This table shows the human evolutionary pedigree, excluding extinct groups. It attempts to list all extant sister taxa of clades that contain humans. As of July 2013, much of this information is subject to debate and ongoing research, and the linked articles often contradict each other.
Parent Group | Sister Group | When Diverged | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hominini | Chimpanzee, 2 species | 8 million years ago[1] | ![]() | |
Homininae | Gorilla, 2 species | 11 million years ago[1] | ![]() | |
Hominidae | Orangutan, 2 species | 16 million years ago[1] | ![]() | |
Ape | Gibbon, 16 species | 22 million years ago[1] | ![]() | |
Catarrhini | Old World monkey, 139 species | 29 million years ago[1] | ![]() | |
Simian | New World monkey, 148 species | 43 million years ago[1] | ![]() | |
Haplorrhini | Tarsier, 10–13 species | 64 million years ago[1] | ![]() |
Alternative: tarsiers as Strepsirrhini, i.e., Prosimians.[1] |
Primate | Strepsirrhini, 125 species | 64 million years ago[1] | ![]() | |
Primatomorpha | Colugo, 2 species | under 66 [2]–68 [1]–80 [3] million years ago | ![]() | |
Euarchonta | Treeshrew, 20 species | under 66 [2]–86 million years ago[3] | ![]() | |
Euarchontoglires | Glires, c. 2,357 species | under 66 [2]–88 million years ago[3] | ![]() | |
Boreoeutheria | Laurasiatheria, c. 2,286 species | under 66 [2]–90 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | |
Eutheria | Atlantogenata, 108 species | under 66 [2]–110 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() |
Alternatives: Epitheria, Exafroplacentalia. |
Theria | Marsupial, 334 species | c. 125 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | |
Mammal | Prototheria, 5 species | c. 220 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | |
Amniote | Sauropsida | c. 315 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | |
Tetrapod | Lissamphibia | c. 365 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() |
Alternative: Caecilian. |
Rhipidistia | Lungfish, 6 species | c. 390 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | |
Sarcopterygii | Coelacanth, 2 species | c. 390 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | |
Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii, c. 24,000 species | over 420 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | |
Gnathostomata | Chondrichthyes | c. 461 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | |
Vertebrate | Hyperoartia, 43 species | c. 462 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | |
Craniata | Hagfish, c. 77 species | over c. 550 million years ago[4] | ![]() | |
Tunicate, c. 3,000 species | over c. 550 million years ago[4] | ![]() | ||
Chordate | Lancelet, c. 20 species | over c. 550 million years ago[4] | ![]() |
Alternatively grouped with tunicates. |
Hemichordata, c. 120 species | over c. 550 million years ago[4] | ![]() | ||
Deuterostome | Echinoderm, c. 7,000 species | over c. 550 million years ago[4] | ![]() |
Alternative: Lophophorate. |
Protostome, millions of species | over 558 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | ||
Bilateria | Flatworm, c. 20,000 species | over c. 550 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() | |
Cnidaria, 9,000+ species | over c. 580 million years ago[5] | ![]() | ||
[6] | Placozoa, 1+ species | over c. 580 million years ago[5] | ![]() |
Placozoa may have diverged after Cnidaria.[citation needed] |
Ctenophora, 100-175 species | 604 –634 million years ago[7] | ![]() | ||
Calcarea, c. 400 species | 940 [8]–1,800 +[9] million years ago | ![]() |
Alternatives: demosponges, Homoscleromorpha, Silicarea | |
Demosponge, 8,000+ species | c. 940 [8]–1,800 +[9] million years ago | ![]() |
Alternative: Homoscleromorpha | |
Animal | Homoscleromorpha[10], fewer than 100 species | c. 940 [8]–1,800 +[9] million years ago | ![]() | |
Choanoflagellate, 125+ species[11] | c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago | ![]() |
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage. | |
Filozoa | Filasterea | c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago | Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage. | |
Holozoa | Mesomycetozoea | c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago | Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage. | |
Opisthokont | Holomycota | c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago | ![]() |
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage. |
Unikont | Amoebozoa | c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago | ![]() |
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage. |
Eukaryote | Bikont | c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago[13] | ![]() |
Plants may be bikonts. The bikont group may be paraphyletic.[14] Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage. |
[15][16] | Archaea | c. 1,680 –1,780 million years ago[12] | ![]() |
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage. |
Cell | Bacteria | c. 2,150 [12]–2,700 [17] million years ago | ![]() |
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage. |
Biota | Non-cellular life | 3,900 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() |
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage. |
Matter | Inorganic compound | 4,000 million years ago[citation needed] | ![]() |
See also
editReferences
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