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USAT Logan
History
United Kingdom
NameMassachusetts (1891-1898)
OperatorAtlantic Transport Line
BuilderHarland & Wolff, Belfast
Launched17 December 1891
HomeportLondon, England
IdentificationOfficial number 99046
FateSold for $660,000
United States
Name
  • Manitoba (1898-1899)
  • Logan (1899-1922)
OperatorArmy Transport Service
HomeportFort Mason, California
Identification
  • Radio call sign: ATL (1907)
  • WXF (1913)
FateSold for $180,000
United States
NameLogan (1922-1924)
OwnerCandler Floating School, Inc.
HomeportSavannah, Georgia
Identification
  • Signal letters: MDVP
  • Official number: 222673
FateBroken up 1924
General characteristics
Tonnage
  • 5,672 Gross registered tons
  • 3,653 Net registered tons
Displacement7,519 tons
Length445.5 ft (135.8 m)
Beam49 ft 3 in (15.01 m)
Draft24 ft (7.3 m)
Depth of hold30 ft (9.1 m)
Decks5
Installed power1,200 horsepower
Propulsion2 x triple-expansion steam engines
Speed13.5 knots

The steamship Massachusetts was steel-hulled freighter built for the Atlantic Transport Line in 1891. She carried live cattle and frozen beef from the United States to England until the advent of the Spanish-American War. In 1898 she was purchased by the United States Army for use as an ocean-going troopship. During the Spanish-American War she carried troops and supplies between the U.S. mainland, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.

After the war, she was renamed USAT Sheridan and was fitted for service in the Pacific, supporting U.S. bases in Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines. In addition to her regular supply missions, she transported American troops to virtually every conflict in the Pacific for two decades, including the Boxer Rebellion, the Philippine Insurrection, the 1911 Revolution in China, and the Siberian Intervention of World War I. Her last sailing in government service was in November 1922.

Construction and characteristics

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The Atlantic Transport Line commissioned four sisterships to be built by the Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast, Northern Ireland. They were, in order of launch, Massachusetts, Manitoba, Mohawk, and Mobile.[1]

Massachusetts' hull was built of steel plates. She was 445.5 feet (135.8 m) long, with a beam of 49.2 feet (15.0 m) and a depth of hold of 30 feet (9.1 m). Her gross register tonnage was 5,673, and her net register tonnage was 3,654.[2] She displaced 7,496 tons.[3]

She was driven by two manganese-bronze propellers. These were turned by two triple-expansion steam engines which were also built by Harland and Wolff.[4] They had high, medium, and low-pressure cylinders with diameters of 22.5 inches, 36.5 inches, and 60 inches, respectively, with a stroke of 48 inches. Each of the engines was rated at 600 horsepower.[2] Steam was provided by two coal-fired boilers. At full speed she would burn 60 tons of coal per day.[5]

Massachusetts' cargo capacity was built primarily to support the shipment of American beef to England, both in the form of live cattle and refrigerated dressed beef. She was fitted out to transport 1,000 live cattle,[6] and could carry 1,000 tons of fresh meat in her refrigerated holds.[7][5] She was also fitted with a salon and first-class cabins for 80 passengers. There was no accommodation for steerage passengers.[8]

Massachusetts was launched from the Harland and Wolff shipyard on Queen's Island on 17 December 1891.[4] She then had her engines and boilers installed. The ship was completed on 5 March 1892.[3]

Atlantic Transport Line Service (1892–1898)

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While the Atlantic Transport Line was controlled by American shipping magnate Bernard N. Baker, its operations were run from Britain. Manitoba's home port was London and she was registered as a British ship.[2] During her six-year career with Atlantic Transport Line she was assigned to the New York to London route.[9]

 
Massachusetts, c.1897

Massachusetts proved exceptionally capable at moving cattle across the Atlantic. In the first half of 1892, on her first few crossings, she brought 998 cattle to England and only two died en route.[10] Since horses could be shipped using the same facilities as cattle, Massachusetts occasionally shipped horses across the Atlantic. In August 1893, the ship transported the racehorse Ormonde from London to New York, after he was purchased for $150,000 by a California breeder.[11] British Army representatives to the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago also sailed with their livestock. Massachusetts brought 300 British soldiers and 80 horses from London. She arrived in New York on 5 April 1893.[12]

Massachusetts sailed with even more varieties of livestock in 1897 and 1898 when she transported the Barnum & Bailey Circus to London. Her passengers included elephants, zebras, camels, and horses.[13][14][15]

US Army Service (1898–1922)

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Spanish–American War service (1898–1899)

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On 25 April 1898, Congress declared war on Spain, beginning the Spanish-American War.[16] An immediate objective was to defeat Spain in the Caribbean, taking Cuba and Puerto Rico. At the time, the United States had no overseas possessions, and thus its military had limited ocean-capable sealift to support such an offensive. American political leaders preferred to acquire American ships to support the war effort, rather than enrich foreigners and rely on foreign crews. There were also legal constraints on using neutral-flagged vessels in American military operations. Through some quirks in the Congressional funding of the war, the US Navy was able to charter transport ships prior to the declaration of war and tied-up the best of the American merchant fleet for its use. When the Army was able to begin acquiring ships after the declaration of war, fewer domestic options remained. While the Atlantic Transport Line was British-flagged, it was American owned, making it a more attractive option.[10]

Army Colonel Frank J. Hecker approached the Atlantic Transport Line to charter its fleet, and was refused. He then offered to buy the vessels he sought and a deal was struck, subject to the approval of the Secretary of War Russel Alger. In addition to Massachusetts, the Atlantic Transport Line sold Manitoba, Mohawk, Mobile, Michigan, Mississippi, and Minnewaska.[5] These ships were placed under the Quartermaster's Department of the United States Army. The Army reckoned Manitoba's capacity to be 80 officers, 1,000 men, and 1,000 horses. Massachusetts arrived in New York from London on her last trip for the Atlantic Transport Line on 11 July 1898.[17] She was unloaded and turned over to the government on 14 July 1898. The purchase price of the ship was $660,000.[6]

The ship underwent little conversion for military use and began embarking troops just two weeks after her purchase. By that time the fighting was all but over. Hostilities ceased on 12 August 1898.[18] Even though the war was over, the Army faced substantial logistical challenges. It had to garrison the new possessions, and return the men temporarily mobilized for the offensive. Massachusetts moved thousands of troops and animals to and from Cuba and Puerto Rico in the immediate post-war period.

Manitoba/Logan troop movements to and from the Caribbean
Departure From To Arrival Units embarked
28 July 1898[19] Newport News Ponce 3 August 1898[20] Troops A & C New York Cavalry

Philadelphia City Troop (805 men, 454 horses, 426 mules)

Preparation for Pacific service (1899–1900)

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General Phillip Sheridan, Sheridan's namesake

Having taken Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, the Army had a permanent need for transport to overseas bases. The annexation of Hawaii in 1898 also required new ocean transport. The Army Transport Service chose the best vessels acquired during the war to become a permanent sealift capability. Manitoba and her three sister ships were retained for this purpose. To mark their transition to permanent military service, they were renamed in March 1899. Manitoba became United States Army Transport Logan, named for Civil War General John A. Logan.[3]

Once the Army completed the bulk of the troop movements in the Caribbean at the end of the war, it refit Logan for service in the Pacific. In July 1899 a contract was given to the Morse Iron Works of New York to repair and refit the ship. The contract price for the work was $230,000.[21] When she emerged from the shipyard she had a new steam-powered steering system. As equipped for her Pacific service, she could accommodate 1,650 soldiers sleeping in three-tier canvas berths suspended from steel posts. Her coal bunkers were enlarged to hold 1,780 tons. She had fourteen fresh water tanks with 1,270 tons capacity. Her refrigerated space of 20,580 cubic feet was kept at 18 degrees Fahrenheit. The ship was also equipped with a vault for gold and silver in order to fund overseas operations.[22] During her December 1900 sailing, for example, she carried $1.3 million to pay the troops in the Philippines.[23] A sea trial for the improved Logan took place on 13 November 1899.[24]

As configured for her Pacific service Logan's authorized complement was 13 officers and 172 crew.[25] As she sailed, her crew was typically between 175 and 200 officers and men.[26][27][28]

On 20 November 1899 Logan sailed from New York, bound for Manila, via the Suez Canal.[29] She had a full load, including 1,312 officers and men of the 41st Volunteer Infantry regiment.[30] She stopped at Gibralter for water in December 1899.[31] She reached Singapore on 2 January 1900,[32] and Manila on 5 January.[33] After disembarking her troops in Manila, she sailed to San Francisco, via Nagasaki, with 19 passengers aboard. She arrived at her new home port on 10 February 1900.[34]

Boxer Rebellion and Philippine Insurrection (1900–1901)

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After a brief shipyard visit,[35] she sailed again for Manila on 16 May 1900.[36] By the time she reached the Philippines, the Boxer Rebellion had come to a critical point. The War Department instructed General Arthur MacArthur Jr., Military Governor of the Philippines, to hold Logan for possible intervention in China.[37] The U.S 9th Infantry Regiment was embarked on Logan at Manila. The ship carried 32 officers and 1,230 men. The regiment's baggage, horses, wagons sailed on Port Albert. After a stop for coal and water at Nagasaki, Logan landed the troops at Taku, China on 8 July 1900.[38][39] On her return trip, Logan evacuated sick and wounded soldiers, Christian missionaries, and other refugees. She arrived back in San Francisco from Manila, via Nagasaki and Yokohama, on 6 August 1900.[40]

Logan began a regular shuttle service between San Francisco, Honolulu, Guam, and Manila. The Army Transport Service maintained a roughly monthly schedule of sailings from San Francisco using Logan, USAT Sheridan, USAT Sherman, and USAT Thomas. The ships carried supplies, cash,[41] and fresh troops to the Philippines to fight insurgents, and relieved, discharged, wounded, and dead troops back to the United States.[42] Many officers brought their wives and children aboard as cabin passengers.[43] Details of Logan's trans-Pacific trips during this period are shown in the table below.

Logan trans-Pacific trips 1900-1901
Departure From To Arrival Units Embarked
1 September 1900[44] San Francisco Manila 2 October 1900[45] 2 battalions, 1st Infantry Regiment

1 battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment

16 October 1900[46] Manila San Francisco 15 November 1900[47] 283 invalided troops

39 prisoners

16 December 1900[23] San Francisco Manila 11 January 1901[48] 124 recruits and other troops
1 March 1901[49][50] Manila San Francisco 29 March 1901[51] 33rd Volunteer Infantry Regiment (795 men)

34th Volunteer Infantry Regiment (806 men)

15 April 1901[49][52] San Francisco Manila 14 May 1901[53] 2 companies 1st Infantry Regiment

3rd squadron 9th Cavalry Regiment

2nd squadron 10th Cavalry Regiment

1 battalion 11th Infantry Regiment

31 May 1901[49] Manila San Francisco 25 June 1901[54] 44th Volunteer Infantry Regiment

2 battalions 38th Volunteer Infantry Regiment

Pacific service (1901–1918)

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Sheridan in 1905

In mid-1901 Logan went to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard to replace her boilers and furnaces.[55] Her first sailing after this extensive overhaul was on 1 May 1902.[56][57] She resumed her roughly once a month Pacific crossings. In 1905 the ship hosted Secretary of War William Howard Taft and a congressional delegation on a tour of the Philippines, with a side trip to Hong Kong.[58]

Logan continued her regular Pacific crossings until December 1907 when she went to the Risdon Iron Works in San Francisco for an overhaul.[59] Budget issues caused the Army to issue two contracts for this work. The first was for $85,000. Just as these repairs were completed, the Army issued another bid request for additional work. This contract, too, was awarded to Risdon. The cost of this second phase was $275,271.[60][61] During this repair cycle an electrical system was installed on the ship.[62] This work included the installation of a 3 kilowatt radio transmitter. She is recorded to have the wireless call sign "ATL",[63] which was changed to "WXF" by 1913.[64] Logan returned to her San Francisco-Manila route in March 1909.[65]

In May 1911, Logan was pulled out of service briefly for electrical upgrades and other maintenance.[66] She was rushed back into commission in order to return troops from the Mexican border which had been sent there in response to possible instability arising from the Mexican Revolution. She transported the 8th Infantry Regiment from San Diego to its regular posts at Monterey and the Presidio in June 1911.[67] She then returned to her regular Manila route. Logan was the first Army transport to land at the newly constructed pier at Fort Mason in November 1911.[68]

On 12 January 1912, Logan embarked a battalion of the 15th Infantry regiment at Manila. She landed the troops, and their attached horses, mules, armaments and supplies at Qinhuangdao, China in order to protect the railway between Beijing and the coast. This line of retreat for American and other foreign nationals was threatened by warring factions in the 1911 Revolution in China.[69]

The ship then resumed her regular San Francisco-Manila route, interrupted only by brief shipyard visits.[70][71][72] Logan had a minor modification of her route in January 1916. She sailed from San Francisco to the Panama Canal where she embarked the 27th Infantry Regiment, which she took to Manila.[73]

Logan's arrivals from foreign ports were always accompanied by inspections and sometimes quarantine by local health authorities concerned with the spread of communicable diseases.[26][27][28] On at least one occasion, these precautions failed disastrously. Logan carried the influenza pandemic to Guam in October 1918. Approximately 5% of the population died as a result of her visit.[74][75]

Allied Expeditionary Force Siberia (1918–1920)

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The revolutionary Bolshevik government of Russia made a separate peace with the Central Powers in March 1918, ending Russian participation in World War I. In July 1918, President Wilson sent U.S. troops to Siberia as part of an Allied Expeditionary Force to safeguard American interests threatened by this change. On 2 September 1918,[76] Logan sailed for Vladivostok, Russia from San Francisco with 1,745 troops aboard.[77] She and sister-ship USAT Sheridan reached Vladivostok on 29 September 1918. They disembarked 3,682 troops, which brought the previously landed 27th and 31st Infantry Regiments to full strength.[78] On 4 December 1918 Logan sailed from San Francisco for Russia again, with a stop in Honolulu, where she arrived on 13 December. She unloaded 100 tons of frozen food for the troops in Hawaii.[79] She then sailed on to Vladivostok. A serious fire broke out en route which took seven hours to bring under control, but Logan continued her voyage to Russia.[80] She returned to San Francisco on 17 February 1919 with eleven wounded soldiers from the Siberian expedition.[81]

Logan sailed again for Vladivostok on 25 February 1919.[82] She returned to San Francisco on 6 May 1919 with more than 850 passengers aboard.[83] She returned 1,278 soldiers from the 27th and 31st Infantry Regiments and 167 bodies of soldiers who had been killed in Siberia on 19 October 1919.[84] During this period, Logan sailed a triangular route between San Francisco, Vladivostok, and Manila, with her usual intermediate stops in Hawaii, and Guam.[85][86]

She left San Francisco for her last sailing in the Siberian Intervention on 2 June 1920.[87] She evacuated 1,789[88] troops of the Czechoslovak Legion from Vladivostok to Trieste, Italy where she arrived on 28 September 1920.[89] The trip to Vladivostok went via Honolulu and Manila. From Vladivostok she traveled via Colombo,[90] Singapore, and the Suez Canal to reach Trieste. Logan returned to her San Francisco home port on 14 February 1921 via Gibraltar, New York,[91] Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal.[92] En route she embarked elements of the 42nd Infantry Regiment in Puerto Rico and transported them to their station in the Canal Zone.[93]

Upon her return to San Francisco, Logan resumed her regular supply runs to Honolulu, Manila, and Guam. On 12 October 1922 she sailed from Manila for the last time.[94] She carried units of the 9th Cavalry Regiment which were returning to the United States.[95] After her final stop in Honolulu, she returned to San Francisco on 11 November 1922 where her government service ended.[96]

Obsolescence, sale, and scrapping

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In December 1920, the War Department announced its intention to sell eight Army transports, including Logan and her three sister-ships purchased from the Atlantic Transport Line in 1898.[97] Given the glut of more modern troopships built during World War I, it made little sense for the Army to maintain the thirty-year-old Logan. She was sold on 9 November 1922.[3]

References

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  1. ^ "New Transatlantic Line Of Steamers". Belfast News-Letter. 30 September 1891. p. 6.
  2. ^ a b c Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. 1 - Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register. 1893.
  3. ^ a b c d Clay, Steven E. U.S. Army Order Of Battle 1919-1941 (PDF). Vol. 4. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 2178.
  4. ^ a b "Launch Of The S.S. Massachusetts". Belfast News-Letter. 18 December 1891. p. 7.
  5. ^ a b c "Expedited Ship Buying". The Sun. 25 June 1898. p. 2.
  6. ^ a b United States Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1900. p. 444.
  7. ^ "May Attach U.S. Ships". New York Times. 9 July 1898. p. 12.
  8. ^ "European Steamers". The World. 2 August 1892. p. 1.
  9. ^ "Port Paragraphs". Baltimore Sun. 3 October 1892. p. 8.
  10. ^ a b Kinghorn, Jonathan (2012-01-27). The Atlantic Transport Line, 1881-1931: A History with Details on All Ships. McFarland. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7864-8842-1.
  11. ^ "A Traveled Horse". Democrat and Chronicle. 12 August 1893. p. 7.
  12. ^ "Death-Traps Near Fair". The World. 6 April 1893. p. 4.
  13. ^ "Barnum's Circus On The Sea". New York Times. 13 November 1897. p. 15.
  14. ^ "A Famous Circus". Evening Chronicle. 25 November 1897. p. 6.
  15. ^ Watkins, Harvey L. Four Years In Europe, The Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth In the Old World.
  16. ^ "The Declaration Of War". New York Times. 26 April 1898. p. 3.
  17. ^ "Transport Liners For Troopships". Daily News. 12 July 1898. p. 2.
  18. ^ "Protocol of Peace -- Aug 12, 1898". web.archive.org. 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  19. ^ "To Join Miles' Army". Daily Star. 29 July 1898. p. 4.
  20. ^ "Transport Massachusetts Aground At Ponce". Semi-Weekly Times-Democrat. 9 August 1898. p. 7.
  21. ^ "New York Firm to Repair the Logan". Herald Statesmen. 20 July 1899. p. 3.
  22. ^ Devins, John Bancroft (10 September 1903). "An Observer in the Philippines". New York Observer. 91 (37).
  23. ^ a b "Soldiers Will Have Money". San Francisco Examiner. 16 December 1900. p. 9.
  24. ^ "The Logan, The Boss Of Yankee Transport". Times-Union. 14 November 1899. p. 5.
  25. ^ Merchant Vessels Of The United States (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1914. p. 445.
  26. ^ a b "Philippine Islands: Manila. Cholera in the Provinces. Inspection of Vessels". Public Health Reports (1896-1970). 25 (24): 863–864. 1910. ISSN 0094-6214.
  27. ^ a b "Philippine Islands: Report from Manila. Inspection and Disinfection of Vessels. Cholera in the Provinces". Public Health Reports (1896-1970). 22 (6): 138–138. 1907. ISSN 0094-6214.
  28. ^ a b "Philippine Islands: Reports from Manila. Inspection of Vessels. Cholera in Manila and the Provinces. Outbreak of Cholera in the Province of Iloilo. Circular Relative to Quarantine of Outgoing Vessels". Public Health Reports (1896-1970). 21 (47): 1401–1403. 1906. ISSN 0094-6214.
  29. ^ Shipping Troops To And From The Philippines (PDF). 5 June 1900. p. 5.
  30. ^ "Transport Logan Off For Dash To Manilla". Times Union. 20 November 1899. p. 3.
  31. ^ "Would Not Take Pay". San Francisco Chronicle. 30 January 1900. p. 3.
  32. ^ "Transport Logan At Singapore". Boston Globe. 3 January 1900. p. 4.
  33. ^ "Transport Logan At Manila". Transcript-Telegram. 5 January 1900. p. 1.
  34. ^ "Another Transport Arrives". San Francisco Examiner. 10 February 1900. p. 4.
  35. ^ "Ocean and Water Front". San Francisco Chronicle. 16 April 1900. p. 9.
  36. ^ "Transport Logan Sails". Morning Union. 17 May 1900. p. 8.
  37. ^ "Troops Will Go To China From The Philippines". San Francisco Examiner. 16 June 1900. p. 1.
  38. ^ "Ninth Regiment Landed At Taku". Philadelphia Inquirer. 10 July 1900. p. 1.
  39. ^ "Keep Up The Fire". Infantry. 94 (5): 31, 32. September–October 2005.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  40. ^ "Refugees From Tien Tsin Arrive". Oakland Tribune. 6 August 1900. p. 2.
  41. ^ "Seventy Tons Of Money". San Francisco Chronicle. 30 May 1903. p. 15.
  42. ^ Abridgment ... Containing the Annual Message of the President of the United States to the Two Houses of Congress ... with Reports of Departments and Selections from Accompanying Papers. 1907. pp. 577, 578.
  43. ^ "Logan Sails For The Philippines". San Francisco Call and Post. 6 September 1903. p. 39.
  44. ^ "More Troops Sail For Manila". San Francisco Examiner. 2 September 1900. p. 10.
  45. ^ "Movements Of Transports". San Francisco Chronicle. 2 October 1900. p. 2.
  46. ^ "Transport Logan Leaves Manila With More Sick". San Francisco Call and Post. 18 October 1900. p. 9.
  47. ^ "Transport Logan A Floating Hospital". San Francisco Examiner. 16 November 1900. p. 5.
  48. ^ "Volunteers Sail". Oakland Tribune. 11 January 1901. p. 1.
  49. ^ a b c Government Transports (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 21 February 1902.
  50. ^ "Transport Logan En Route". San Francisco Chronicle. 13 March 1901. p. 10.
  51. ^ "Gen. Young Praises Funston's Exploit". Los Angeles Times. 30 March 1901. p. 1.
  52. ^ "Transports To Sail". San Francisco Chronicle. 12 April 1901. p. 10.
  53. ^ "Transports Arrive at Manila". Los Angeles Times. 16 May 1901. p. 2.
  54. ^ "Transport Logan Home From Manila". San Francisco Chronicle. 26 June 1901. p. 10.
  55. ^ "The Logan to be Repaired at Mare Island". Solano-Napa News. 29 July 1901. p. 3.
  56. ^ "The Logan Sails". The Californian. 2 May 1902. p. 1.
  57. ^ Hearings on the Great Lakes and Pacific coast. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904. pp. 1427–1433.
  58. ^ "Taft's Party For Peking". The New York Times. 23 August 1905. p. 2.
  59. ^ "Water Front Notes". San Francisco Examiner. 23 December 1907. p. 11.
  60. ^ "Transport Logan To Have Many Repairs". San Francisco Call and Post. 23 June 1908. p. 16.
  61. ^ "Washington Let Repair Contracts". San Francisco Call and Post. 15 October 1908. p. 16.
  62. ^ "Transport Repair Is Too Costly". San Francisco Call and Post. 14 October 1908. p. 1.
  63. ^ Index To Notices To Mariners. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1908. p. 257.
  64. ^ Report of the Chief Signal Officer, United States Army, to the Secretary of War. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1913. p. 41.
  65. ^ "Noted Officers Sail On Transport Logan". San Francisco Call and Post. 6 March 1909. p. 18.
  66. ^ "Troops On Border Ordered Back". San Francisco Examiner. 11 June 1911. p. 17.
  67. ^ "Troops Return To Monterey Sunday". Peninsular Review and Pacific Grove Daily. 14 June 1911. p. 1.
  68. ^ "Logan Arrives from Philippines". San Francisco Call and Post. 12 November 1911. p. 53.
  69. ^ "American Troops Sail For China". San Francisco Bulletin. 12 January 1912. p. 11.
  70. ^ "Ship Repair Brokers Land Job on Logan". Vallejo Times-Herald. 2 April 1914. p. 1.
  71. ^ "Transport Logan Leaves Navy Yard". Vallejo Evening News. 26 August 1914. p. 1.
  72. ^ "Transport Logan Coming To Navy Yard Tomorrow". Vallejo Times-Herald. 16 May 1915. p. 5.
  73. ^ "Army Notes". San Francisco Examiner. 7 January 1916. p. 11.
  74. ^ Underwood, Jane H. (December 1983). Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Mortality Experience on Subsequent Fertility of the Native Population of Guam (PDF).
  75. ^ "Hattori: A common stronghold through 1918 influenza and today's pandemic". www.uog.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  76. ^ "Capt. Potts Home". Daily Courier. 29 April 1919. p. 6.
  77. ^ "Streator Boy Stops At Japan". Streator Daily Free Press. 30 October 1918. p. 5.
  78. ^ House, John M. (6 October 1986). Wolfhounds And Polar Bears In Siberia: America's Military Intervention 1918-1920 (PDF). University of Kansas. p. 76.
  79. ^ "Transport Logan Is Army Christmas Ship". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. 14 December 1918. p. 8.
  80. ^ "U.S. Transport Logan Battles Flames In Hold". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 17 December 1918. p. 1.
  81. ^ "11 Wounded Are Returned Home". San Francisco Chronicle. 18 February 1919. p. 6.
  82. ^ "News Of Transports". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 1 March 1919. p. 2.
  83. ^ "Government's Policy In Sending Troops To Siberia Scored". San Francisco Bulletin. 7 May 1919. p. 5.
  84. ^ "1,278 Soldiers From Siberia Arrive Home". Albuquerque Journal. 20 October 1919. p. 2.
  85. ^ "U.S.A. Transports". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 25 August 1919. p. 8.
  86. ^ "Transport Logan On Way Home From Russia". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. 20 September 1919. p. 1.
  87. ^ "Transport Circles World". Ladysmith News-Budget. 18 February 1921. p. 3.
  88. ^ "How did the Czech Legion get home?". History Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  89. ^ "Eastern And Foreign Ports". San Francisco Examiner. 12 October 1920. p. 23.
  90. ^ "Logan Diverted". San Francisco Examiner. 21 August 1920. p. 19.
  91. ^ "Transport Movements". San Francisco Chronicle. 4 November 1920. p. 10.
  92. ^ "San Francisco News". Oakland Tribune. 14 February 1921. p. 6.
  93. ^ "42D Infantry, Stationed In Canal Zone, Is Filled". Junction City Union. 21 December 1920. p. 2.
  94. ^ "Logan on Way Here". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. 15 October 1922. p. 19.
  95. ^ "Negro Cavalrymen Bring Brides from Philippines". Desseret News. 13 October 1922. p. 6.
  96. ^ "U.S. Transport Logan Arrives To End Service". San Francisco Chronicle. 12 November 1922. p. 11.
  97. ^ "Eight Army Transports Will Be Sold". San Francisco Examiner. 5 December 1920. p. 20.


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