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User:KAVEBEAR/sandbox/Military

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The military of the Kingdom of Hawaii consisted of the regular and military units of the Hawaiian Islands from 1795 to 1893. The military began with the traditional Hawaiian warriors and fleets of war canoes commanded by King Kamehameha I during his conquest of unification. By the latter part of the reigns of Kalākaua and Liliuokalani, the military forces were reduced to just the Royal Household Guards.

History edit

The Hawaiian army and navy developed from the warriors of Kona under Kamehameha I, who unified Hawaii in 1810. The army and navy used both traditional canoes and uniforms including helmets (mahiole) made of natural materials and loincloths (called the malo) as well as western technology like artillery cannons, muskets, and European ships.[citation needed] European advisors like John Young and Isaac Davis were captured, treated well and became Hawaiian chiefs and military advisors for the king. When Kamehameha died in 1819 he left his son Liholiho a large arsenal with tens of thousands of soldiers and many warships. This helped put down the revolt at Kuamoʻo later in 1819 and Humehume's rebellion on Kauai in 1824.

During the Kamehameha dynasty the population in Hawaii was ravaged by epidemics following the arrival of outsiders. The military shrank with the population, so by the end of the Dynasty there was no Hawaiian navy and only an army, consisting of several hundred troops which were charged with garrisoning a number of forts in the major island ports. After a French invasion that sacked Honolulu in 1849, Kamehameha III sought defensive treaties with the United States and Britain. During the outbreak of the Crimean War in Europe, Kamehameha III declared Hawaii a neutral state.[1] The United States government put strong pressure on Kamehameha IV to make trade exclusively to the United States even annexing the islands. To counterbalance this situation Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V pushed for alliances with other foreign powers, especially Great Britain. Hawaii claimed uninhabited islands in the Pacific, including the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, many of which came into conflict with American claims.

Following the Kamehameha dynasty the royal guards were disbanded under Lunalilo after a barracks revolt in September 1873. A small army was restored under King Kalakaua but failed to stop the 1887 Rebellion by the Missionary Party. In 1891 Queen Liliʻuokalani came to power. The elections of 1892 were followed with petitions and requests from her administration to change the constitution of 1887. The US maintained a policy of keeping at least one cruiser in Hawaii at all times. On January 17, 1893, Liliʻuokalani, believing the US military would intervene if she changed the constitution, waited for the USS Boston to leave port. Once it was known that Liliʻuokalani was revising the constitution, the Boston was recalled and assisted the Missionary Party in her overthrow. (In 1993, the U.S. Congress passed the Apology Resolution, admitting wrongdoing and issuing an apology.) Following the overthrow and the establishment of the Provisional Government of Hawaii the Kingdom's military was disarmed and disbanded.


Reign of Kamehameha III, IV, V edit

In the 1850s, Prince Alexander Liholiho, the future King Kamehameha IV, assumed the duties of Lieutenant General and Commander in Chief of the Forces of the Hawaiian Islands in the name of his uncle King Kamehameha IV. He began working to reorganize the Hawaiian military and to maintain the dilapidated forts and cannons from the days of Kamehameha I. During this period, he appointed many officers to assist him including his brother Lot Kapuāiwa, Francis Funk, John William Elliott Maikai, David Kalākaua, John Owen Dominis and others to assist him.[2][3][4] He also worked with Robert Crichton Wyllie, the secretary of war and navy and the minister of foreign affairs, who supported creating a Hawaiian army to protect the islands from California adventurers and filibusters who were rumor to be planning to invade the islands.[5]

  • Greenberg, Amy S. (2005). Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–253. ISBN 978-0-521-84096-5. OCLC 260093661.


Reign of Lunalilo edit

On September 7, 1873, the Royal Household Guards mutinied at the ʻIolani Barracks due to their resentment of commanding officers: Adjutant General Charles Hastings Judd and the Hungarian drillmaster Captain Joseph Jajczay. Unable to control their subordinates, Judd and Jajczay were beaten and attacked by the angry troops and a demand was sent to the king for their removal. Lunalilo responded by disbanding the military unit altogether, leaving Hawaii without a standing army for the remainder of his reign.[6][7][8]

On February 12, 1874, following the death of King Lunalilo, a special session was called to elect a new monarch from amongst the aliʻi; this was the second time in Hawaiian history that this duty fell to the legislature. During the election that followed, David Kalākaua ran against Queen Emma, the widow of Kamehameha IV[9] The assembly voted thirty-nine to six in favor of Kalākaua over Emma.[10] The subsequent announcement triggered the Honolulu Courthouse riot as Emmaite supporters hunted down and attacked native legislators who supported Kalākaua. Historian Jon Kamakawiwoʻole Osorio noted that "the attacks were conducted by Natives against Natives over issues of loyalty and kanaka identity".[11] The rioters targeted mainly these men, tearing apart the courthouse and creating makeshift clubs to use as bludgeons. One legislator was thrown from a second-story window of the courthouse. The kingdom was without an army since the mutiny the year before and many police officers sent quell the riot joined the mob or did nothing. Unable to control the mob, Kalākaua and Lunalilo's former ministers had to request the military aid of American and British forces docked in the harbor to land and quell the uprising.[12]

Reign of Kalākaua edit

 
Kalakaua with his military staff officers, 1882

In 1874, King Kalākaua restored the Household Troops which had been defunct since his predecessor Lunalilo abolished it in 1874 and initially created three volunteer companies: the Leleiohoku Guard, a cavalry unit, the Prince's Own, an artillery unit, and the Hawaiian Guards, an infantry unit.[13][14] By the latter part of his reign, the army of the Kingdom of Hawaii consisted of six volunteer companies, including the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, the Leleiohoku Guard, the Mamalahoa Guard and the Honolulu Rifles, and the regular troops of the King's Household Troops. The ranks of these regiments were composed mainly of Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian officers with a few white officers including his brother-in-law John Owen Dominis. Each units were subject to call for active service when necessary. The king and the Governor of Oahu also had their own personal staff of military officers with the ranks of Colonel and Major.[15]

On October 1, 1886, the military act of 1886 was passed which created a Department of War and of the Navy under the Minister of Foreign Affairs as Secretary of War and of the Navy. Dominis was appointed Lieutenant General and Commander-in-Chief and other officers were commissioned while the king was made the Supreme Commander and Generalissimo of the Hawaiian Army.[15][16] Around this time, the government also bought and commissioned the His Hawaiian Majesty's Ship (HHMS) Kaimiloa, the first and only vessel of the Hawaiian Royal Navy, under the command of Captain was George E. Gresley Jackson.[17][18] The military commissions creating Dominis and his staff officers were recalled for economic reasons and the military act of 1886 was later declared unconstitutional.[19][16] A 1888 military act was passed reducing the size of the army to four volunteer companies: the Honolulu Rifles, the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, and the Leleiohoku Guard. In 1890, another military act further restricted the army to just the King's Royal Guards.[20][21][22]

List of officers edit

Household Guards edit

  • Captain Joseph Jajczay, January 23, 1873
  • Captain Hiram Kahanawai, 1874
  • Captain William K. Kanaloa, August 11, 1874
  • Captain David Leleo Kinimaka, commissioned on February 12, 1878; commissioned Major on January 19, 1881; commisioned Brevet Lieutenant Colonel, March 4, 1884
  • Captain Kalilii, March 17, 1884
  • Captain John Paul Kahalewai; Adjutant, King's Guard; October 4, 1886; Major, King's Guard, January 15, 1887
  • Captain Robert Parker Waipa [3]
  • Captain J. H. Kahalewai [4]; Captain King's Guard, November 15, 1890
  • Captain Samuel Nowlein, commissioned March 2, 1891

Volunteer Military Companies edit

Year Commander Commander Other Notes Sources
1875 Prince's Own His Majesty, Captain
1875 Leleiohoku Guard HRH Prince Leleiohoku II, Captain
1875 Hawaiian Guards Captain Charles T. Gulick
1876 Prince's Own His Majesty, Captain
1876 Leleiohoku Guard HRH Prince Leleiohoku II, Captain
1876 Hawaiian Guards Captain Charles T. Gulick
1877 Prince's Own His Majesty, Captain
1877 Leleiohoku Guard HRH Prince Leleiohoku II, Captain
1877 Hawaiian Guards, Company A Captain Charles T. Gulick
1877 Hawaiian Guards, Company B Captain George H. Dole
1878 Prince's Own His Majesty, Captain
1878 Leleiohoku Guard His Majesty, Captain
1878 Hawaiian Guards, Company A Captain Charles T. Gulick
1878 Hawaiian Guards, Company B Captain Charles B. Wilson
1879 Prince's Own His Majesty, Captain
1879 Leleiohoku Guard His Majesty, Captain
1879 Hawaiian Guards, Company A Captain Charles T. Gulick
1879 Hawaiian Guards, Company B Captain Charles B. Wilson
1880 Prince's Own His Majesty, Major; Adjutant Curtis P. Iaukea; Captain Antone Rosa, Company A.; Captain H. Kaaha, Company B.; Captain James Harbottle Boyd, Company C.
1880 Leleiohoku Guard His Majesty, Captain
1880 Hawaiian Guards, Company A Captain Charles T. Gulick
1880 Hawaiian Guards, Company B Captain Charles B. Wilson
1881 Prince's Own His Majesty, Major; Adjutant Curtis P. Iaukea; Captain H. Kaaha
1881 Leleiohoku Guard Captain Makanui
1881 Hawaiian Guards, Company A Captain Charles T. Gulick
1881 Hawaiian Guards, Company B Captain Charles B. Wilson
1881 Mamalahoa Guard Captain W. P. Wood
1882 Prince's Own His Majesty, Major; Adjutant Curtis P. Iaukea; Captain H. Kaaha
1882 Leleiohoku Guard Captain Makanui
1882 Hawaiian Guards, Company A Captain Charles T. Gulick
1882 Hawaiian Guards, Company B Captain Charles B. Wilson
1882 Mamalahoa Guard Captain W. P. Wood
1883 Prince's Own His Majesty, Major; Adjutant Curtis P. Iaukea; Captain H. Kaaha
1883 Leleiohoku Guard Captain Makanui
1883 Hawaiian Guards, Company A Captain Charles T. Gulick
1883 Hawaiian Guards, Company B Captain Charles B. Wilson
1883 Mamalahoa Guard Captain W. P. Wood
1884 Prince's Own Captain H. Kaaha
1884 Leleiohoku Guard Captain Makanui
1884 Mamalahoa Guard Captain S. P. Wood
1884 King's Own Captain Samuel Nowlein
1885 Prince's Own Captain H. Kaaha
1885 Leleiohoku Guard Captain Kahio
1885 Mamalahoa Guard Captain Kealaki
1885 King's Own Captain Samuel Nowlein
1885 Honolulu Rifles Captain W. A. Aldrich
1886 Prince's Own Captain H. Kaaha
1886 Leleiohoku Guard Captain Keiki
1886 Mamalahoa Guard Captain Elama
1886 King's Own Captain Samuel Nowlein
1886 Honolulu Rifles N/A
1886 Queen's Own Captain W. C. O'Connor
1887 Prince's Own Captain H. Kaaha
1887 Leleiohoku Guard Captain Makanui
1887 Mamalahoa Guard Captain Elama
1887 King's Own Captain C. H. Clark
1887 Honolulu Rifles Captain Volney V. Ashford
1887 Queen's Own Captain A. S. Mahaulu

Military Staff of the Monarch and Governor of Oahu edit

Charles Gordon Hopkins, Colonel on King's Staff May 6, 1865

W. F. Allen, Colonel on King's Staff March 5, 1867

Franklin Seaver Pratt, Colonel on King's Staff September 30, 1867


Reign of Lunalilo

David Kalākaua, Colonel on King's Staff, January 20, 1873

Ed. Hoffman, Colonel on King's Staff, January 23, 1873

W. F. Allen , Colonel on King's Staff, January 22, 1873

Charles Hastings Judd, Colonel on King's Staff, January 23, 1873

John Makini Kapena, Colonel on King's Staff, January 27, 1873

Georges Phillipe Trousseau, Colonel on King's Staff, February 6, 1873

W. P. Leleiohoku, Major, Staff of the Governor, General Comdg. in Chief, Island of Oahu, January 25, 1873

H. Prendergast, Major, Staff of the Governor, General Comdg. in Chief, Island of Oahu, January 25, 1873

Frank H. Harris, Major, Staff of the Governor, General Comdg. in Chief, Island of Oahu, January 25, 1873

Edwin Harbottle Boyd, Major, Staff of the Governor, General Comdg. in Chief, Island of Oahu, January 27, 1873

Reign of Kalākaua

Edw. Hoffman, Colonel of King's Staff, April 27, 1874 W. F. Allen, Colonel of King's Staff, April 27, 1874 Charles Hastings Judd, Colonel of King's Staff, April 27, 1874 William Luther Moehonua, Colonel of King's Staff, April 27, 1874

James Harbottle Boyd, Captain on the Staff of the Governor of Oahu. Commissioned April 18, 1877

1879
  • His Majesty's Staff - Colonels W. F. Allen, Ed Hoffman. C. H. Judd, and M. P. Robinson
  • Staff of the Governor of Oahu - Majors Geo. W. Macfarlane, Chas. T. Gulick and Captain J. H. Boyd
1880
  • His Majesty's Staff - Colonels W. F. Allen, Ed Hoffman. C. H. Judd, M. P. Robinson, and C. P. Iaukea
  • Staff of the Governor of Oahu - Majors Geo. W. Macfarlane, Chas. T. Gulick and Captain J. H. Boyd
1881
  • His Majesty's Staff - Colonels W. F. Allen, Ed Hoffman. C. H. Judd, C. P. Iaukea, and J. H. Boyd
  • Staff of the Governor of Oahu - Majors Geo. W. Macfarlane, Chas. T. Gulick and Captain Antone Rosa
1882
  • His Majesty's Staff - Colonels W. F. Allen, Ed Hoffman. C. H. Judd, C. P. Iaukea, J. H. Boyd, and G. W. Macfarlane
  • Staff of the Governor of Oahu - Majors Chas. T. Gulick and Antone Rosa
1883
  • His Majesty's Staff - Colonels W. F. Allen, Ed Hoffman. C. H. Judd, C. P. Iaukea, J. H. Boyd, and G. W. Macfarlane
  • Staff of the Governor of Oahu - Majors Chas. T. Gulick and Antone Rosa
1884
  • His Majesty's Staff - Colonels W. F. Allen, Ed Hoffman. C. H. Judd, C. P. Iaukea, J. H. Boyd, and G. W. Macfarlane
  • Staff of the Governor of Oahu - Majors Chas. T. Gulick and Antone Rosa
1885
  • His Majesty's Staff - Cols. C. H. Judd, C. P. Iaukea, J. H. Boyd, and G. W. Macfarlane
  • Staff of the Governor of Oahu - Majors Chas. T. Gulick and Antone Rosa
1886
  • His Majesty's Staff - Cols. C. H. Judd, C. P. Iaukea, J. H. Boyd, G. W. Macfarlane, E. W. Purvis, and P. Opfergelt
  • Staff of the Governor of Oahu - Majors Chas. T. Gulick, Antone Rosa and J. D. Holt, Jr.
1887
  • His Majesty's Staff - His Ex. C. P. Iaukea, Cols. J. H. Boyd, G. W. Macfarlane, and P. Opfergelt
1888
  • His Majesty's Staff - His Ex. C. P. Iaukea, Cols. J. H. Boyd, G. W. Macfarlane, and P. Opfergelt
1889
  • His Majesty's Staff - Cols. C. P. Iaukea, J. H. Boyd, G. W. Macfarlane, R. Hoapili Baker, and Majors J. D. Holt, Jr., H. F. Bertelmann, and Captain E. K. Lilikalani
1890
  • His Majesty's Staff - Cols. C. P. Iaukea, J. H. Boyd, G. W. Macfarlane, R. Hoapili Baker, and Majors J. D. Holt, Jr., H. F. Bertelmann, and Captain E. K. Lilikalani
1891
  • His Majesty's Staff - Cols. J. H. Boyd, R. Hoapili Baker, and Majors J. D. Holt, Jr., H. F. Bertelmann, and J. P. Kahalewai
1892
  • Her Majesty's Staff - Cols. C. P. Iaukea, J. H. Boyd, R. Hoapili Baker, and Majors W. H. Cornwell, J. D. Holt, Jr., H. F. Bertelmann, and J. T. Baker
1893
  • Her Majesty's Staff - Cols. C. P. Iaukea, J. H. Boyd, R. Hoapili Baker, W. H. Cornwell, J. D. Holt, Jr., H. F. Bertelmann, J. T. Baker and E. K. Lilikalani

References edit

  1. ^ "Hawaiian Territory". Hawaiian Kingdom. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
  2. ^ "Death of Hon. J. W. E. Maikai". The Polynesian. Honolulu. June 2, 1860. p. 2.
  3. ^ "By Authority". The Polynesian. Honolulu. November 5, 1853. p. 2.
  4. ^ MacKaye, D. L. (May 8, 1910). "Tales From The Archives – Defending Honololu". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. p. 4.
  5. ^ Judd, Laura Fish (1880). Honolulu: Sketches of Life: Social, Political, and Religious, in the Hawaiian Islands from 1828-1861. With a Supplementary Sketch of Events to the Present Time. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company. pp. 219–221. OCLC 300479.
  6. ^ Kuykendall 1953, pp. 259–260.
  7. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 131–132.
  8. ^ Pogány 1963, pp. 53–61.
  9. ^ Hawaii & Lydecker 1918, p. 127; Kuykendall 1967, p. 9; Kanahele 1999, p. 289
  10. ^ Dabagh, Lyons & Hitchcock 1974, p. 83.
  11. ^ Osorio 2002, pp. 220
  12. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 9–11; Dabagh, Lyons & Hitchcock 1974, pp. 76–89; Kanahele 1999, pp. 288–292; Osorio 2002, pp. 154–157; Kaeo & Queen Emma 1976, pp. 165–166; "Riot of the Queenites". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XVIII, no. 32. Honolulu. February 14, 1874. p. 3. Retrieved September 26, 2016.; "The Riot". The Hawaiian Gazette. Vol. X, no. 7. Honolulu. February 18, 1874. p. 2. Retrieved September 26, 2016.; "The Riot of February 12th". The Hawaiian Gazette. Vol. X, no. 9. Honolulu. March 4, 1874. p. 4. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference 1874Mutiny was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 13; "General Order No. 1". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. February 28, 1874. p. 1.
  15. ^ a b Newbury 2001, p. 22; Kuykendall 1967, pp. 350–352; "Army Commissions office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved February 3, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ a b Chapter XXII: Act Act To Organize The Military Forces Of The Kingdom. Honolulu: Black & Auld. 1886. pp. 37–41. OCLC 42350849. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kaimiloa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ "Navy, Royal Hawaiian – Commissions office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved February 3, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 403–404.
  20. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 410–411, 421, 465–466.
  21. ^ Chapter XXV: An Act Relating To The Military Forces Of The Kingdom. Honolulu: Black & Auld. 1888. pp. 55–60. OCLC 42350849. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Chapter LII: An Act To Provide For A Military Force To Be Designated As 'The King's Royal Guard'. Honolulu: Black & Auld. 1890. pp. 107–109. OCLC 42350849. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

Bibliography edit

Hawaiian Register and Directory edit

  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1875). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1875". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1875. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 12–13. hdl:10524/664.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1876). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1876". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1876. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 62–64. hdl:10524/665.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1877). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1877". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1877. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 56–59. hdl:10524/658.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1878). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1878". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1878. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 5, 34–38. hdl:10524/667.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1879). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1879". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1879. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 33–38. hdl:10524/669.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1880). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1880". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1880. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 33–38. hdl:10524/656.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1881). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1881". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1881. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 65–70. hdl:10524/23168.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1882). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1882". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1882. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 77–83. hdl:10524/23169.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1883). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1883". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 74–80. hdl:10524/657.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1884). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1884". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1884. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 76–82. hdl:10524/985.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1885). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1885". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1885. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 84–91. hdl:10524/1078.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1886). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1886". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1886. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 81–88. hdl:10524/1484.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1887). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1887". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1887. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 91–98. hdl:10524/659.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1888). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1888". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1888. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 91–99. hdl:10524/666.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1889). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1889". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1889. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 117–126. hdl:10524/655.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1890). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1890". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1890. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 117–126. hdl:10524/31851.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1891). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1891". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1891. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 161–169. hdl:10524/661.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1892). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1892". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1892. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 144–152. hdl:10524/662.
  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1893). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1893". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1893. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 139–147. hdl:10524/663.

Further reading edit


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