Ma'asir al-Umara, was a biography[1] of the Mughal Empire from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Written in Persian, by Samsam ud Daula Shah Nawaz Khan[2] during the eighteenth century, it is a biography of notables in the Mughal Empire. Variants of the title include Ma'athir al-Umara, Maasir al-Umara, and Maathir ul-Umara. Shah Nawaz Khan relies upon a variety of Persian histories for his information, which he lists in his introduction.
Notes edit
- ^ Blake 2002, p. 27.
- ^ Dale & Payind 1999, p. 221.
References edit
- Blake, Stephen P. (2002). Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739. Cambridge University Press.
- Dale, Stephen F.; Payind, Alam (April–June 1999). "The Ahrārī Waqf in Kābul in the Year 1546 and the Mughūl Naqshbandiyyah". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (2). doi:10.2307/606107. JSTOR 606107.
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External links edit
The full Persian text was published by Asiatic Society of Bengal in the late nineteenth century, and is now available in three pdfs.
- The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia, Mehrdad Kia, page 97;"Curtius claimed that Ariobarzanes had occupied the pass "with 25,000 infantry," while Arrian stated that Ariobarzanes commanded an infantry force of 40,000 supported by 700 cavalrymen. These numbers are not only grossly exaggerated but are also laughable."
- Alexander the Great: A Very Short Introduction, by Hugh Bowden,[1];"Like Leonidas at the Hot Gates, Ariobarzanes had built a wall across the pass to protect his forces, but his forces were much greater, at 25000 infantry according to Diodorus, and 40,000 according to Arrian-although as always these figures are unreliable and implausibly high."
- Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire, edited by Waldemar Heckel,[2] "..he attempted to block Alexander's passage at the so-called Persian, or Susian, Gates with a force of 25,000 (C 5.3.17, D 17.61.1, adding 300 cavalry; A.3.18.2:40,000 and 700, exaggerated)."
- Ancient Historiography on War and Empire, by Timothy Howe, Sabine Müller, Richard Stoneman, page 170;"A majority of modern scholars agree that the transmitted numbers of Persian troops are exaggerated many times over."
renamed user Abbatai (928 edits) to Wleifbwilue~vanished
- Alexandre Dumas appears to have been late in giving Margaret the nickname Reine Margot.
- Here's one:
- "L'Order Hospitalier de Saint Jean-de-Dieu en France, published 1792, page 24, "On commenca les travaux, mais des 1606 l'ex-reine Marguerite de Valois - la <<reine Margot>>...."
"1387. The lower fortifications were taken but the defenders locked themselves in the citadel. The lack of water was going to force them to surrender when a downpour filled the cisterns. Timur ordered Muhammad Miraka to begin the investment works, but following the offensive of Kara Muhammad the Kara-Koyunlu, Miraka was recalled to Timur's camp. The siege was resumed in 1394, when, from Mus, Timur sent Muhammad Darvis with this intention and sent him with reinforcements. Towards the end of 1394 Prince Miran-Sah arrived in the camp of Timur coming from the surroundings of Alinjak. In 1394 a new offensive by Kara-Yusuf the Kara-Koyunlu, carried out on the side of Ala-Tag, led to the concentration in Tabriz of all the troops of the region, and it is possible that at that moment the siege was relaxed, otherwise survey."
"En 1396 Miran-sah nomme en Azarbaijan, recut l'ordre d'assieger Alinjak. Sous l'annee 1399, notre source mentionne la presence de Tahir dans la forteresse investie depuis long-temps. Les assiegeants avaient deja erige autour de la forteresse un mur qui mit fin aux communications des assieges avec le monde exterieur, mais a ce moment-la le blocus fut force par les Georgiens, et la place de Tahir dans la forteresse fut prise par Didi Ahmad Ogulsai en compagnie de trois aznaurs(nobles georgiens).."