding I2P TLS NAT traversal Magnet URI scheme
Terminology	Overlay network Gnutella crawler
Software	GiFT GnucDNA gtk-gnutella KCeasy LimeWire (discontinued; V4 and modifications still work) FrostWire Phex Shareaza historical clients

v t e Gnutella2
Developer	Michael Stokes
Technology	Distributed hash table Tiger Tree hash Magnet URI scheme SHA-1
Terminology	Gnutella crawler Node Overlay network TCP UDP
Software	GnucDNA Gnucleus Morpheus Shareaza All clients (comparison)

v t e eDonkey network
Technology	eDonkey network Overnet Kad network Kademlia Magnet URI scheme ed2k URI scheme eD2k Hash
Clients (comparison)	aMule eDonkey2000 eMule eMule Plus JMule lMule Lphant MLDonkey Morpheus Shareaza xMule
Indexing sites	ShareReactor ShareConnector
Famous servers	Razorback2

v t e Web frameworks
Comparison
.NET	ASP.NET Core AJAX Dynamic Data MVC Razor Web Forms Blazor DNN BFC MonoRail Umbraco WebSharper
C++	CppCMS Drogon Wt
ColdFusion	ColdBox Platform
Common Lisp	CL-HTTP
Haskell	Servant Snap Yesod
Java	AppFuse Grails GWT ICEfaces JHipster JWt Mojarra Play Remote Application Platform Seam Sling Spring Stripes Struts Tapestry Vaadin Vert.x Wicket WaveMaker ZK
JavaScript	Angular/AngularJS Backbone.js Closure Dojo Toolkit Ember.js Express.js Ext JS jQuery Knockout.js Meteor MooTools Next.js Node.js OpenUI5 Prototype React Remix Sencha Touch SproutCore Svelte Vue.js
Perl	Catalyst Dancer Maypole Mojolicious WebGUI
PHP	CakePHP CodeIgniter Drupal eZ Publish Fat-Free Flow FuelPHP Grav Gyroscope Horde Joomla! Laminas Laravel li₃ Midgard MODX Nette Phalcon PHP-Fusion PHP-Nuke Pop PHP PRADO ProcessWire Qcodo Silverstripe Symfony TYPO3 WordPress XOOPS Yii
Python	BlueBream CherryPy CubicWeb Django FastAPI Flask Grok Nevow Pyjs Pylons Pyramid Quixote TACTIC Tornado TurboGears web2py Zope 2 more...
Ruby	Merb Padrino Ruby on Rails Sinatra
Rust	Rocket
Scala	Lift Play Scalatra
Smalltalk	AIDA/Web Seaside
Other languages	Application Express (PL/SQL) Grails (Groovy) OpenACS (Tcl) Phoenix (Elixir) SproutCore (JavaScript-Ruby) Yaws (Erlang)

v t e Graphical control elements
Command input	Adjustment handle Button Context menu Drop-down list Hamburger button Menu Pie menu
Data input-output	Checkbox Color picker Combo box Cycle button Date picker Grid view Toggle switch List box List builder Radio button Scrollbar Search box Slider Spinner Text box
Informational	Balloon help Head-up display in computing HUD in video games Icon Infobar Label Loading screen Progress indicator Progress bar Splash screen Throbber Sidebar Status bar Toast Tooltip
Containers	Accordion Tree view Client-side decoration Disclosure widget Frame / Fieldset Menu bar Panel Popover Ribbon Tab Toolbar Window Window decoration Workspace
Navigational	Address bar Breadcrumb navigation Hyperlink Navigation bar Virtual desktop
Special windows	Alert dialog box Dialog box File dialog Inspector window Modal window Palette window
Related concepts	File viewer List of graphical user interface elements Layout manager Look and feel Mouseover Scrolling Widget toolkit WIMP Zoomable user interface

v t e 3D computer graphics software
Open-source	3D Movie Maker Blender CloudCompare FreeCAD GigaMesh Software Framework LuxCoreRender MakeHuman MeshLab OpenFX OpenSCAD Point Cloud Library POV-Ray Seamless3d Sweet Home 3D Wings 3D YafaRay
Closed-source	3D-Coat AC3D Arnold Autodesk 3ds Max Autodesk Alias Autodesk Maya Autodesk Mudbox AutoQ3D Community Blackmagic Fusion Bryce Carrara Cinema 4D Clara.io Daz Studio Electric Image Animation System E-on Vue Golaem Crowd Hexagon Houdini Kerkythea LightWave 3D MASSIVE Medium by Adobe Messiah Modo Nuke Octane Render Paint 3D Pixar RenderMan Poser Remo 3D Rhinoceros 3D Shade 3D Shark 3D Silo SketchUp Source Filmmaker Strata 3D Terragen ZBrush
Defunct	Amapi Autodesk Softimage Cyber Studio CAD-3D Dynamation Imagine N-World PowerAnimator Sculpt 3D Softimage 3D StrataVision 3D Swift 3D TrueSpace TurboSilver VistaPro
Core technologies	ACIS C3D HOOPS 3D KernelCAD Open Cascade Technology Parasolid Romulus RGK ShapeManager Teigha IntelliCAD
Comparison Category List 3D modeling 3D rendering

v t e Broadcast encryption and digital rights management
Conditional access	CableCARD Conditional access system Renewable security
DVB	Common Interface CSA Conditional-access module DVB-CPCM FTV Syndication
Smart cards and encryption	BISS Cisco Videoscape VideoGuard Conax Irdeto Cryptoworks Digicipher HDCP KeyFly Nagravision PowerVu RAS SECA Mediaguard Verimatrix Viaccess
Digital video disc	Content Scramble System (CSS) Advanced Access Content System (AACS) BD+
DRM	Authorized domain B-CAS Broadcast flag
Data security	Card sharing FTA Pirate decryption
Analogue broadcast encoding	B-MAC CGMS-A EuroCrypt Leitch Oak Orion Videocipher VideoCrypt
See also free-to-view and pay television

v t e PHP
People	Andi Gutmans Rasmus Lerdorf Zeev Suraski
Resources	Accelerator (List) Composer Editors Libraries PEAR
Implementations	HHVM HPHPc Parrot PeachPie Phalanger Quercus Zend Engine
Web frameworks	CakePHP CodeIgniter Drupal eZ Publish Fat-Free Flow FuelPHP Grav Gyroscope Horde Joomla! Laminas Laravel li₃ Midgard MODX Nette Phalcon PHP-Fusion PHP-Nuke Pop PHP PRADO ProcessWire Qcodo Silverstripe Symfony TYPO3 WordPress XOOPS Yii
Testing	Behat PHPUnit
ORMs	Doctrine
IDEs	Aptana Codelobster Eclipse PDT NetBeans PHPEdit PhpStorm RadPHP Zend Studio
Widget toolkit	PHP-GTK wxPHP
Category Commons

v t e Perl
People	Larry Wall Randal L. Schwartz Damian Conway Allison Randal Audrey Tang Sean M. Burke chromatic brian d foy Jesse Vincent
Things	CPAN Perl Foundation Perl Mongers PerlMonks archives module Perl VM YAPC
Frameworks	Bioperl Catalyst Dancer DBI DBIx::Class LWP Mojolicious Moose Plack PSGI Template Toolkit
Books	Programming Perl Learning Perl Intermediate Perl Perl Best Practices
Software	Amavis Argus @SSP AWStats BackupPC Bricolage Bugzilla Dada Mail ikiwiki Makepp Movable Type Munin OTRS Request Tracker SpamAssassin TWiki/Foswiki W3Perl Webmin
Related	Parrot Raku Rakudo rules MoarVM
Outline Category

v t e Compiz
Rendering Technologies	Xgl AIGLX Direct Rendering Infrastructure X video extension
Design	Compositing window manager OpenGL Windowing system Window manager

v t e Linux
Linux kernel	History Linus's law Linux-libre Booting process Kernel oops Tux more…
Controversies	Criticism of Linux Criticism of desktop Linux GNU/Linux naming controversy Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate SCO and Linux
Distributions	General comparison Distributions list Netbook-specific comparison Distributions that run from RAM Lightweight Security-focused operating system Package manager Package format List of software package managers
Organizations	LinuxChix Linux Counter Linux Documentation Project Linux Foundation Linux Mark Institute Linux User Group (LUG)
Adoption	Adopters Desktop Embedded Gaming Mobile Range of use Linux malware
Media	DistroWatch Free Software Magazine Full Circle Linux.com Linux Format Linux Gazette Linux Journal Linux Magazine LinuxUser Ubuntu User Linux Outlaws Linux Voice LugRadio LWN.net Phoronix Revolution OS The Code
Professional related certifications	CompTIA Linux+ Linux Foundation Red Hat Ubuntu
Linux portal Free and open-source software portal Category

v t e GNU Project
History	GNU Manifesto Free Software Foundation Europe India Latin America History of free software
Licenses	GNU General Public License linking exception font exception GNU Lesser General Public License GNU Affero General Public License GNU Free Documentation License
Software	GNU (variants) Hurd Linux-libre glibc Bash coreutils findutils Build system GCC binutils GDB GRUB GNUstep GIMP Jami GNU Emacs GNU TeXmacs GNU Octave GNU Taler GNU R GSL GMP GNU Electric GNU Archimedes GNUnet GNU Privacy Guard Gnuzilla (IceCat) GNU Health GNUmed GNU LilyPond GNU Go GNU Chess Gnash Guix more...
Contributors	Alexandre Oliva Benjamin Mako Hill Bradley M. Kuhn Brian Fox Federico Heinz Georg C. F. Greve John Sullivan Nagarjuna G. Richard M. Stallman
Other topics	GNU/Linux naming controversy Revolution OS Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns Defective by Design

v t e Unix command-line interface programs and shell builtins
File system	cat chattr chmod chown chgrp cksum cmp cp dd du df file fuser ln ls mkdir mv pax pwd rm rmdir split tee touch type umask
Processes	at bg crontab fg kill nice ps time
User environment	env exit logname mesg talk tput uname who write
Text processing	awk basename comm csplit cut diff dirname ed ex fold head iconv join m4 more nl paste patch printf read sed sort strings tail tr troff uniq vi wc xargs
Shell builtins	alias cd echo test unset wait
Searching	find grep
Documentation	man
Software development	ar ctags lex make nm strip yacc
Miscellaneous	bc cal expr lp od sleep true and false
Categories Standard Unix programs Unix SUS2008 utilities List

v t e Red Hat
Major products	Enterprise Linux Cluster suite GFS2 WildFly Virtual Machine Manager Ceph Satellite Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments Ansible CentOS
Services	Network Virtualization OpenShift
Projects	The Fedora Project FreeOTP
Defunct	Red Hat Linux Mugshot Spacewalk
People	Jim Whitehurst Matthew Szulik Bob Young Marc Ewing Michael Tiemann Paul Cormier
Mergers and acquisitions	C2Net Cygnus Solutions Gluster Inktank Storage MetaMatrix Qumranet
Related	IBM Fedora Linux Certification Program Enterprise Linux derivatives Tower