work in progress
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| Course | Entrer |
|---|---|
| Region or state | Suðar Asýr, Meðjör Asýr, Meðjör Asðar, Kerer avo Afríkas, Nörðar Afríkar, Suðar Afríkar |
| Serving temperature | gúer meþ Чatnýr vý Mentas Sosa |
| Main ingredients | Mædar, tartör, erogörær, kremar, aneðarær, výr чilýr, súrör, mímsör (agunör, gaosör vý golar) |
| Variations | Chamuça |
Samosar ýst beranna vý boanna boatjer meþ salopúir prekannör, ad örinar aneðannar tartörær, kremarær, erogörær, línarær, at semadýros þörannar agunör, þörannar gaosör, vý þörannar golar. Soí magaros vý magaros noý púki Pínjas roýr. Samosarinn kenarað en Meðjör Asðarinn (kjes soí ýst nomannar sambosa[1]) pero 10ᵉ kúmtjörinn.[2] Soí ýstaðu kendúkannar ad Suðar Asýr (Indýr, Pakistar) dun Múslir Delís Sultanatjer kjed evamörær avo Meðjör Asðar at Meðjör Asýr, mægstelaðu út werga en agnúerærinn avo Sultananum at beregoþínum. Sosí gretsör at nesjar magaros ol, þau nörmaligos so ýst pogogos þíkanþýr vý ketbuðmeþýr. Indís samosarær ýsti nörmaligos kúðedamör, at ovat geðannar epo Mentas sosa vý чatnýr.[3] Sosí kenarær ýsti en Uttar Pradesh.[4] Soí ýst fersæþýr entrer, meinpapar, vý setimör en Suðar Asýr, Suðar-Asðar Asýr, Meðjör Asýr at Suðar-Öðar Asýr, Arabska Kererinn, Tikonirinn, Kererinn avo Afríkas, Nörðar Afríkar at Suðar Afríkar.
Nomas olatjer edit
Samosa (/səˈmoʊsə/; [ਸਮੋਸਾ, smosa] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), Hindi: समोसा, Urdu: سموسہ) ýst generally used in the South Asia and Southeast Asian countries. Other names are used in other areas: (Arabic: سمبوسك sambūsak), Bengali: সিঙাড়া, romanized: shingara, sing-ra in Assamese, [ଶିଙାଡା, shingada] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), Sinhala: සමොසා, Hebrew: סמבוסקסמבוסקsambusak, [સમોસા samosa] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), [ಸಮೋಸಾ samosa] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), Malayalam: സമോസ, Marathi: सामोसा, Persian: سمبوسه, Tamil: சமோசா, Telugu: సమోసా, Urdu: سموسه, sambusak, samsa (pronounced [ˈsamsə]) or somsa in Turkic Central Asia (Kazakh: самса, [sɑmsɑ́], Kyrgyz: самса, [sɑ́msɑ];, [somsa] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), [sɒmsa], Uyghur: سامسا, [sɑmsɑ́]), as well as Turkey (Turkish: samsa böreği), sambusa among Arabs, Eritreans, Ethiopians, Somalis ([sambuusa] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) and Tajiks (Tajik: самбӯса), sanbusé among Iranians (Persian: سنبوسه), samosha (Nepali: समोसा) (Burmese: စမူဆာ, IPA: [sʰəmùzà]) among Burmese, sambosa [sam͡bosḁ] among Malagasy or chamuça in the Lusophone world.
Etymology edit
The word "samosa" can be traced to the Persian سنبوساگ sanbosag.[5] The pastry name in other countries also derives from this root, such as the crescent-shaped sanbusak or sanbusaj in Arab countries, sambosa in Afghanistan, samosa in India, samboosa in Tajikistan, samsa by Turkic-speaking nations, sambusa in parts of Iran, and chamuça in Goa, Mozambique and Portugal.[citation needed] While they are currently referred to as sambusak in the Arabic-speaking world, Medieval Arabic recipe books sometimes spell it sambusaj.[6]
History edit
The samosa originated in the Middle East (where it is known as sambosa[1]) prior to the 10th century.[2] Abolfazl Beyhaqi (995-1077), an Iranian historian mentioned it in his history, Tarikh-e Beyhaghi.[7] It was introduced to the Arabian subcontinent in the 13th or 14th century by traders from the region.[5]
Amir Khusro (1253–1325), a scholar and the royal poet of the Delhi Sultanate, wrote in around 1300 that the princes and nobles enjoyed the "samosa prepared from meat, ghee, onion and so on".[8][9]
Ibn Battuta, the 14th-century traveller and explorer, describes a meal at the court of Muhammad bin Tughluq, where the samushak or sambusak, a small pie stuffed with minced meat, almonds, pistachio, walnuts and spices, was served before the third course, of pulao.[9][10]
The Ain-i-Akbari, a 16th-century Mughal document, mentions the recipe for qutab, which it says, “the people of Hindustan call sanbúsah”.[11]
Regional varieties edit
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2013) |
Regions where the dish serves as a staple of local cuisine have different ways of preparing it.
India edit
The samosa contains a maida flour shell stuffed with some filling, generally a mixture of mashed boiled potato, onion, green peas, spices and green chili;[12] The entire pastry is then deep fried to a golden brown colour, in vegetable oil. It is served hot and is often eaten with fresh Indian chutney, such as mint, coriander or tamarind. It can also be prepared as a sweet form, rather than as a savory one. Samosas are often served in chaat, along with the traditional accompaniments of yogurt, chutney, chopped onions, coriander, and chaat masala.
In Delhi, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and other Northern States of India, a bigger version of the samosa with spicy filling of masala potatoes, peas, crushed green chillies, and sometimes dry fruits, and other variation fillings is quite popular. The samosa is bigger compared to other Indian and foreign variants.
In West Bengal, Shingaras (Bengali version of samosas) are snacks. They are found almost everywhere. Shingaras are easy to make but the folding is little tricky and many people do not know how to fold or make shingaras. Bengali shingaras are a bit smaller compared to those in other parts of India and the filling is mainly of small pieces of potato and unmashed boiled potato along with other ingredients. They are wrapped in a thin dough and fried. The coating is of white flour, not wheat flour, and it is slightly sweet in taste. What distinguishes good shingaras are flaky textures, almost as if they are made with savoury pie crust.
Usually, shingaras are fried deep to a golden brown colour in vegetable oil. They are served hot and consumed with ketchup or chutney, such as mint, coriander or tamarind. Shingaras are often served in chaat, along with the traditional accompaniments of yogurt, chutney, chopped onions and coriander, and chaat masala. Usually shingaras are eaten during the tea time as tiffin. They can also be prepared as a sweet form, rather than as a savoury one. Bengali shingaras tend to be triangular, filled with potato, peas and diced almond or other vegetables, and are more heavily fried and crunchier than either shingara or their Indian samosa cousins. Fulkopir shingara (Shingara filled with cauliflower mixture. In Bengal, there are non-vegetable varieties of shingara called mangsher shingara (mutton singara) and macher shingara (fish shingara). There are also sweeter versions like the narkel er shingara (coconut shingara) and others filled with khoya and dipped in sugar syrup.
In Hyderabad, India, a smaller version of the samosa with a thicker pastry crust and mince-meat filling referred to as lukhmi is consumed, as is another variation with onion fillings.
In South India, samosas are slightly different, in that they are folded in a different way more like Portuguese chamuças, with a different style pastry. The filling also differs, typically featuring mashed potatoes with spices, fried onions, peas, carrots, cabbage, curry leaves, green chillies, etc.. It is mostly eaten without chutney. Samosas in South India come in different sizes, and fillings are greatly influenced by the local food habits. Samosas made with spiced mashed potato mixture are quite popular in the South Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
Burma edit
They are called samusa in Burmese, and are an extremely popular snack in Burma.
Bangladesh edit
Both flat-shaped and full-shaped samosas are popular snacks in Bangladesh. The Bengali version of the full shaped samosa is called a shingara and is normally much smaller than the standard Indian variety. The shingara is usually filled with pieced potatoes and vegetables, however, shingaras filled with beef liver is very popular in some parts of the country. The flat type samosa is called a somucha and is usually filled with onion and minced meat.
Pakistan edit
Samosas of various types are available all over Pakistan. In general, most samosa varieties sold in the southern Sindh province and in the eastern Punjab, especially the city of Lahore are spicier and mostly contain vegetable or potato based fillings. On the other hand, the samosas sold in the west and north of the country mostly contain meat based fillings and are comparatively less spicy. The meat samosa contain ground beef and ground chicken fillings and are very popular as snack food in Pakistan.
In Pakistan, samosas of Karachi are famous for their spicy flavour, whereas samosas from Fasilabad are noted for being unusually large. Another distinct variety of samosa available in Karachi is called kaghazi samosa ("paper samosa" in English) due to its thin and crispy covering which resembles a wonton or spring roll wrapper. Another variant, popular in Punjab, consists of samosas with side dishes of mashed, spiced chickpeas, onion and coriander salad, as well as various chutneys to top the samosas. The samosas are fried or baked pastry with a savoury filling, such as spiced potatoes, onions, peas, lentils, ground lamb, ground beef or ground chicken.
Central Asia edit
In Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Xinjiang samosas are almost always baked and never fried. The dough can be a simple bread dough, or a layered pastry dough. The most common filling for traditional samosa is lamb and onions, but beef, chicken, and cheese varieties are also quite common from street vendors. Samosas with other fillings, such as potato or pumpkin (usually only when in season), can also be found.
In Central Asia, samosas are often sold on the street as a hot snack. They are sold at kiosks, where only samosas are made, or alternatively, at kiosks where other fast foods (such as hamburgers) are sold. Many grocery stores also buy samosas from suppliers and resell them.
Indonesia edit
The local equivalent of samosas in Indonesia is known as pastel. It is usually filled with eggs, ground beef or chicken.
Horn of Africa edit
Samosas are a staple of local cuisine in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia), where they are known as sambusa. While they can be eaten any time of the year, they are usually reserved for special occasions, such as Ramadan, Christmas and Meskel.
Israel edit
In Israel, a sambusak is a semicircular pocket of dough filled with mashed chickpeas, fried onions and spices. It is associated with Mizrahi Jewish cuisine. An Israeli sambusak is not as spicy as the Indian version.[13] According to Gil Marks, an Israeli food historian, sambusak has been a traditional part of the Sephardic Sabbath meal since the thirteenth century.[14]
Maldives edit
In the Maldives, the type of samosa made in Maldivian cuisine is known as bajiyaa. It is filled with a mixture, which includes mainly onions and Maldive fish.[15]
Portuguese-speaking regions edit
In Goa (India) and Portugal, samosas are known as chamuças, usually filled with chicken, beef, pork, lamb or vegetables, and generally served quite hot. They are an integral part of Goan cuisine and are a common snack in Portugal.
A probably samosa-inspired snack is also very common in Brazil, and relatively common in several former Portuguese colonies in Africa, such as Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique, where they are more commonly known as [pastéis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (in Brazil) or [empadas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (in Portuguese Africa; in Brazilian Portuguese, [empada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) refers to a completely different snack, always baked, small and in the form of an inverse pudding). They are related to the Hispanic empanada and to the Italian calzone.
English-speaking countries edit
Samosas have become popular in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Kenya, Canada,[16][17] and the United States. They may be called samboosa or sambusac, and in South Africa they are often called samoosa.[18] Frozen samosas are increasingly available in grocery stores in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
While samosas are traditionally fried, many Westerners prefer to bake them, as this is viewed as more convenient and healthier by some diners. Variations using phyllo,[19] or flour tortillas[20] are sometimes used.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Uzbek samsa Consulate General of Yemen in New York City. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
- ^ a b Davidson, Alan (1999). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211579-0.
- ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky; Roger D. Long (23 September 2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "10 Best Recipes From Uttar Pradesh". NDTV. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
- ^ a b Lovely triangles "Hindustan Times", 23 August 2008.
- ^ Rodinson, Maxime, Arthur Arberry, and Charles Perry. Medieval Arab cookery. Prospect Books (UK), 2001. p. 72.
- ^ Beyhaqi, Abolfazl, Tarikh-e Beyhaghi, p. 132.
- ^ Savoury temptations The Tribune, 5 September 2005.
- ^ a b "Origin of the Samosa". The Samosa Connection. samosa-connection.com.
sambusak: "minced meat cooked with almonds, pistachios, onions and spices placed inside a thin envelop of wheat and deep-fried in ghee".
- ^ Regal Repasts Jiggs Kalra and Dr Pushpesh Pant, India Today Plus, March 1999.
- ^ Recipes for Dishes Ain-i-Akbari, by Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak. English tr. by Heinrich Blochmann and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarrett, 1873–1907. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, Volume I, Chapt, 24, page 59. “10. Quṭáb, which the people of Hindústán call sanbúsah. This is made several ways. 10 s. meat; 4 s. flour; 2 s. g'hí; 1 s. onions; ¼ s. fresh ginger; ½ s. salt; 2 d. pepper and coriander seed; cardamum, cuminseed, cloves, 1 d. of each; ¼ s. of summáq. This can be cooked in twenty different ways, and gives four full dishes.”
- ^ Samosa recipeSamosa recipe from Gujarat. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
- ^ "Gems in Israel: Sabich - The Alternate Israeli Fast Food".
- ^ Olive Trees and Honey:A Treasury of Vegetarian Recipes from Jewish Communities Around the World Gil Marks
- ^ Xavier Romero-Frias, Eating on the Islands, Himal Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, pages 69-91 ISSN 10129804
- ^ "Lineups threaten to stall Fredericton's hot samosa market". CBC.ca. 30 January 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Fox, Chris (29 July 2009). "Patel couldn't give her samosas away". The Daily Gleaner. dailygleaner.com. p. A1. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ South African English is lekker!. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
- ^ Fennel-Scented Spinach and Potato Samosas. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
- ^ Potato Samosas. Retrieved 6 February 2008.