User:Jeff in CA/sandbox

East Florida

Elotchaway

On January 10, 1814, Gen. Buckner Harris of Georgia led a group of volunteers to the former site of Paynes Town, home of the leader of the Alachua band of Seminoles, King Payne, which had been burned down by the United States troops in 1813. This site was located a considerable distance inland, southwest of St. Augustine and south of present-day Gainesville. There they constructed a small blockhouse they called Fort Mitchell after the former governor of Georgia, David Mitchell. The settlers met as a legislative assembly on January 25, 1814, and declared the area to be the "District of Elotchaway of the Republic of East Florida". President James Madison officially refused to recognize the Republic of East Florida on April 19, 1814, a devastating blow to the hopes of the Patriots. Meanwhile, the Spanish governor, Sebastian Kindelán, placed a bounty on Harris to reward the Seminoles for collecting his scalp. On May 5, 1814, they ambushed, killed and scalped Harris. His murder left the Patriots leaderless and terminated the Republic of East Florida.

End of rebellion

The white population outside of St. Augustine consisted of a few hundred persons scattered along the St. Johns, Nassau and St. Marys Rivers. The revolution affected a narrow strip of settled territory along the east coast of Florida, north of St. Augustine, about sixty miles long by fifteen to twenty in width. After the Spanish reoccupation in 1813, Governor Kindelán established three local governing districts under the Spanish Constitution of 1812 in this strip of territory. They were Fernandina (Amelia, Tiger, and Talbot Islands, both banks of the Nassau River and the south bank of the St. Marys, bordering the U.S.), Upper St. Johns (along the upper part of that river) and Lower St. Johns (everything downriver, including San Pablo Inlet and Fort George Island). He appointed a capitan de partido (equivalent to a constable and justice of the peace) to serve in each district, with small detachments of troops.

In the St. Johns River districts, this system lasted until the end of Spanish rule in Florida, but not in the territory along and between the Nassau and St. Marys Rivers, where trouble involving the malcontents continued until 1816. Vignoles described the three years that followed the resumption of hostilities in August, 1813, as a time of anarchy and desolation, in contrast to the stated purpose in the Patriots' failed constitution "that a Government should be established in this Province to prevent anarchy and confusion."

Clarke's Nassau (excluding Amelia Island) by order of the governor to "strike out Amelia Island" (Vignoles)

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Champions

The first intercollegiate game in the United States was played on November 22, 1877 between New York University and Manhattan College. Lacrosse had been introduced in upstate New York in the 1860s. Lacrosse was further introduced to the Baltimore area in the 1890s. An organizing body for the sport, the U. S. National Lacrosse Association, was founded in 1879. The first intercollegiate lacrosse tournament was held in 1881, with Harvard beating Princeton, 3-0, in the championship game. New York University and Columbia University also participated.

In 1882 three colleges formed a league called the Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (ILA), which several other colleges also joined. In most years from this point through 1931, collegiate lacrosse associations selected annual champions based on season records. In 1899, the Inter-University Lacrosse League (IULL) began play using slightly different rules. The two leagues merged in December, 1905, to form the 8-team United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse League with Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Lehigh, Penn, Stevens Tech and Swarthmore. The USILL was a closed-membership league, which excluded several lacrosse powers, such as the U.S. Naval Academy. The national championship was officially bestowed only upon teams that were included in the membership of these organizations.

In 1906, the USILL established Northern and Southern Divisions, and its by-laws encouraged the annual division winners to play a post-season championship game. Only two such games were played, in 1912 and 1921. As Navy was not a member of the USILL, its teams were not eligible for the championship, even though Navy had the best collegiate record in many of those years. Navy was undefeated from 1917 through 1923, a stretch of 40 games with one tie.

The USILL was replaced by the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association in March, 1926, as an open-membership governing body. Twelve more teams became new USILA members, in addition to the former USILL teams. The USILA bestowed gold medals upon the teams that it selected as national champions through the 1931 season. No official champions were named from 1932 through 1935. In 1936, an award was established in the memory of a Baltimore sportswriter to recognize annually the most outstanding teams. From 1936 through 1972, the USILA executive board awarded the Wingate Memorial Trophy to the national champions.

From at least 1951, if not earlier, lacrosse divisions were officially named after legendary lacrosse-men. These were the Cy Miller, Laurie D. Cox, and Roy Taylor Divisions. They were more commonly referred to Division I, or A; Division II, or B; and Division III, or C. All college teams were placed in one of the three divisions, dependent upon their records, schedules, and success for the preceding five years, and a point system was created. Any team of the three divisions was eligible to win the national championship, but this was virtually impossible for non-Division I teams. A Division II team, playing several Division I teams, might have been able to achieve it. A team's record was required to include six games against teams in its own division. Teams were realigned every three years, again reflecting their records. All schools were eligible for the national rankings. The team that achieved the highest point total each year, however, was not guaranteed a solo national championship. The system served as guidance to the USILA executive board, who chose co-champions on frequent occasions. This point system prevailed with modifications until the NCAA in the early 1970s established the playoff system for determining champions.

At its 1969 annual meeting in Baltimore, the USILA voted for its first playoff tournament to determine a national champion. In 1971, the NCAA began sponsoring men's lacrosse and began holding an annual championship tournament for Division I schools. The USILA conducted a small college tournament for non-Division I schools in 1972 and 1973 (won by Hobart and Cortland State). In 1974, the NCAA took over the sponsorship of this tournament through the 1979 season, with separate tournaments being conducted in both 1980 and 1981 for Divisions II and III teams. The Division II tournament then was discontinued until returning in 1993.

List of ILA Champions 1881–1905

Year	Champion
1881	Harvard∗
1882	Harvard
1883	Harvard, Princeton, Yale
1884	Princeton
1885	Harvard
1886	Harvard
1887	Harvard
1888	Princeton
1889	Princeton
1890	Lehigh
1891	Johns Hopkins
1892	Stevens Tech
1893	Lehigh
1894	Stevens Tech
1895	New York University
1896	Lehigh
1897	Lehigh
1898	Johns Hopkins
1899	Johns Hopkins
1900	Johns Hopkins
1901	Swarthmore
1902	Johns Hopkins
1903	Johns Hopkins
1904	Swarthmore
1905	Swarthmore

∗ U.S. National Lacrosse Association tournament

List of USILL Champions 1906–1925

The USILL was a closed membership organization. Some strong teams of the era, such as Army and Navy, were never members.^[a]

Year	Northern Div. winner (overall record) *	Southern Div. winner (overall record) *	Result of head-to-head games between USILL division winners	Schools claiming national championship#
1906	Cornell (3-4-2)	Johns Hopkins (6-0)	Johns Hopkins def. Cornell during season, 9-0	Johns Hopkins
1907	Cornell (7-0)	Johns Hopkins (5-1)	none	Cornell, Johns Hopkins
1908	Harvard (4-4)	Johns Hopkins (8-1)	Johns Hopkins def. Harvard during season, 6-3	Harvard, Johns Hopkins
1909	Harvard (4-3) & Columbia (4-4)	Johns Hopkins (6-1)	Johns Hopkins def. Harvard during season, 11-1. Harvard def. Columbia during season, 5-2.	Harvard, Johns Hopkins
1910	Harvard (5-4)	Swarthmore (7-2)	Swarthmore def. Harvard during season, 11-7	Harvard, Swarthmore
1911	Harvard (5-2)	Johns Hopkins (7-1)	Johns Hopkins def. Harvard during season, 3-2	Harvard, Johns Hopkins
1912	Harvard (6-2)	Swarthmore (6-3-1)	Harvard def. Swarthmore in post-season playoff game, 7-3	Harvard
1913	Harvard (7-2)	Johns Hopkins (6-1-1)	Johns Hopkins def. Harvard during season, 6-3	Harvard, Johns Hopkins
1914	Cornell (6-2-2)	Lehigh (6-1-1)	Lehigh and Cornell tied during season, 1-1	Cornell, Lehigh
1915	Harvard (5-3)	Johns Hopkins (7-0-1)	Johns Hopkins def. Harvard during season, 8-1	Harvard, Johns Hopkins
1916	Cornell (5-3)	Lehigh (6-1)	Lehigh def. Cornell during season, 5-4	Cornell, Lehigh
1917♦	Stevens Tech (1-3-1)	Lehigh (4-0)	none	Lehigh, Stevens Tech
1918♦	Stevens Tech (3-1-1)	Johns Hopkins (3-3-1)	none	Johns Hopkins, Stevens Tech
1919♦	none (too few games)	Johns Hopkins (7-1)	n/a	Johns Hopkins
1920	Syracuse (5-3-4)	Lehigh (6-2)	Lehigh def. Syracuse during season, 4-1	Syracuse, Lehigh
1921	Syracuse (11-3-1)	Lehigh (8-1)	Lehigh def. Syracuse in post-season playoff game, 3-1	Lehigh
1922	Syracuse (17-0)	3-way tie: Penn (5-8), Johns Hopkins (7-4) & Lehigh (5-5) [records include defaults]	During season Syracuse def. both Penn, 5-1, and Johns Hopkins, 3-1. Also Penn def. Hopkins, 5-3; Hopkins def. Lehigh, 3-1; and Lehigh def. Penn, 3-1. A Southern Division tie-breaker playoff was arranged with Hopkins to play at Lehigh, and the winner to meet Penn. However, Hopkins defaulted to Lehigh, and Lehigh then refused to play Penn. Thus Penn was declared winner of the Southern Division by default.	Syracuse, Johns Hopkins
1923	Syracuse (10-3-2) & Cornell (6-2)	Johns Hopkins (6-2)	Army^ (8-1-1) def. Syracuse during season, 3-2. Cornell def. Syracuse during season, 3-1.	Johns Hopkins, Army^
1924	Syracuse (13-0-1)	Johns Hopkins (7-2)	none	Syracuse, Johns Hopkins
1925	Syracuse (14-1) [a]	Maryland (4-1-1)	none	Syracuse

* Division champions were selected based on difficulty of schedule and number of wins.

# Championship or co-championship claims, as published in school media guide/record book/website

^♦ In 1917–1919, World War I and the influenza epidemic curtailed lacrosse activity, as many schools eliminated or reduced schedules. Neither Cornell nor Harvard fielded teams in 1917-1918. Cornell did not return until 1920.

^ Not a USILL member

USILL Championship Tally

In six of the 20 years of the USILL's existence (1907, 1917, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1925), it was difficult to determine the national champion because the division winners did not play each other. In those years, both division winners claimed championships, except for Cornell (1923) and Maryland (1925).

Team	Championships	Winning Years (1906–1925)
Johns Hopkins	11	1906, 1907†, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1915, 1918†, 1919, 1923, 1924†
Lehigh	5	1914†, 1916, 1917†, 1920, 1921‡
Syracuse	3	1922, 1924†, 1925
Cornell	2	1907†, 1914†
Stevens Tech	2	1917†, 1918†
Swarthmore	1	1910
Harvard	1	1912‡

† Co-champion

‡ Won a post-season playoff game for the championship

List of USILA Champions 1926–1935†

In 1926, the USILL disbanded and formed the USILA as an open-membership governing body. In addition to all of the league's schools, 12 others soon became members.

Year	Champion
1926	Johns Hopkins
1927	Johns Hopkins
1928	Johns Hopkins, Maryland, Navy, Rutgers
1929	Navy, Union College
1930	St. John's (MD)
1931	St. John's (MD)
1932†	Johns Hopkins†
1933†	Johns Hopkins†
1934†	Johns Hopkins†
1935†	Princeton†

† The USILA did not name champions for the 1932–1935 seasons. The teams listed claim the national championship based on being the leading team in the nation for these years.

List of USILA Champions 1936–1972

Further information: Wingate Memorial Trophy

Intercollegiate Championships Claimed by Schools, 1881–1935

In all years it existed (1882–1905), the ILA consisted of 3 to 5 teams, with league championships dominated by a few schools. Likewise the USIULL had only 3 or 4 teams during 1899–1905, with only Cornell's 1903 title claimed. After 1905, several schools claimed division championships (based on the results of 3 or 4 games) in the two-division USILL as national titles, while others did not. Still others based unofficial title claims on being leading teams in the collegiate ranks in particular years. Non-league members were ineligible for title consideration before 1926. The USILA awarded gold medals to leading teams from 1926–1931, but made no selections from 1932–1935.

Team	Championships	Years Claimed#
Johns Hopkins	24	1891, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1915, 1918, 1919, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1932§, 1933§, 1934§
Harvard	13	1881†, 1882, 1883, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912‡, 1913, 1915
Lehigh	9	1890, 1893, 1896, 1897, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1921‡
Princeton	5	1883, 1884, 1888, 1889, 1935§
Stevens Tech	4	1892, 1894, 1917, 1918
Swarthmore	4	1901, 1904, 1905, 1910
Cornell	4	1903, 1907, 1914, 1916
Syracuse	4	1920, 1922, 1924, 1925
Navy	2	1928, 1929
St. John's (MD)	2	1930, 1931
Yale	1	1883
New York University	1	1895
Army	1	1923
Maryland	1	1928
Rutgers	1	1928
Union College	1	1929

# Championship or co-championship claims, as published in school media guide/record book/website

§ The USILA did not name champions for the 1932–1935 seasons. School claims national championship based on being that year's leading team.

† Won a tournament conducted for the first collegiate national championship by the U.S. National Lacrosse Association.

‡ Won a post-season championship game between the winners of the USILL Northern and Southern Divisions.

Notes regarding Intercollegiate Champions

Year	Champion	Note
1891	Johns Hopkins	1st of Hopkins' 44 national titles, team went 5-1 defeating Lehigh, Stevens, Penn
1910	Swarthmore	Went undefeated against Harvard, Carlisle, Stevens, Navy, Lehigh, also 16-3 win over Hopkins, losses to club teams Mt. Washington and Toronto
1914	Navy	Navy began a string of years in which its teams recorded some of the best collegiate records, although not as a member of the USILL. The team went 6-0-1, defeating Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Swarthmore, as well as the eventual national co-champions, Lehigh and Cornell, with a tie against Carlisle.

Table of Bancos

See Talk:Jeff_in_CA/Table of bancos transferred between Mexico and United States (1910–1977)

Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States

By authorities

Law enforcement and companies' militia, armed detectives and guards

Date	Location	Industry	Type of dispute	Workers violently killed by authorities	Notes
July 1851	Portage, NY	railroad	strike	2	Labor timeline: shot by state militia
1877	Baltimore, MD	railroad	strike	10	During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, first national strike in United States, National Guard regiments were ordered to Cumberland, Maryland, to face strikers. As they marched toward their train in Baltimore, violent street battles between the striking workers and the guardsmen erupted. The troops fired on the crowd, killing 10 and wounding 25.
July 21-22, 1877	Pittsburgh, PA	railroad	strike	40	Great Railroad Strike of 1877: As militiamen approached and sought to protect the roundhouse, they bayoneted and fired on rock-throwing strikers, killing 20 people and wounding 29. The next day, the militia mounted an assault on the strikers, shooting their way out of the roundhouse and killing 20 more people.
July 21-28, 1877	East St. Louis, IL and St. Louis, MO	railroad, then general	strike	as many as 18 or more	Great Railroad Strike of 1877: First general strike in the United States. The strike on both sides of the river was ended when 3000 federal troops and 5000 deputized police had killed at least 18 people in skirmishes around the city.
July 23, 1877	Reading, PA	railroad	strike	10	Reading Railroad massacre: Bombarded from above with bricks and stones, soldiers fired rifle volleys into a crowd at the Seventh Street Cut.
July 25-26, 1877	Chicago, IL	railroad	strike	30	Battle of the Viaduct: Violence erupted between a crowd and police, federal troops, and state militia at the Halsted Street Viaduct. When it ended, 30 were dead.
August 1, 1877	Scranton, PA	coal, railroad	strike	4	Great Railroad Strike of 1877: The day after railroad workers conceded and returned to work, angry striking miners clashed with a 50-person posse under the command of William Walker Scranton, general manager of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company. When a posse member was shot in the knee, the posse responded by killing or fatally wounding four of the strikers.
May 5, 1886	Milwaukee, WI	building trades	strike	15	Bay View Massacre: As protesters chanted for an 8-hour workday, 250 state militia were ordered to shoot into the crowd as it approached the iron rolling mill at Bay View, leaving 7 dead at the scene, including a 13-year-old boy. The Milwaukee Journal reported that eight more died within 24 hours.
November 23, 1887	Thibodaux, LA	sugar	strike	37 or more estimated	Thibodaux Massacre: Louisiana Militia, aided by bands of "prominent citizens," shot at least 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar-per-day wage and lynched two strike leaders. "No credible official count of the victims of was ever made; bodies continued to turn up in shallow graves outside of town for weeks to come."
April 3, 1891	Morewood, PA	coal mining	strike	9	Morewood massacre: Miners struck the coke works of industrialist Henry Clay Frick for higher wages and an 8-hour work day. As a crowd of about 1000 strikers accompanied by a brass band marched on the company store, deputized members of the 10th Regiment of the National Guard fired two rounds into the crowd, killing 6 strikers and fatally wounding 3.
July 6, 1892	Homestead, PA	steel	strike	9	Homestead Massacre: Some of 300 Pinkerton Agency guards opened fire on striking Carnegie Steel mill-workers. 9 strikers were shot to death. 7 guards also died.
July 1892	Couer d'Alene, ID	hardrock mining	strike	4	Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892: In July a union miner was killed by mine guards. Company guards also fired into a saloon where union men were sheltering, killing 3 (funerals were held on July 13).
July 10, 1894	Chicago, IL	railroad	strike	34	Pullman Strike: 14,000 federal and state troops killed 34 union members in or near Jackson Park in Chicago to put down a strike against the Pullman Company.
1896–1897	Leadville, CO	silver mining	strike	as many as 6	Leadville Miners' strike: The union asked for a wage increase of 50 cents-per-day for those making less than $3-per-day, to restore a 50-cent cut imposed in 1893. The mine owners exerted local political clout, and the Leadville city police took their side. They recruited new officers from Denver and "apparently kept up a near-constant campaign of harassment and violence against union members throughout the strike." Possibly as many as six union men were randomly killed during the strike, either by the Denver deputies, or under mysterious circumstances.
September 10, 1897	Lattimer, PA	coal mining	strike	19	Lattimer Massacre: 19 unarmed striking Polish, Lithuanian and Slovak coal miners were killed and 36 wounded by the Luzerne County sheriff’s posse for refusing to disperse during a peaceful march. Most were shot in the back.
October 12, 1898	Virden, IL	coal mining	strike	7	Virden Massacre: The Chicago-Virden Coal Company attempted to break a strike by importing replacement workers. After union workers stopped a train transporting non-union workers, 7 of the union workers were killed when Thiel detectives opened fire from the train.
April 10, 1899	Pana, IL	coal mining	strike	up to 7 or more	Pana Massacre: A minor skirmish escalated into armed conflict between the strikebreakers and mine guards on one side and the Pana unionists and sympathizers on the other. More than 7 were killed and 28 wounded, many of them bystanders.
started May 1899	Couer d'Alene, ID	hardrock mining	organizing drive	3	Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899: Following a dynamite incident, President McKinley sent in U.S. Army troops, who, upon the order of Idaho officials, arrested nearly every male. 1000 men were held as prisoners in a pine board prison surrounded by a 6-foot barbed wire fence patrolled by armed soldiers. Hundreds of union miners remained locked up by the militia in the vermin-infested bullpens for a year or more. Three workers died in the primitive conditions.
September 17, 1899	Carterville, IL	coal mining	strike	5	In the Illinois coal wars, unionists and strikebreakers clashed again; government troops were again summoned after five deaths occurred.
June 10, 1900	St. Louis, MO	streetcar	strike	3 or more	St. Louis Streetcar Strike of 1900: The Police Board swore in 2500 citizens in a posse commanded by John H. Cavender, who had played a similar paramilitary role in the 1877 general strike. On the evening of June 10, men of that posse fatally shot three strikers returning from a picnic and left 14 others wounded. Between May 7 and the end of the strike in September, 14 people had been killed.
June 8, 1904	Dunnville, CO	hardrock mining	strike	1	Colorado Labor Wars: In December 1903, the governor declared martial law. The Colorado National Guard under Adjutant General Sherman Bell took the side of the mine owners against the miners. Bell announced that "the military will have sole charge of everything..." and suspended the Bill of Rights, including freedom of assembly and the right to bear arms. Union leaders were arrested and either thrown in the bullpen, or banished. The Victor Daily Record was placed under military censorship; all WFM-friendly information was prohibited. On June 8, 130 armed soldiers and deputies attacked 65 unsuspecting miners in their camp, killing John Carley and taking 14 prisoners.
April 7–July, 1905	Chicago, IL	clothing workers, teamsters	strike	as many as 21	1905 Chicago Teamsters' strike: Riots erupted on April 7 and continued almost daily until mid-July. Sometimes thousands of striking workers would clash with strikebreakers and armed police each day. By late July, when the strike ended, 21 people had been killed and a total of 416 injured.
May 7, 1907	San Francisco, CA	streetcar	strike	2 to 6	San Francisco Streetcar Strike of 1907:As the strike loomed, United Railroads contracted with the nationally known "King of the Strikebreakers", James Farley, for four hundred replacement workers. Farley's armed workers took control of the entire streetcar system. Violence started two days into the strike when a shootout on Turk Street left 2 dead and about 20 injured. Of the 31 deaths from shootings and streetcar accidents, 25 were among passengers.
August 22, 1909	McKees Rocks, PA	railroad	strike	4 to as many as 8	Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909: At least 12 people died when strikers battled with private security agents and Pennsylvania State Police mounted on horseback. Eight men died on August 22, including 4 strikers. By the time was rioting was over, a dozen men were dead and more than 50 were wounded.
March 9, 1910–July 1, 1911	Westmoreland County, PA	coal mining	strike	6 (plus 9 miners’ wives)	Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911: 70 percent of the miners were Slovak immigrants. Employers used force to intimidate striking miners, partially paying the cost for the Coal and Iron Police, local law enforcement and the Pennsylvania State Police. May 8, 1910 – Yukon, PA: As 25 sheriff's deputies and state police vainly searched a boarding house, a crowd of striking miners gathered and ridiculed them. The deputies then fired into the crowd, killing one and injuring 30. May 1910 – Export, PA: Miners who were walking home passed by coal company property, whereupon 20 sheriff's deputies and State Police attacked and severely beat them. One miner, trying to protect a child in his arms, was killed. July 1910 – South Greensburg: Striking miners had obtained a permit to march, but as they began, deputy sheriffs on horseback stopped them. In defiance of the local police chief, the deputies charged with their horses, swinging clubs and then firing into the crowd, killing a miner. A legislator’s survey found that violence significantly increased after the arrival of the State Police, and that almost all acts of violence committed by state troopers were without provocation. Mounted State Police routinely charged onto sidewalks or into crowds, severely injuring men, women and children. Severe beatings of citizens and striking miners for no reason were common, with troopers resisting local police attempts to stop them and breaking into homes without warrants. State Police troopers shot up towns and fired indiscriminately into crowds and tent cities (killing and wounding sleeping women and children). May 1910 – State police stopped four non-English speaking striking miners to question them. A bilingual miner came by and told the four to leave, but the troopers chased, shot and killed the fifth man, allegedly in cold blood.
1912	Lawrence, MA	textile	strike	1	1912 Lawrence textile strike: A police officer fired into a crowd of strikers, killing Anna LoPizzo.
April 18, 1912–July 1913	Kanawha County, WV	coal mining	strike	up to 50 violent deaths (estimated)[ ]	Paint Creek Mine War: a confrontation between striking coal miners and coal operators in Kanawha County, West Virginia, centered on the area between two streams, Paint Creek and Cabin Creek. 12 miners were killed on July 26, 1912 at Mucklow. On February 7, 1913, the county sheriff’s posse attacked the Holly Grove miners’ camp with machine guns, killing striker Cesco Estep. Many more than 50 deaths among miners and their families were indirectly caused, as a result of starvation and malnutrition.
July 7, 1912	Grabow, LA	lumber	strike	4	Grabow Riot: Galloway Lumber Company guards fired on striking demonstrators of the Brotherhood of Timber Workers, causing 4 deaths (including Decatur Hall) and 50 wounded.
June 11, 1913	New Orleans, LA	shipping	strike	1	Police shot three maritime workers, killing one, who were striking against the United Fruit Company.
1913–14	Area from Trinidad to Walsenburg, southern CO	coal mining	strike	66 estimated (including Ludlow)	Colorado Labor Wars: Amid escalating violence in the coalfields and pressure from mine operators, the governor called out the National Guard, which arrived at the mining towns in October 1913. After the Ludlow Massacre in April 1914, for ten days striking miners at the other tent colonies went to war. They attacked and destroyed mines, fighting pitched battles with mine guards and militia along a 40-mile front from Trinidad to Walsenburg. The strike ended in defeat for the UMWA in December 1914.
November 4, 1913	Indianapolis, IN	streetcar	strike	4	Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913: The Terminal and Traction Company hired 300 professional strikebreakers from the Pinkerton Agency to operate the streetcars. When the strikebreakers attempted to move the streetcars into their carhouses, the crowd attacked the policemen who were protecting the strikebreakers. Strikebreakers then opened fire on the crowd, killing four.
April 20, 1914	Ludlow, CO	mining	strike	5 (plus 2 women, 12 children)	Ludlow Massacre: On Greek Easter morning, 177 company "guards," engaged by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and other mine operators, and sworn into the State Militia just for the occasion, attacked a union tent camp with machine guns, then set it afire. Luka Vahernik, 50, was shot in the head. Louis Tikas and two other miners were captured, shot and killed by the militia. 5 miners, 2 women and 12 children died in the attack.
1915	Carteret, NJ	fertilizer mfg.	strike	5	Leibig Fertilizer strike: In an unprovoked attack, 40 deputies fired on strikers at the Williams & Clark Fertilizing Company after the strikers had stopped a train to check for strikebreakers and had found none.
July 20-21, 1915	Bayonne, NJ	oil	strike	4	Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916: During a strike by stillcleaners at Standard Oil of New Jersey and Tidewater Petroleum, armed strikebreakers protected by police fired into a crowd of strikers and sympathizers, killing four striking workers (John Sterancsak was one).
November 5, 1916	Everett, WA	shingle mfg.	strike	5 or more	Everett Massacre: 200 "citizen deputies" under the authority of the Snohomish County sheriff waited for the arrival by passenger ship of IWW workers coming to support the strikers. A 10-minute gun battle ensued, with most gunfire coming from the dock. The IWW listed 5 dead with 27 wounded, although as many as 12 members may have been killed (some people were last seen drowning in the harbor waters). Two deputies were killed by fellow deputies.
August 26, 1919	Brackenridge, PA	steel	strike	2	United Mine Worker organizer Fannie Sellins was gunned down by company guards on the eve of a nationwide steel strike. Joseph Starzelski, a miner, was also killed that same day.
April 21, 1920	Butte, MT	copper mining	strike	1	Anaconda Road Massacre: A strike by Butte miners was suppressed with gunfire when deputized mine guards suddenly fired upon unarmed picketers. 17 were shot in the back as they tried to flee, and one man died.
May 19, 1920	Matewan, WV	coal mining	strike	2 (Bob Mullins, Tot Tinsley) and Mayor Testerman	Battle of Matewan: Baldwin-Felts agents and 13 of the mining company's managers arrived to evict miners and their families from the mine camp. Sheriff Sid Hatfield tried to arrest the detectives for illegally evicting miners and carrying weapons. A gun battle ensued, resulting in the deaths of 7 private agents, Mayor Cabel Testerman, and 2 miners.
1920	Alabama	coal mining	strike	at least 16	1920 Alabama coal strike: The Alabama miners' strike was a statewide strike of the UMWA against coal mine operators. On December 22, 1920, local union official Adrian Northcutt of Nauvoo was summoned out of his home by soldiers of Company M of the Alabama Guard, who fired 7 shots, killing him.
August 1, 1921	Welch, WV	coal mining	strike	2 (Sheriff Sid Hatfield and Ed Chambers)	On the steps of the McDowell County Courthouse, the gunmen of the Baldwin-Felts Agency avenged the deaths of their colleagues by shooting to death the unarmed Sid Hatfield and his colleague, Ed Chambers, as the two men and their wives prepared to enter the court building. One of the agents approached and killed the shot and fallen Chambers with a bullet to his head.
August 25–Sept. 2, 1921	Logan County, WV	coal mining	strike, organizing	50–100	Battle of Blair Mountain: the largest labor uprising in United States history and the largest organized armed uprising since the American Civil War. During an attempt by the miners to unionize, and following the murder of Sid Hatfield, 10,000 armed coal miners confronted 3000 lawmen and Baldwin-Felts strikebreakers, who were backed by coal mine operators. In the summer of 1921 in Mingo County, hundreds of miners were arrested without habeas corpus and other basic legal rights. Talk spread of a march to free those confined miners, end martial law, and organize the county. In Kanawha County, up to 13,000 miners gathered and began marching toward Logan County on August 24. The reviled anti-union sheriff of Logan County, Don Chafin set up defenses on Blair Mountain, with the nation's largest private armed force of 2000. By August 29, battle was fully joined. Chafin's men, though outnumbered, had the advantage of higher positions and better weaponry. Private hired planes dropped homemade bombs on the miners near the towns of Jeffery, Sharples and Blair. Army bombers were used for aerial surveillance. Sporadic gun battles continued for a week. Up to 30 deaths were reported by Chafin's side and 50–100 on the union miners' side, with hundreds more injured. On September 2, federal troops arrived by presidential order, and the miners started heading home the next day. About one million rounds were fired in the battle.
August 27, 1921	Sharples, WV	coal mining	arrest attempt	at least 2	Posse of 70 to 100 deputies and state police went to the small mining community of Sharples to arrest miners and their leaders. The confrontation resulted in a gunfight in which at least two miners were killed and two others were wounded.
June 22, 1922	Herrin, IL	coal mining	strike	3	Herrin Massacre: Armed union miners surrounded W.J. Lester's mine. Lester's guards opened fire, killing two of the UMWA members and mortally wounding a third (Jordie Henderson, Joseph Pitkewicius and one other). The next day, union miners killed 19 of the 50 strikebreakers and mine guards.
September 9, 1924	Hanapēpē, Kauaʻi, HI	sugar	strike	16	Hanapēpē massacre: Sixteen striking Filipino sugar workers on the Hawaiʻi island of Kauaʻi were killed by police; four police also died. Many of the surviving strikers were jailed, then deported.
November 21, 1927	Serene, CO	coal mining	strike	6	Columbine Mine massacre: State police and mine guards fired pistols, rifles and a machine gun into a group of five hundred striking miners and their wives.
1931–1939	Harlan County, KY	coal mining	various	13	The Harlan County War was a violent, nearly decade-long conflict between miners and mine operators who adamantly resisted unionization. It consisted of skirmishes, executions, bombings, and strikes. The incidents involved coal miners and union organizers on one side and coal firms and law enforcement officials on the other. Before its conclusion, state and federal troops would occupy the county more than half a dozen times.
March 7, 1932	Dearborn, MI	auto	demonstration by unemployed workers	5	Ford Massacre: Thousands of unemployed hunger marchers sought to present petitions to Ford Motor Company at the end of a planned march to the Dearborn plant. Dearborn police and Ford security guards opened fire on the marchers. As protestors retreated, machine guns were fired at them. 4 workers were shot to death (Joe York, Coleman Leny, Joe DeBlasio, Joe Bussell), and over 60 were injured, many by gunshot wounds. Three months later, Curtis Williams died of his injuries.
October 10, 1933	Pixley and Arvin, CA	agriculture	strike	4	San Joaquin cotton strike: Up to 18,000 cotton workers had gone on strike. About 30 armed ranchers surrounded a meeting of strikers in Pixley and fired on them, killing 3. That same day, a group of striking grape-pickers faced armed growers' men at a farm near Arvin, 60 miles (97 km) south of Pixley. After a stand-off, the two sides attacked each other (the workers using wooden poles, the growers' men using their rifle butts). A shot rang out, killing a striking worker.
May 15, 1934	San Pedro, CA	shipping	strike	2	1934 West Coast waterfront strike: When 500 strikers attacked the stockade that housed strikebreakers in San Pedro, company guards shot into the crowd, killing two (Richard Parker was one).
May 24, 1934	Toledo, OH	auto	strike	2	Battle of Toledo, the Electric Auto-Lite Strike: Ohio National Guardsmen guarding the Auto-Lite plant fired into the crowd, killing Frank Hubay and Steve Cyigon, who were strike sympathizers. At least 15 others were shot and wounded.
June 30, 1934	Seattle, WA	shipping	strike	1	1934 West Coast waterfront strike: Upon hearing that scab crews were about to take two oil tankers out of the port, union members went to the dock. When the longshoremen tried to get past the dock’s gates, they were ambushed by guards. Worker Shelvy Daffron was shot in the back and later died.
July 5, 1934	San Francisco, CA	shipping	strike	2	1934 West Coast waterfront strike: Two longshoremen, Nick Bordoise and Howard Sperry, were shot to death by the San Francisco Police.
July 12, 1934	Portland, OR	shipping	strike	1	1934 West Coast waterfront strike: Portland police chief ordered his force to "shoot to kill" picketers at the dock. Four were shot, one of whom died of his wounds.
July 20, 1934	Minneapolis, MN	trucking, then general	strike	2	50 armed policemen were escorting a non-union truck that was then cut off by a vehicle carrying picketers. The police opened fire on the vehicle with shotguns and then turned their guns on the strikers filling the streets. Two strikers were killed and 67 wounded.
September 1-22, 1934	Woonsocket, RI	textile	strike	1	National Guardsmen fired on strikers at the Rayon plant, killing one and injuring three others. The city was then placed under military rule.
June 21, 1935	Humboldt County, CA	lumber	strike	3	Pacific Northwest lumber strike: three lumber workers were killed in a fight with police and strikebreakers outside of the Holmes-Eureka lumber mill.
November 30, 1935	Tampa, FL	cigar mfg.	organizing	1	In the 1930s, the Ku Klux Klan actively harassed and intimidated union leaders. On November 30, 1935, Tampa police raided an organizational meeting of "Modern Democrats" in a private home without a warrant. Joseph A. Shoemaker and five other organizers were taken to a Tampa police station. Five policemen then turned three of them over to a mob of Klansmen. Shoemaker died nine days later after he was stripped, flogged with tire chains, clubbed on the head, burned with a hot poker in the genitals, covered in boiling tar and feathers and paralyzed on one side. The cigar industry moguls of Tampa had actively opposed Shoemaker, had close ties to the police and posted bail for the arrested policemen. Several of the involved police were found to be members of the Klan, and the Tampa police chief was implicated in the crime; however, no one was ever punished for Shoemaker’s murder.
May 30, 1937	Chicago, IL	steel	strike	10	Little Steel strike at Republic Steel: Police opened fire, killing 10 protestors in the Memorial Day massacre of 1937.
June 19, 1937	Youngstown, OH	steel	strike	2	"Little Steel" strike at Republic Steel: A gunfight between heavily armed police officers and scantily armed protesters lasted into the night, leaving dozens injured and two dead.
July 11, 1937	Massillon, OH	steel	strike	2	"Little Steel" strike: The local police force destroyed local union headquarters, killing 2 unionists.
1937	several	steel	strike	5	Other killings occurred during the "Little Steel" strike.

Execution by the state

Date	Location	Type of dispute	Workers executed by the State	Notes
June 21, 1877 – October 9, 1879	Pennsylvania (Pottsville, Mauch Chunk, Bloomsburg, Sunbury)	coal mining strike	20 (10 in 1877) Alexander Campbell, John Donahue, Michael J. Doyle, Edward J. Kelly, Hugh McGeehan, Thomas Munley, James Carroll, James Roarity, James Boyle, Thomas Duffy – all hanged June 21, 1887. (10 in 1878 & 1879) Thomas Fisher, John Kehoe, Patrick Hester, Peter McHugh, Patrick Tully, Peter McManus, Dennis Donnelly, Martin Bergan, James McDonnell, Charles Sharpe.	A 20% pay cut in December 1874, led to a long strike that began on January 1, 1875,p.51 and quickly turned violent. Several company bosses were killed. Bodies of militant miners were sometimes found in deserted mine shafts.p.53 20 workers (suspected Molly Maguires)p.5,10 were tried for murder and convicted largely on testimony of a Pinkerton spy.p.234-5 Franklin B. Gowen, owner of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad and the person who hired Pinkerton, had himself appointed special prosecutor.p.54 The 20 men were hanged by the State of Pennsylvania. "The Molly Maguire trials were a surrender of state sovereignty. A private corporation initiated the investigation through a private detective agency. A private police force arrested the alleged defenders, and private attorneys for the coal companies prosecuted them. The state provided only the courtroom and the gallows. ... Any objective study of the tenor of the times and the entire record must conclude that (the Mollies) ... did not have fair and impartial juries. They were, therefore, denied one of the fundamental rights that William Penn guaranteed to all of Pennsylvania’s citizens." Following an investigation 100 years after his death, John Kehoe was posthumously pardoned by the governor, who wrote, "[I]t is impossible for us to imagine the plight of the 19th Century miners in Pennsylvania’s anthracite region. ... We can be proud of the men known as the Molly Maguires," whom he praised as "these martyred men of labor."p.284
November 11, 1887	Illinois	strike	4 hanged on Nov. 11, 1887 (Albert Parsons, August Spies, George Engel, Adolph Fischer) 1 suicide on Nov. 10, 1887 (Louis Lingg)	On May 4, 1886, one day after police fired into a crowd of striking McCormick Harvesting Machine workers outside Chicago, 3000 people rallied at Chicago's Haymarket Square to protest the police brutality. A bomb thrown at the rally caused police to open fire, killing at least one worker and injuring many. Blamed for the Haymarket bomb, four labor leaders were eventually hanged and one committed suicide the day before the scheduled executions. The prosecution admitted that none of eight defendants was involved in the bombing. In 1893 Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld found that "much of the evidence given in the trial was pure fabrication," and that the police had bribed and "terrorized ignorant men," or threatened witnesses "with torture if they refused to swear to anything desired."
November 19, 1915	Utah	organizing	Joe Hill	Joe Hill, IWW labor organizer and song writer, was executed by firing squad by the State of Utah for the murder of a grocer, despite worldwide protests and two attempts to intervene by President Woodrow Wilson. With the backing of the IWW, his conviction was appealed to the Utah Supreme Court. Citing dozens of alleged errors in procedure and fairness, attorney O.N. Hilton called Hill's case "utterly lacking in the essential fundamentals of proof."

By vigilante or mob

Date	Location	Industry	Type of dispute	Workers* killed by vigilante/mob	Notes
November 5, 1887	Pattersonville, LA	sugar	strike	as many as 20	A mob attacked the black village of Pattersonville in St. Mary Parish.
September 1891	Lee County, TX	cotton	strike	15	African-American cotton pickers organized and went on strike in Lee County, Texas, against miserably low wages and other injustices. Over the course of September a white mob put down the strike, killing 15 strikers in the process.
1910	Tampa, FL	cigar mfg. (?)	organizing	5	Five labor organizers were lynched during 1910.
December 24, 1914	Calumet, MI	copper mining	strike	11 (plus 62 children)	Italian Hall disaster: The Western Federation of Miners organized a Christmas-Eve party for strikers and their families. The hall was packed with 400 to 500 people when someone shouted "fire." There was no fire, but 73 people, 62 of them children, were crushed to death trying to escape.
August 1, 1917	Butte, MT	copper mining	organizing	1	IWW organizer Frank Little was lynched by six masked men. 10,000 workers lined the route of his funeral procession.
November 11, 1919	Centralia, WA	lumber	organizing	1	Centralia Massacre: American Legion members attempted to force their way into an IWW hall during an Armistice Day celebration. Four Legionnaires were shot dead by members of the IWW, after which IWW organizer Wesley Everest was lynched by vigilantes.
April 1934	Lakeland, FL	citrus	organizing, hate crime	1	Frank Norman, an organizer of citrus workers, was abducted by Klansmen and never seen or heard from again.
May 12, 1936	Detroit, MI		organizing, hate crime	1	Charles Poole, an organizer for the Works Progress Administration, was murdered by the Black Legion. The legion saw as its enemies not only blacks, Jews, and Catholics, but also welfare workers and recipients and labor union organizers.
April 4, 1968	Memphis, TN	sanitation	organizing, hate crime	1	Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated when he returned to Memphis to lead a non-violent march in support of the strike by city sanitation workers.
November 3, 1979	Greensboro, NC	textile	organizing, hate crime	5 (Cesar Cauce, William Sampson, Sandra Smith, Dr. James Waller, Dr. Michael Nathan)	Five labor organizers were killed at the Greensboro Massacre, as workers were attempting to organize across racial lines at various textile mills in the area. A rally to protest recruitment at the mills by the Ku Klux Klan and Nazis turned violent, resulting in the deaths of the organizers.

* includes labor organizers

Western border of West Florida

From the look of the map from Chambers' 1898 book, stated to be a 1903 map, it appears that the 1816 versions of the parishes of Point Coupee and West Baton Rouge (see this Rumsey collection 1816 map of Louisiana) are included in the area called "Republic of West Florida." (Note that the current Iberville Parish was part of West Baton Rouge Parish at that time.) These are bounded on the west and south by the Atchafalaya River and Bayou Placquemine.

Why is Chambers' map drawn the way it is? Was it a rudimentary mistake of drawing the Mississippi River where the Atchalafaya actually is? Was it a mistake propagated from an earlier map? Was it due to believing that this area was actually within the boundaries of Spain's colony of Florida, which was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 (with the boundary then remaining as such in 1783 when Britain relinquished its conquered colonies of East and West Florida to Spain)?

Or is it not a mistake? At Atchafalaya River, the article states, "The volume the Atchafalaya receives from the Mississippi is controlled by the Old River Control Structure, a system of a low-sill structure, an auxiliary structure, an overbank structure, a navigation lock, and a power plant near Red River Landing, Louisiana, and in times of extreme flooding the Morganza Spillway further downstream. During the Mississippi River Flood of 2011, the Old River complex was discharging over 706,000 cubic feet per second (20,000 m3/s) into the Atchafalaya River, and the Morganza Floodway was discharging one-fourth of its capacity. If the Mississippi were allowed to flow freely, the Atchafalaya would capture the main flow of the Mississippi, permitting the Mississippi to bypass its current path through Baton Rouge and New Orleans."

Presumably in 1763 the Atchafalaya was flowing freely. So in 1763 was the Atchafalaya the larger river? Could this have been the basis of establishing the Atchafalaya and Bayou Placquemine as part of the boundary between La Louisiane and La Florida?

This is just speculation. I may be blowing smoke, and if so, there would be documentation readily disproving this. However, I'm wondering if anyone has information that would relate to this conjecture.

Notes

^{a b} This is a test note.

Canal Zone

Canal Zone Territorial Chronology

• 1903-11-18 (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty): Canal Zone formed, 10 miles wide, Colón and Panama City enclaved
• 1904-06-15:

• Provisionally delimited the border between the Canal Zone and Panama City and its harbor, by stating the metes and bounds for the boundary of the city.
• Provisionally delimited the border between the Canal Zone and Colón (excluding La Terre Plein) and Colón harbor. The Canal Zone includes 30 meters around lighthouse in northwest Colón (see 1913 photograph of Colón waterfront), La Terre Plein and a 660-meter wide channel through Colón Harbor.

• 1904-12-12 (effective date of Taft Agreement of 1904-12-03): The maritime waters lying westerly of a line drawn from a stake set on Punta Mala in Panama City through the middle island of the three islands known as Las Tres Hermanas (said line extending three marine miles from mean low-water mark on Punta Mala) are in the harbor of Ancon, within the Canal Zone.
• 1915-05-01 (date of delivery of possession under Boundary Convention of Sept. 2, 1914):

• Location of Battery Morgan in northwest Colón added to the Canal Zone, adjoining the lighthouse location (see 1921 photo)
• Altered the boundary in Colón harbor to bring new shipping terminals and water area into the Canal Zone
• The May 17, 1912, cession of Gatun Lake, its islands and limited access peninsulas made permanent and added to the Canal Zone
• Transferred the Sabanas area around Panama City from the Canal Zone to Panama (de-enclaved Panama City) and restored the western part of the Santa Cruz District from the Canal Zone to Panama City
• Moved the border with Panama City slightly eastward between Fourth of July St. and De Lesseps Park (matched the property line and apparently brought Bldg. No. 337 into the Canal Zone)
• Transferred a tract of land east of the Tivoli Hotel and north of De Lesseps Park from Panama City to the Canal Zone.
• The middle island of Las Tres Hermanas, lying on the maritime border in the harbor of Panama City, was made part of the Canal Zone. (1912 map showing islands' location: https://arquitran.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/screen-shot-2015-05-01-at-6-11-50-pm.jpg)

• 1919-09-18 (Letter from Canal Zone Governor to President of the Republic of Panama): all of Largo Remo (125 hectares) in Las Minas Bay added to Canal Zone (see http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1920v03/reference/frus.frus1920v03.i0010.pdf).
• 1920-06-16 (effective date of Panamanian Executive Power Decree No. 15, dated 1920-06-12): 15 hectares on the Island of Taboga added to Canal Zone (see http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1920v03/reference/frus.frus1920v03.i0010.pdf). "In 1920, the United States, under its right of expropriation in Article 2 of the canal treaty, required from Panama for the erection of defensive fortifications fifteen hectares of the island of Taboga in Panama Bay and a tract of one hundred and twenty-five hectares called Largo Remo in Las Minas Bay, east of Colón." (U.S. For. Rel., 1920, III, 314-322; 1921, II, 616-622)
• 1920-09-01 (Executive Order 3322): Punta Paitilla peninsula added to Canal Zone
• 1924-06-05 (Executive Order 4019): future Madden Lake area and downstream river and confluences of tributaries added to Canal Zone (See 35 CFR Section 1.4 and this map (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6861831?q=map%2520panama%2520canal) dated January 1927, with additional hand-drawn markings dated 1932)
• 1939-07-27 (March 2, 1936 General Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation):

• By specifying metes and bounds, transferred a corridor consisting of the road from the Canal Zone boundary to Madden Dam into the Canal Zone
• Established Panamanian corridors of sovereignty along the road from the city of Colón to the Canal Zone-Panama border near Cativa, Panama. Reserved the rectangular area of its intersection with Randolph Road as an area of joint US-Panama sovereignty.
• Created a three-dimensional tube of Panamanian sovereignty to occupy the exact volume of a future overcrossing within the Colón corridor spanning the Canal Zone's Randolph Road

• 1955-04-11 (1950 Colón Convention):

• Significantly changed the route of the Panamanian corridor from Colón to Cativa:

• "between the boundary near Cativa and the Randolph Road overpass, the Colón Corridor will be altered to conform to that shown on Exhibit C of the Public Roads Administration (August 6, 1946, P.C. Drwg. No. V.F. 933-7C)."
• "between the Randolph Road overpass and the boundary line between the City of Colón and the Canal Zone, the corridor location will be altered to conform to that shown on Exhibit B of the Public Roads Administration (August 6, 1946, P.C. Drwg. No. V.F. 933-7B).

• Transferred some tracts of land either into the Canal Zone from Colón or into Colón from the Canal Zone, as specified in

• Exhibit A of the Public Roads Administration (August 6, 1946, P.C. Drwg. No. V.F. 933-7A), and
• Exhibit A of The Panama Canal (July 6, 1945, Panama Canal Drawing No. X-6113-53).

• Established Panamanian corridors on the Boyd-Roosevelt Highway as follows (see maps starting at numbered page 157 (the 173rd page of the pdf file) in the United Nations Treaty Book at https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9LDb9lFYjVPZFVWV1VpV2gzYms/edit?usp=docslist_api ) :

• two corridor sections between the Canal Zone boundaries along the Quebrada Madronal and the Quebrada Moja Polla, along with a crossing that lies between them over the Rio Chagres (in the Canal Zone) within a three-dimensional tube of sovereign Panamanian jurisdiction.
• corridor at the Quebrada Madronal channel change
• crossing over the Gatun River (in the Canal Zone) within a three-dimensional tube of sovereign jurisdiction.
• crossing over Rio Chilibre (in the Canal Zone) within a three-dimensional tube of sovereign jurisdiction.
• crossing over Madden Road (an American corridor) within a three-dimensional tube of sovereign jurisdiction.

• 1955-08-23 (Remon-Eisenhower Treaty):

• U.S. ceded Punta Paitilla to Panama
• U.S. portion of the Island of Taboga ceded to Panama.
• U.S. ceded the De Lesseps area (old lighthouse location, Battery Morgan, residential buildings, but excluding two lots) to Panama
• Also in Colón, U.S. ceded the Playa de Colón, Nuevo Cristobal, lands on the westerly shore, railroad passenger station and site, and one lot to Panama.
• U.S. ceded two tracts in Panama City to Panama.
• Regarding the preceding four bullets, were these already under the jurisdiction of Panama? I.e., what does "certain lands situated in territory" mean? Sovereign enclaves within surrounding territory?
• Article V of the Boundary Convention signed in 1914, regarding the boundary between the City of Colón and the Canal Zone (as amended by Article I of the Colon Convention signed in 1950), was replaced in its entirety by verbiage (metes and bounds) describing the contents of the December 23, 1954, Panama Canal Company Drawing No. 6117-22, attached to the treaty.

• 1979-10-01: First cessions of land under the Carter-Torrijos Treaties
• 1999-12-31: Final cessions of land under the Carter-Torrijos Treaties

Jeff in CA (talk) 01:24, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

Iroquois flag

{{Flag entry|Width=100|Image=Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg|Caption=XXX}} Iroquois Confederacy

1981 World Games Calendar

• All dates are Pacific Daylight Time (UTC-07:00)

OC

Opening ceremony

●

Event competitions

1

Gold medal events

July/August		24 Fri	25 Sat	26 Sun	27 Mon	28 Tue	29 Wed	30 Thu	31 Fri	1 Sat	2 Sun	Gold medal events
Ceremonies		OC										—
Artistic roller skating					●	●	2	2				4
Badminton			●	●	●	5						5
Baseball					●	●	●	1				1
Bodybuilding								4	2			6
Bowling						●	●	●	●	3		3
Casting							2	2	2	2	3	11
Finswimming			4	5	3							12
Karate			●	●	9							9
Powerlifting			5	4								9
Racquetball									●?	●?	4	4
Road speed skating										2		2
Roller hockey					●	●	●	●	1			1
Softball								●	●	●	2	2
Taekwondo							3	3	4			10
Track speed skating							2	2	2			6
Trampoline gymnastics							4	4				8
Tug of war		1	1									2
Water polo				●	1							1
Waterskiing			●	8								8
Total gold medal events		1	10	17	13	5	13	18	11	7	9	104
Cumulative total		1	11	28	41	46	59	77	88	95	104
July/August		24 Fri	25 Sat	26 Sun	27 Mon	28 Tue	29 Wed	30 Thu	31 Fri	1 Sat	2 Sun	Gold medal events

water skiing

Men

men’s water skiing= … Italy, 19. 12. Marlon Von Dijk, Netherlands, 18. 13.

Men's slalom, quarterfinals -- Bob LaPoint, U.S., d. Eddy de Telder, Belgium, 21-20 1-2; Mike Neville, Australia, d. Sammy Duvall, U.S., 27 1-2-25 1-2; John McElyea, U.S., d. Rick McCormick, U.S., 27-26 1-4; Andy Mapple, Britain, d. Lucky Lowe, U.S., 31-27 1-4. Semifinals -- Mapple d. McElyea, 21 1-2-20 1-2; LaPoint d. Neville, 32-24 1-2. Finals -- LaPoint d. Mapple, 21-12 1-2. Standings -- 1. LaPoint. 2. Mapple. 3. Neville. 4. McElyea. 5. Lowe. 6. McCormick. 7. Duvall. 8. de Telder.

Men's tricks, semifinals -- 1. Patrice Martin, France, 8,040. 2. Mike Neville, Australia, 7,270. 3. Sammy Duvall, U.S., 7,190. 4. Carl Roberge, U.S., 6,920. 5. Eddy de Telder, Belgium, 6,270. 6. Lucly Lowe, U.S., 5,060. 7. John Westm Britain, 4,330. 8. Moshe Ganzi, Israel, 3,580. Finals -- 1. Martin, 8,420. 2. Roberge, 7,660. 3. Duvall, 7,370. 4. Neville, 7,210.

Men's jumping, quarterfinals -- Carl Roberge, U.S. d. Moshe Ganzi, Israel, 171-158; Mike Hazlewood, Britain, d. Geoff Carrington, Australia, 176-156; Glen Thurlow, Australia, d. Bob LaPoint, U.S., 169-164; Sammy Duvall, U.S., d. Rick McCormick, U.S., 175-158. Semifinals -- Hazelwood d. Roberge, 175-167; Duvall d. Thurlow, 170-169. Finals -- Duvall d. Hazelwood, 174-173. 3rd place, Thurlow.

Slalom

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Bob LaPoint (USA)	Andy Mapple (GBR)	Mike Neville (AUS)

Tricks

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Patrice Martin (FRA)	Carl Roberge (USA)	Sammy Duvall (USA)

Jump

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Sammy Duvall (USA)	Mike Hazelwood (GBR)	Glen Thurlow (AUS)

Three event

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Sammy Duvall (USA)	Carl Roberge (USA)	Mike Neville (AUS)

Women

women's water skiing= Slalom (1st 4 to semifinals) -- 1. Cyndi Renzel, U.S., 25 1-2. 2. Cindy

Women's slalom, semifinals -- Cyndi Benzel, U.S. d. Karin Roberge, U.S., 26-22; Sue Fieldhouse, Australia, d. Cindy Todd, U.S., 28-24. Finals -- Benzel d. Fieldhouse, 21-20 1-2. Standings -- 1. Benzel. 2. Fieldhouse, Todd. 4. Roberge.

Women's tricks finals -- 1. Ana Maria Carrasco, Venezuela, 6,710. 2. Karin Roberge, U.S., 5,620. 3. Anita Carlman, Sweden, 5,450. 4. Cyndi Benzel, U.S., 4,630.

Women's jumping, semifinals -- Sue Lipplegoes, Australia, d. July McClintock, Canada, 118-112; Marlon Van Dijk, Netherlands, d. Cindy Todd, U.S., 115-114. Finals -- Van Dijk d. Lipplegoes, 120-119. 3rd place, Todd. Overall standings (3 events, no medals awarded): Men -- 1. Duvall. 2. Roberge. 3. Neville. 4. Lowe. Women -- 1. Carrasco. 2. Carlman. 3. Roberge. 4. Benzel.

Slalom

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Cindy Benzel (USA)	Sue Fieldhouse (AUS)	Cindy Todd (USA)

Tricks

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Ana María Carrasco (VEN)	Karin Roberge (USA)	Anita Carlman (SWE)

Jump

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Marlon van Dijk  (NED)	Sue Lipplegoes (AUS)	Cindy Todd (USA)

Three event

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Ana María Carrasco (VEN)	Anta Carlman (SWE)	Karin Roberge (USA)

badminton

Men's singles -- L. S. King, Indonesia, bye; S. Egbeyemi, Nigeria, def. K. Zeniya, Japan, 15-1, 15-4; S. Modi, India, won by default over J. Sidek, Malaysia; R. Stevens, England, def. A. Salazar, Peru, 15-4, 15-7; M. Frost, Denmark, def. P. Johnson, Canada, 15-3, 15-4; G. Valdez, Peru, won by default over M. Sidek, Malaysia; S. Baddeley, England, def. G. Higgins, U.S., 15-7, 15-8; M. Hadiyanto, Indonesia, won by default over J. P. Baudoin, Belgium.

Women's singles, 1st round -- J . Webster, England, def. U. Kinard, U.S., 11-7, 11-6; A. Tokuda, Japan, won by deafult over J. Youngberg, Canada; Y. J. Kim, Korea, won by default over L. I. Ivana, Indonesia; C. Carton, U.S., def. C. Blackhouse, Canada, 11-7, 11-12, 11-7; Y. Yonekura, Japan, won by default over A. Ghia, India. 2md round -- S. A. Wang, Korea, def. G. Edwards, Nigeria, 11-0, 11-1; L. Blumer, Switzerland, won by default over W. Carter, Canada; L. S. Yeng, Taipei, won by default over V. Wiharjo, Indonesia; Tokuda def. Webster, 11-7, 11-6; Kim def. Carton, 12-11, 11-1; L. Koppen, Denmark, def. Yonekura, 11-3, 11-3; G. Gilks, England, won by default over T. Sumirah, Indonesia; A. Zhang, Rep. of China, won by default over S. Skillings, Canada.

China's new sports heroes are people named Chang Ailing, who won the women's singles title by beating Sun-Ae Hwang of Korea, 7-11, 11-9, 12-9; Sun Zhian and Yao Ximing, who beat Thomas Kihlstrom and Stefan Karlsson, 12-15, 15-4, 15-6, in men's doubles, Chang Ailing and Liu Xia, who defeated Nora Perry and Jane Webster, 11-15, 15-4, 15-8, in women's doubles, and Chan Chengie, who beat Frost Hansen of Denmark, 9-15, 15-7, 15-12, in men's singles.

The mixed doubles title went to the team of Kihlstron and Gillian Gilks of Britain, who beat Britain's Mike Tredgett and Nora Perry.

Men

Singles

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Chen Changjie (CHN)	Morten Frost (DEN)	Prakash Padukone (IND) Liem Swie King (INA)

Doubles

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	China (CHN) Sun Zhian Yao Ximing	Sweden (SWE) Thomas Kihlström Stefan Karlsson	Great Britain (GBR) Billy Gilliland Dan Travers Indonesia (INA) Hariamanto Kartono Rudy Heryanto

Women

Singles

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Zhang Ailing (CHN)	Sun Ai-Hwang (KOR)	Lene Køppen (DEN) Fumiko Tohkairin (JPN)

Doubles

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	China (CHN) Zhang Ailing Liu Xia	Great Britain (GBR) Nora Perry Jane Webster	Japan (JPN) Fumiko Tohkairin Otsuka South Korea (KOR) Sun Ai-Hwang Yun Ja-Kim

Mixed

Doubles

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Great Britain (GBR)/Sweden (SWE) Gillian Gilks Thomas Kihlström	Great Britain (GBR) Nora Perry Mike Tredgett	Denmark (DEN) Lene Køppen Steen Skovgaard Indonesia (INA) Imelda Wiguno Christian Hadinata

racquetball

Men's singles final -- Ed Andrews, U.S., d. Mark Martino, U.S., 21-19, 21-5; Martin Padilla, Mexico, d. Larry Fox, U.S., 21-6, 18-21, 15-14. Gold, Andrews. Silver, Nartino. Bronze, Padilla.

Women's singles final -- Cindy Baxter, U.S., d. Barbara Faulkenberry, U.S., 21-6, 18-21, 15-2; Betsy Massie, U.S., d. Mirjam Wielhassen, Netherlands, 21-10, 21-2. Gold, Baxter. Silver, Faulkenberry. Bronze, Massie.

Men's doubles final -- Mark Malowitz-Jeff Kwartler, U.S., d. Raul Canales-Federicso Alvarez, Mexico, 21-7, 18-21, 15-1; Tony Luyckx-Frits Groenendyk, Netherlands, d. William Wenzel-Jorg Harnold, West Germany, 21-6, 21-19. Gold, U.S. Silver, Mexico. Bronze, West Germany.

Women's doubles final -- Karen Borga-Mary Ann Clues, U.S., d. Mirjam Wielhassen-Dineke Kool, Netherlands, 21-13, 21-9; Susan Martinez-Armida Suarez, Mexico, d. Catherine Donegan-Mavis O'Toole, Ireland, 21-5, 21-1.

Men's Single

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Ed Andrews (USA)	Mark Martino (USA)	Martin Padilla (MEX)

Men's Double

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	United States (USA) Mark Malowitz Jeff Kwartler	Mexico (MEX) Raul Canales Federicq Alvarez	Netherlands (NED) Tom Luykx Frits Groenendijk

Women's Single

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Cindy Baxter (USA)	Barbara Faulkenberry (USA)	Betsy Massie (USA)

Women's Double

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	United States (USA) Mary Ann Cluess Karen Borga	Netherlands (NED) Miriam Wielheesen Dineke Kool	Mexico (MEX) Martinez Suarez

finswimming

Fin Swimming= Men's 50 meter underwater -- 1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 16:667. 2. Sandro Sola, Italy, 17:728. 3. Dario Broglia, Italy, 17:790. 4. Mickel Zorte, France, 18:375. 5. Clemns Franck, W. Germany, 18:512. 6. Peter Swenson, Sweden, 18:563. 7. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 18:577. 8. Lars Anderson, Sweden, 20:484.

Women's 50 meter underwater -- 1. Cristiana, Italy, 19:937. 2. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 20:935. 3. Anne Menguy, France, 21:021. 4. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 22:036. 5. Anette Thorsell, Sweden, 22:642. 6. Marion Collot, France, 22:865. 7. Mauk Gustauson, Sweden, 26:323.

Men's 400 meter freestyle -- 1. Hueseppe Galantucci, Italy, 3:2801. 2. Walter Olander, Sweden, 3:2862. 3. Paola Vandini, Italy, 3:2865. 4. Jurgen Kolende, W. Germany, 3:3178. 5. Peter Swenson, Sweden, 3:4233. 6. Thieryy Henry, France, 3:4248. 7. Memens Franck, W. Germany, 3:4272.

Women's 400 meter freestyle -- 1. Anne Rouchon, France, 3:4281. 2. Monica Croveti, Italy, 3:5343. 3. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 4:0170. 4. Pia Strand, Sweden, 4:0727.

Women's 200 meter freestyle -- 1. Anna-Marie Rouchon, France, 1:45.527. 2. Anne Menguy, France, 1:50.414. 3. Marion Collot, France, 1:50.450. 4. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 1:50.882. 5. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 1:51.956. 6. Anette Thorsell, Sweden, 1:57.632.

Men's 200 meter freestyle -- 1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 1:33.294. 2. Walter Olander, Sweden, 1:35.511. 3. Sandro Sola, Italy, 1:36.397. 4. Dario Broglia, Italy, 1:36.397. 5. Gueseppe Golantucci, Italy, 1:37.149. 6. ThierryLasbleye, France, 1:38.315. 7. Peter Svenson, Sweden, 1:38.696. 8. Thierry Henry, France, 1:40.661. 9. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 1:41.627. 10. Lars Anderson, Swedsen, 1:47.239. 11. Mickel Zorte, France, 1:47.575.

Women's 800 meter freestyle -- 1. Ana-Marie Rouchon, France, 7:45.878. 2. Marion Collot, France, 8:12.129. 3. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 8:26.652. 4. Pia Strand, Sweden, 8:28.317.

Women's 100 meter scuba diving -- 1. Cristina Govini, Italy, 46:569. 2. Anne Menguy, France, 48:541. 3. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 51:156. 4. Carina Blomberg, Sweden, 54:407. 5. Maria Gustafson, Sweden, 58:292. Men's 100 meter scuba diving -- 1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 39.941. 2. Dario Broglia, Italy, 40.695. 3. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 41.255. 4. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 42.142. 5. Sandro Sola, Italy, 42.586. 6. Peter Svenson, Sweden, 45.028. 7. Mickel Zorte, France, 45.225. 8. Clemens Henry, France, 45.991. 9. Walter Olander, Sweden, 46.976.10. Sven Olander, Sweden, 49.459.

Women's 100 meter freestyle final -- 1. Anne Menguy, France, 49.205. 2. Christiana Govoni, Italy, 49.263. 3.Anne-Marie Rouchon, France, 49.605. 4. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 49.653. 5. Marion Collot, France, 50.746. 6. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 50.814. 7. Anette Thorsell, Sweden, 51.893. 8. Anke Goldner, W. Germany, 53.177. 9. Maria Gustafson, Sweden, 55.753.

Men's 100 meter freestyle final -- 1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 41.201. 2. Sandro Sola, Italy, 41.881. 3. Giuseppe Galantucci, Italy, 43.264. 4. Dario Broglia, Italy, 43.345. 5. Peter Svenson, Sweden, 43.541. 6. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 43.862. 7. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 44.952. 8. Michel Zoete, France, 45.903.

Men's 1,500 meter freestyle final -- 1. Paolo Vandini, Italy, 13:48.495. 2. Gieuseppe Galantucci, Italy, 14:12.079. 3. Walter Olander, Sweden, 14:12.100. 4. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 14:43.935. 5. Thierry Henry, France, 15:14.295.

Men

100m surface

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Jürgen Kolenda (FRG)	Sandro Sola (ITA)	Giuseppe Galantucci (ITA)

200m surface

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Jürgen Kolenda (FRG)	Valter Olander (SWE)	Sandro Sola (ITA)

400m surface

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Giuseppe Galantucci (ITA)	Valter Olander (SWE)	Paolo Vandini (ITA)

1500m surface

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Paolo Vandini (ITA)	Giuseppe Galantucci (ITA)	Valter Olander (SWE)

50m apnoea

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Jürgen Kolenda (FRG)	Sandro Sola (ITA)	Dario Broglia (ITA)

100m immersion

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Jürgen Kolenda (FRG)	Dario Broglia (ITA)	Thierry Lasbleye (FRA)

Women

100m surface

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Anne Menguy (FRA)	Cristina Covoni (ITA)	Anne-Marie Rouchon (ITA)

200m surface

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Anne-Marie Rouchon (FRA)	Anne Menguy (FRA)	Marion Collot (FRA)

400m surface

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Anne-Marie Rouchon (FRA)	Monica Crovetti (ITA)	Marina Beck (FRG)

800m surface

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Anne-Marie Rouchon (FRA)	Marion Collot (FRA)	Monica Crovetti (ITA)

50m apnoea

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Cristina Covoni (ITA)	Monica Crovetti (ITA)	Anne Menguy (FRA)

100m immersion

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Cristina Covoni (ITA)	Anne Menguy (FRA)	Marina Beck (FRG)

powerlifting

90.5 kilo class -- 1. Walter Thomas, U.S., 907.5 kilos (2,000 1-2 pounds). 2. Jim Lem, U.S., 727.5 (1,603).

100 kilo class -- 1. Jim Cash, U.S., 937.5 (2,066 1-2). 2. Fred Hatfield, U.S., 915 (2,017).

110 kilo class -- 1. Scott Palmer, Santa Clara, Calif., 765 (1,686). 2. Gene Kunit, U.S., 675 (1,488).

Super heavyweight -- 1. Doyle Kennedy, U.S., 985 (2,171 1-2). 2. Dave Shaw, U.S., 925 (2,039). (end summaries).

−52 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Hideaki Inabe (JPN)	Don MacVicar (USA)

−56 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Gary Hunnicut (USA)

−60 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Ito Chokichi (JPN)	George Hummel (USA)	Mark Shijo (USA)

−75 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Mauro Di Pasquale (CAN)	Ray Neeley (USA)

−82,5 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Jim Grudzien (USA)	Dennis Wright (USA)

−90 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Walter Thomas (USA)	Jen Len (USA)

−100 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Jim Cash (USA)	Fredrick Hatfield (USA)

−110 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Scott Palmer (USA)	Gene Kunit (USA)

+110 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Doyle Kennedy (USA)	Dave Shaw (USA)

karate

The first four gold medals in karate were decided Monday with two of them going to Japan and one each to Great Britain and Taiwan.

The Japanese winners were Masayuki Naito in the 60 kilo class and Zenichi Ono in the 60 to 65 kilo class. Cecil Hackett of Britain won the 65 to 70 kilo class and Lin Chin of Taiwan took the 70 to 75 kilo class.

Medalists

Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Men
Kata	Ryo Kiyuna (JPN)	Damián Quintero (ESP)	Antonio Díaz (VEN)
Kumite 60kg	Firdovsi Farzaliyev (AZE)	Amir Mehdizadeh (IRI)	Matías Gómez (ESP)
Kumite 67kg	Steven Da Costa (FRA)	Jordan Thomas (GBR)	Deivis Ferreras (DOM)
Kumite 75kg	Stanislav Horuna (UKR)	Ali Asghar Asiabari (IRI)	Hernâni Veríssimo (BRA)
Kumite 84kg	Zabihollah Poursheib (IRI)	Ryutaro Araga (JPN)	Uğur Aktaş (TUR)
Kumite +84kg	Hideyoshi Kagawa (JPN)	Sajjad Ganjzadeh (IRI)	Michał Bąbos (POL)
Women
Kata	Kiyou Shimizu (JPN)	Sandra Sánchez (ESP)	Sandy Scordo (FRA)
Kumite 50kg	Alexandra Recchia (FRA)	Miho Miyahara (JPN)	Serap Özçelik (TUR)
Kumite 55kg	Valéria Kumizaki (BRA)	Wen Tzu-yun (TPE)	Sara Cardin (ITA)
Kumite 61kg	Alexandra Grande (PER)	Anita Serogina (UKR)	Ingrida Suchánková (SVK)
Kumite 68kg	Lamya Matoub (ALG)	Alisa Buchinger (AUT)	Kayo Someya (JPN)
Kumite +68kg	Ayumi Uekusa (JPN)	Hamideh Abbasali (IRI)	Anne-Laure Florentin (FRA)

men

60 Kilo final -- Mayayuki Naito, Japan, d. Fernando Rosuero, Spain for gold medal; Joseph Tierney, Britain, d. Guiseppe Tinnirello, Italy, for bronze.

60-65 kilo final -- Zenichi Ono, Japan, d. Toshiahi Maeda, Japan, for gold; Roberto De Luca, Italy, d. Kasayoshi Yokouchi, Japan, for bronze.

65-70 kilo final -- Cecil Hackett, Britain, d. Bernard Bilicky, France, for gold; Yukiyoshi Marutani, Japan, d. Seiji Nishimura, Japan, for bronze.

70-75 kilo final -- Lin Chin, Taiwan, d. Fred Royers, Netherlands, for gold; Angel Lopez, Spain, d. Christian Gauze, France, for bronze.

Women's kata final -- 1. Susuko Okamura, Japan, 65.4 pts. 2. Mie Nakayama, Japan, 65.3. 3. Maria V. Moreno, Spain, 64.3.

Men

Kata

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Keji Okada (JPN)	Masashi Koyama (JPN)	Domingo Llanos (USA)

Kumite −60 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Masayuki Naito (JPN)	Fernando Roseuero (ESP)	Joe Tierney (GBR) Giuseppe Tinnirello (ITA)

Kumite −65 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Yoshikazu Ono (JPN)	Toshiaki Maeda (JPN)	Robert De Luca (ITA) Kesayoshi Yokouchi (JPN)

Kumite −70 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Cecil Hackett (GBR)	Bernard Bilicki (FRA)	Yukiyoshi Marutani (JPN) Seiji Nishimura (JPN)

Kumite −75 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Lin Chi-min (TPE)	Fred Royers (NED)	Gouze (FRA) Ángel López (ESP)

Kumite −80 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Osamu Kamikodo (JPN)	Hisao Murase (JPN)	Tokey Hill (USA) Otti Roethoff (NED)

Kumite +80 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Ludwig Kotzebue (NED)	Chen Chien (TPE)	Claudio Guazzaroni (ITA) Francisco Torres (ESP)

Kumite open

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Vic Charles (GBR)	Marc Pyrée (FRA)	Billy Blanks (USA) Claude Petinella (FRA)

Women

Kata

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Susuko Okamura (JPN)	Mie Nakayama (JPN)	María Moreno (ESP)

taekwondo

Fin
Fly
Bantam
Feather
Light
Welter
Light Middle
Middle
Light heavy
Heavy

The taekwondo events in ten weight categories were held on July 29-31, 1981,at Toso Pavilion on the Santa Clara University campus.

Finweight, first round -- Cesar Moran, Mexico, bye; Ki-mun Kwon, Korea, d. Emilio Azofra, Spain; Reinhard Langer, W. Germany, d. Kenny Couch, Australia; Codazzo Aldo, Italy, d. Yong-ho Park, Canada; Dae Sung Lee, U.S., d. Ching-sha Wang, Taiwan. second round -- Kwan d. Moran.

Finweight final -- Ki-mun Kwan d. Reinhard Lamger, W. Germany; Dae Sung Lee, U.S., d. Codazzo Aldo, Italy. Gold, Kwan. Silver, Lee. Bronze, Langer and Codazzo Aldo, Italy.

Flyweight, first round -- Rund Wong Fat, Netherlands, bye; Fernando Celada, Mexico, d. Chen-Chia Su, Taiwan; Angel Benito, Spain, d. Anarjit Dosanjh, Canada; Salin Abel, Argentina, bye; Maelionico Domenico, Italy, d. Turgay Ertugral, W. Germany; Young Joon Kim, U.S., d. Tae Kim, Australia; Ki-mo Yang, Korea, bye. second round -- Domenico d. Abel; Yang d. Kim.

Flyweight final -- Ki-mo Yang, Korea, d. Maelionico Domenico, Italy; Francisco Benito, Spain, d. Fernando Celada, Mexico. Gold, Yang. Silver, Benito. Bronze, Domenico and Celada.

Bantamweight, first round -- Chung Sik Choi, U.S., bye; Dicostanzo Geremia, Italy, d. Tony Gibbs, Australia; Bcom Soo Jeong, Korea, d. Alphonse Kraidy, Ivory Coast; Jesus Benito, Spain, d. Ming Hui Chang, Taiwan; Serge Langlois, Canada, bye; Rodca Miguel, Argentina, d. Jimmy de Fretes, Netherlands; Oscar Aguilar, Mexico, d. John Henry, Malaysia; Michael Pizybyla, W. Germany, bye. second round -- Geremia d. Choi; Jeong d. Benito; Langlois d. Miguel; Aguilar d. Pizybyla.

Middleweight, first round -- Jersey Long, Canada, bye; Patrice Remarek, Ivory Coast, d. Javier Mayan, Mexico; D'Oriano Jugi, Italy, d. Juan Carlo Escolano, Spain; Earl Taylor, U.S., bye; Jose Sanchez, Argentina, bye; Doong-joon Lee, Korea, d. Chih Chao Wang, Taiwan; Andreas Scheffler, W. Germany, knocked out Gerrard Von der Berg, Netherlands ; Damian McConachy, Australia, bye. second round -- Long d. Remarek; Jugi d. Taylor; Lee d. Sanchez; Scheffler d. McConachy.

Light heavyweight, first round -- Bly BcYao, Ivory Coast, bye; Ireno Fargas, Spain, knocked out Ben Oude Luttikhuis, Netherlands; Jean Picard, Canada, d. Duvan Velez, Equador; Thomas Roth, Mexico, d. Tom Federle, U.S.; Felix Solas, Argentina, bye; Hsin-nien Sun, Taiwan, d. Carriatorz Walter, Italy; Colin Handley, Australia, d. Eugen Nefedow, W. Germnay; Jeong Chan, Korea, bye. second round -- Yao d. Fargas; Roth d. Picard; Sun TKO over Solas; Chan d. Handley.

Heavyweight, first round -- Miguel Esquivel, Mexico, bye; Michael Arndt, W. Germany, d. Puppo Ricardo, Argentina; Ching-man Park, Korea, d. Kim Royce, U.S.; Harry Prijs, Netherlands, d. Chung-Il Teng, Taiwan; Darrell Hanegan, Canada, d. Keith Whittemore, Australia; Cvozzo Bruno, Italy, bye. second round -- Esquivel d. Arndt; Hannegan knocked out Bruno, 2nd round.

Heavyweight final -- Darrell Hanegan, Canada, d. Park Chong Man, Korea. Gold, Hanegan. Silver, Man. Bronze, Harry Prijs, Netherlands, and Miguel Esquivel, Mexico.

Taekwondo - Bantamweight - Men

1. Bum-soo CHUNG - KOR
2. Oscar AGUILAR - MEX
3. Serge LANGLOIS - CAN
3. Dicostanzo GERMIA - ITA

Taekwondo - Featherweight - Men

1. Jun-kul LEE - KOR
2. Jorge GARCIA - ESP
3. Raffaele MARCHIONE - ITA
3. Juan MANGONI - ARG

Taekwondo - Finweight - Men

1. Ki-moon KWONG - KOR
2. Dea SUNG LEE - USA
3. Aldo CODAZZO - ITA
3. Reinhard LANGER - GER

Taekwondo - Flyweight - Men

1. Ki-mo YANG - KOR
2. Franco BANITO - ESP
3. Fernando CELADA - MEX
3. Dominic MAELIONICO - ITA

Taekwondo - Heavyweight - Men

1. Darrell HANEGAN - CAN
2. Chong-man PARK - KOR
3. Harry PRIJS - NED
3. Miguel ESQUIVEL - MEX

Taekwondo - Light Heavyweight - Men

1. Chan JUNG - KOR
2. Cisse ABOUAYE - CIV
3. Tom FEDERLE - USA
3. Hsin-nien SUN - TPE

Taekwondo - Light Middleweight - Men

1. Il-nam OH - KOR
2. Chul HOE KIM - USA
3. Patrice REMARCK - CIV
3. Helmut GARTNER - GER

Taekwondo - Lightweight - Men

1. Yung-kuk KIM - KOR
2. Alphonse QAHHAAR - USA
3. Luige SIENORE - ITA
3. Kone SOWLEYMANE - CIV

Taekwondo - Middleweight - Men

1. Dong-Jun LEE - KOR
2. Jersey LONG - CAN
3. Andreas SCHEFFLER - GER
3. Jugi D'ORIANO - ITA

Taekwondo - Welterweight - Men

1. Jeong-kuk KIM - KOR
2. Paul RUSCA - ARG
3. Antonio HERANDE - MEX
3. Ruben RHIJS - NED

The taekwondo events in ten weight categories were held on July 29-31, 1981, at Toso Pavilion on the Santa Clara University campus.

Medalists

Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Men
Finweight	Ki-moon KWONG  (KOR)	Dea SUNG LEE (USA)	Aldo CODAZZO (ITA) Reinhard LANGER (GER)
Flyweight	Ki-mo YANG (KOR)	Franco BANITO (ESP)	Fernando CELADA (MEX) Dominic MAELIONICO (ITA)
Bantamweight	Bum-soo CHUNG (KOR)	Oscar AGUILAR (MEX)	Serge LANGLOIS (CAN) Dicostanzo GERMIA (ITA)
Featherweight	Jun-kul LEE (KOR)	Jorge GARCIA (ESP)	Raffaele MARCHIONE (ITA) Juan MANGONI (ARG)
Lightweight	Yung-kuk KIM (KOR)	Alphonse QAHHAAR (USA)	Luige SIENORE (ITA) Kone SOWLEYMANE (CIV)
Welterweight	Jeong-kuk KIM (KOR)	Paul RUSCA (ARG)	Antonio HERANDE (MEX) Ruben RHIJS (NED)
Light Middleweight	Il-nam OH (KOR)	Chul HOE KIM (USA)	Patrice REMARCK (CIV) Helmut GARTNER (GER)
Middleweight	Dong-Jun LEE (KOR)	Jersey LONG (CAN)	Andreas SCHEFFLER (GER) Jugi D'ORIANO (ITA)
Light Heavyweight	Chan JUNG (KOR)	Cisse ABOUAYE (CIV)	Tom FEDERLE (USA) Hsin-nien SUN (TPE)
Heavyweight	Darrell HANEGAN (CAN)	Chong-man PARK (KOR)	Harry PRIJS (NED) Miguel ESQUIVEL (MEX)

Ten-pin bowling

Men's rolloff for 16th place -- Edward Lee, Hong Kong, d. Rick Knockaert, Canada, 189-174.

Men's winners bracket -- Arne Strom, Norway, d. P. S. Nathan, Malaysia, 386-336; Neville Robinson, Britain, d. Young Gak Kim, Korea, 412-371; Mats Karlsson, Sweden, d. Jim Lindquist, U.S., 371-367; Chris Batson, Australia, d. Frank Maes, Belgium, 371-361; Paeng Nepomuceno, Philippines, d. Mikko Kaartinen, Finland, 368-353; Ernst Berndt, Austria, d. Ryuichiro Goto, Japan, 417-337; Suracha Kasemsiriroj, Thailand, d. Phillipe Dubois, France, 448-405; Utz Dehler, W. Germany, d. Edward Chia-Gee Lee, Hong Kong, 376-365.

Women's winners bracket -- Airi Leppala, Finland, d. Jacqueline Coudere, Belgium, 393-349; Portnip Singha, Thailand, d. Hilde Reitermaier, Austria, 416-344; Liliane Gregori, France, d. Warsini Rahardjo, Indonesia, 321-314; Ruth Guerster, Australia, d. Judy Peterson, Canada, 410-345; Frances Perez, Puerto Rico, d. Toshi-ko Ohbe, Japan, 352-351; Mary Lou Vining, U.S., d. Catherine Che, Hong Kong, 378-366; Tove Walstad, Norway, d. Yvonne Berndt, Sweden, 352-306; Irene Gronert, Netherlands, d. Gillian Holt, Britain, 347-327. Women's losers bracket -- Tove Walstad, Norway, d. Jacqueline Coudere, Belgium, 373-372; Toshi-Ko Ohbe, Japan, d. Frances Perez, Puerto Rico, 427-363; Warsini Rahardjo, Indonesia, d. Rith Guerster, Australia, 358-327; Yvonne Berndt, Swedsen, d. Aira Leppala, Finland, 427-353. Rahardjo d. Walstad, 436-354; Berndt d. Ohbe, 392-352.

Men's losers bracket -- Surachai Kasemsiriroj, Thailand, d. P.S. Nathan, Malaysia, 421-368; Frank Maes, Belgium, d. Mats Karlsson, Sweden, 404-383; Paeng Nepomuceno, Philippines, d. Nikko Kaartinen, Finland, 442-428; Edward Lee, Hong Kong, d. Neville Robinson, Britain, 343-0342. Maes d. Kasemsiriroj, 373-367; Nepomucesno d. Lee, 408-329.

Women's winners bracket -- Liliane Gregori, France, d. Porntip Singha, Thailand, 380-367; Mary Lou Vining, U.S., d. Irene Gronert, Netherlands, 371-360. Men's winners bracket -- Arne Strom, Norway, d. Chris Batson, Australia, 399-359; Ernst Berndt, Austria, D. Utz Dehler, W. Germany, 468-358.

Men's winners bracket -- Arne Strom, Norway, d. Neville Robinson, Britain, 407-352; Chris Batson, Australia, d. Mats Karlsson, Sweden, 425-411; Ernst Berndt, Austria, d. Paeng Nepomuceno, Philippines, 377-360; Utz Dehler, W. Germany, d. Surachi Kasemsiriroj, Thailand, 403-383.

Women's winners bracket -- Portnip Singha, Thailand, d. Airi Leppaia, Finland, 392-371; Liliane Gregori, France, d. Ruth Guerster, Australia, 385-369; Mary Lou Vinin, U.S., d. Frances Perez, Puerto Rico, 336-335; Irene Gronert, Netherlands, d. Tove Walstad, Norway, 374-360.

Men's losers bracket -- P. S. Nathan, Malaysia, d. Young Gak Kim, Korea, 376-355; Frank Maes, Belgium, d. Jim Lindquist, U.S., 373-369; Mikko Kaartinen, Finland, d. Ryuichiro Goto, Japan, 406-359; Edward Lee, Hong Kong, d. Philippe Dubois, France, 463-356.

Women's losers bracket -- Jackqueline Coudere, Belgium, d. Hilde Reitermaier, 365-325; Warsini Rahardjo, Indonesia, d. Judy Peterson, Canada, 370-335; Yvonne Berndt, Sweden, d. Gillian Holt, Britain, 450-353.

Men

Singles

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Arne Svein Strøm (NOR)	Ernst Berndt (AUT)	Chris Batson (AUS)

Women

Singles

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Liliane Gregori (FRA)	Porntip Singha (THA)	Mary Lou Vining (USA)

Mixed

Doubles

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Australia (AUS) Ruth Guerster Chris Batson	Finland (FIN) Ari Leppala Mikko Kaartinen	Austria (AUT) Hilde Reitermaier Ernst Berndt

speed skating

Men's 20,000 meter final -- 1. Scott Constantine, New Zealand, 40:03.43. 2. Guiseppe Cruciani, Italy, 40:38.02. 3. Moreno Bagnoli, Italy, 40:38.06. 4. Danny Van De Perre, Belgium, 40:38.02. 5. Tom Peterson, U.S., disqualified from 3rd, no time credited. 6. Hermes Fossi, Italy, 40:39.02. 7. Augustin Ramirez, Colombia, 40:39.04. 8 (tie). Robb Dunn, U.S., Dimitri Van Cauwenberghe, Belgium, Serge Plante, Canada, 40:39.08. 11. Chuck Jackson, U.S., 40:40.04. 12. Humberto Triana, Colombia, 40:40.06. 13. Doug Blair, Canada, 40:42.08.

Women's 5,000 meter final -- 1. Monica Lucchese, Italy, 10:18.90. 2. Paola Sometti, Italy, 10:19.01. 3. Annie Lambrechts, Belgium, 10:19.53. 4. Marry Barriere, U.S., 10:19.80. 5. Paola Christofori, Italy, 10:20.49.6. Sue Dooley, U.S., 10:24.79. 7. Fiona Wass, New Zealand, 10:25.53. 8. Darlene Kessinger, U.S., 10:31.03. 9. Christine DeClerk, Belgium, 10:34.59.

July 29

Men's 5000m

1. Tom Peterson, U.S., 10:29.58. 2. Guiseppe Cruciani, Italy, 10:29.73. 3. Ermes Fossi, Italy, 10:30.42. 4. Dimitri Vam Cauwemberge, Belgium, 10:31.11. 5. Chuck Jackson, U.S., 10:31.20. 6. Danny Van De Perre, Belgium, 10:31.22. 7. Robb Dunn, U.S., 10:32.10. 8. Scott Constantine, New Zealand, 10:32.24. 9. Augustin Ramirea, Colombia, 10:32.37. 10. Dean Huffman, U.S., 10:33.31. 11. Alvaro Arrendondo, Colombia, 10:34.06. 12. Humberto Triana, Colombia, 10:34.34. 13. Serge Plante, Canada, 10:38.04. 14. Roland De Roo, Belgium, 10:41.69. 15. M. Bagnoli, Italy, 10:51.69. 16. Doug Blair, Canada, 10:56.24.

Women's 15,000m 1. Annie Lambrechte, Belgium, 33:45.04. 2. Paolo Christofori, Italy, 33:45.03. 3. Monica Lucchese, Italy, 33:45.03. 4. Darlene Kessinger, U.S., 33:45.04. 5. Paolo Sometti, Italy, 33:46.02. No times -- 6. Mary Barriere, U.S. 7. Fiona Wass, New Zealand. 8. L. Fioni, Italy. 9. Sue Dooley, U.S. 10. Christine de Clerck, Belgium. 11. Marie-Claire van Damme, Belgium.

Track skating

Men

5,000 metres

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Tom Peterson (USA)	Guiseppe Cruciani (ITA)	Ermes Fossi (ITA)

10,000 metres

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Tom Peterson (USA)	Hermes Fossi (ITA)	Moreno Bagnolini (ITA)

20,000 metres

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Scott Constantine (NZL)	Giuseppe Cruciani (ITA)	Moreno Bagnolini (ITA)

5,000 metres

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Monica Lucchese (ITA)	Paola Sometti (ITA)	Annie Lambrechts (BEL)

10,000 metres

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Paola Cristofori (ITA)	Darlene Kessenger (USA)	Annie Lambrechts (BEL)

15,000 metres

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Annie Lambrechte (BEL)	Paolo Christofori (ITA)	Monica Lucchese (ITA)

Road skating

Men

Marathon

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Tom Peterson (USA)	Hermes Fossi (ITA)	Danny Vandeperre (BEL)

Women

Half-marathon

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Annie Lambrechts (BEL)	Mary Barriere (USA)	Sue Dooley (USA)

Trampoline

Men's tumbling preliminaries -- 1. Steve Elliott, U.S., 33.8. 2. Randy Wickstrom, U.S., 31.38. 3. Tim Cleave, Canada, 24.90. 4. Steve Cooper, U.S., 24.48. 5. Carlos Villarreal, U.S., 22.90. 6. Ty Binfet, Canada, 21.20. 7. Daryl Scheeler, Canada, 19.55. 8. Carl Heger, U.S., 11.10.

Women's tumbling preliminaries -- 1. Angie Whiting, U.S., 31.15. 2. Kristi Laman, U.S., 30.40. 3. Stacey Hansen, U.S., 28.45. 4. Gina Garcia, U.S., 23.47. 5. Charlene Zowty, Canada, 23.10.6. Chris Patterson, U.S., 22.60. 7. Kay Davis, U.S., 21.88. 8. Jackie Blanchet, Canada, 19.80. 9. Sherri Newman, U.S., 18.60. 10. Beverly Beres, Canada, 17.02. 11. Jesica Knaff, U.S., 16.63.

Women's mini final -- 1. Christine Tough, Canada, 22.5. 2. Beth Fairchild, U.S., 22.4. 3. Nora Lehto, Canada, 22.3. 4. Mary Borkowski, U.S., 21.9.5. Chris Sullivan, U.S., 21.4. 6. Barbara Lehto, Canada, 21.1. 7. Jay Davis, U.S., 20.4.

Men's mini final -- 1. Brett Brown, Canada, 24.2. 2. Karl Heger, U.S., 24.0. 3. Tim Cleave, Canada, 23.2. 4. Mark Biech, Canada, 22.1. 5. Carlos Villarreal, U.S., 21.7. 6. Alain Gauthier, Canada, 21.1.7. Steve Elliot, U.S., 20.7. 8. Paul Rugheimer, U.S., 19.5.

Men's synchronized final -- 1. Carl Heger-Steve Elliot, U.S. 2. Paul Rugheimer-Carlos Villarreal, U.S. 3. Brett Brown-Alan Gauthier, Canada.

Women's synchronized final -- 1. Norman and Barbara Lehto, Canada. 2. Beth Fairchild-Mary Borkowski, U.S.

Individual

This event was discontinued when trampolining was included in the program of the Olympic Games in 2000.

Men

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Canada Yves Milord	United States Steve Elliott	United States Rand Wilson

Women

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	United States Bethany Fairchild	United States Barbara Letho Canada Christine Tough, tie	None awarded

Mini Individual

Men

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Canada Brett Brown	United States Carl Heger	Canada Tim Cleave

Women

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Canada Christine Tough	United States Bethany Fairchild	Canada Norma Letho

Synchro

Men

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	United States Carl Heger Steve Elliott	United States Paul Rugheimer Carlos Villarreal	Canada Brett Brown Alan Gouthier

Women

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	United States Norma Letho Barbara Letho	United States Bethany Fairchild Mary Borkowski	None awarded

Tumbling

Men

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	United States Steve Elliott	United States Randy Wickstrom	United States Steve Cooper

Women

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	United States Angie Whiting	United States Kristi Laman	United States Stacey Hansen

Baseball at the 1981 World Games

The baseball competition was held on July 27-30, 1981, at San Jose Municipal Stadium in San Jose, California. Teams from the Unites States, Australia, South Korea and Panama participated.

Medalists

Gold:	Silver:	Bronze:
United States Bob Batesole Pat Clements Mike Dotterer Burk Goldthorn Bruce Johnson Dan Jones Jr. Todd Lamb Gregg Lomnicky Tony Mack Oddibe McDowell Spike Owen Jim Paciorek John Russell Augie Schmidt Howard Simmons Dave Stenhouse Jr. Franklin Stubbs Mike Toothman Ed Vosberg Brian Wolcott	South Korea Dong-won Choi J.W. Kim S. Kim       Jang others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	Australia Neil Burke       Elkson Peter Gahan John Galloway       Hendy       Home Mark Linger       Mazelian       McIntyre Ray Mitchell       Orford Graham Ward Alan Wignall others . . . . . .

Standing

Team	W	L	RS	RA
United States	3	0	24	10
South Korea	2	1	19	10
Australia	1	2	13	26
Panama	0	3	12	22

Details

Tuesday, July 28, 1981:

United States 9, Panama 1
South Korea 10, Australia 0

Wednesday, July 29, 1981:

United States 11, Australia 7
South Korea 7, Panama 6

Thursday, July 30, 1981:

Australia 6, Panama 5
United States 4, South Korea 2

Softball

Both men's and women's softball tournaments were conducted during World Games I. The games were played July 30 - August 2, 1981 at Central Park in Santa Clara, California. Teams from the United States, Canada, the Bahamas and Chinese Taipei participated in the women's event, while in the men's event, the United States, Canada, the Bahamas and Mexico were initially slated to appear. As the Games approached, the Mexican team withdrew for financial reasons and was replaced by a second team from the United States.

All three U.S. teams were intact successful high-level softball teams, well-known in the U.S. softball community. The Raybestos Brakettes club from Connecticut was the women's team. United States I, the original selection for the Games, was the Peterbilt team from Seattle, Washington. After Mexico's decision, the Guanella Brothers team from Santa Rosa, California was engaged in the role of United States II.

Women

Medalists

Gold	Silver	Bronze
United States Kathy Arendsen       Cloutier Doreen Dedmon Sue Enquist Missy Mapes       Reinalda Diane Schumacher Anne Trachuck others . . . . . . . . . . . .	Canada       Ford A. Knowles Patti Polych       Storey-Gray       Wegner others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	Bahamas       Izzard B. Knowles       Moxey       Pratt       Turnquest       Walker       Welle others . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standing

Round-robin phase:

Team	W	L	RS	RA
United States	6	0
Canada	3	3
Bahamas	2	4
Chinese Taipei	1	5

Details

Each team played two games per day for three days, followed by a championship game between the top two teams in the standing.

Thursday, July 30, 1981:

Canada 4, Bahamas 3
United States 1, Chinese Taipei 0
United States 4, Bahamas ?
Chinese Taipei d. Canada

Friday, July 31, 1981:

Bahamas 5, Chinese Taipei 2
United States 3, Canada 0
Canada 2, Bahamas 1
United States 2, Chinese Taipei 0

Saturday, August 1, 1981:

Canada 2, Chinese Taipei 1
United States d. Bahamas
United States 8, Canada 0
Bahamas d. Chinese Taipei

Sunday, August 2, 1981:

Championship game -- United States 3, Canada 0 (perfect game by Arendsen)

Men

Medalists

Gold	Silver	Bronze
United States II Ray Allena Rich Balswick Peter Brown Wes Crandell       D'Arcy Bobby Dallas Jim Marsh Zeke McDowell Mike Nevin Mike Parnow Dallas Roundtree J. Topolweski others . . . . . . . . .	United States I       Batt Mike Bishop Dick Brubaker Mark Lee Dennis Mackinin       Moore Bill Stewart Tim Sullivan Greg Vangaver others . . . . . . . . . . . .	Canada       Boland Serse Bourque       Boyroye       Cooke       Gosselin       Guenter       Healy       Henderson       Hunt       Kernagham       Putnam others . . . . . . . . . .

Standing

Round-robin phase:

Team	W	L	RS	RA
United States I	5	1
United States II	4	2
Canada	3	3
Bahamas	0	6

Details

Each team played two games per day for three days, followed by a championship game between the top two teams in the standing.

Thursday, July 30, 1981:

United States II 3, Bahamas 0
United States I 2, Canada 1
United States I 8, Bahamas 0
United States II vs. Canada

Friday, July 31, 1981:

Canada 4, Bahamas 3 (9 inn.)
United States I 3, United States II 1
United States II 3, Bahamas 1
United States I 4, Canada 3 (10 inn.)

Saturday, August 1, 1981:

United States I 5, Bahamas 1
United States II vs. Canada
United States II 3, United States I 1
Canada d. Bahamas

Note: Canada and United States II split the two games between them.

Sunday, August 2, 1981:

Championship game -- United States II 3, United States I 0

Tug of War

Men

-640 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	England	Switzerland (SUI)	Netherlands (NED)

-720 kg

This is a discontinued event.

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Switzerland (SUI)	Netherlands (NED)	England

casting

Men

Fly Skish Accuracy

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Harald Mæhle (NOR)	Chris Korich (USA)	Erwin Meindl (AUT)

Spinning Accuracy Arenberg Target

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Guido Vinck (BEL)	Harald Mæhle (NOR)	Steve Rajeff (USA)

Spinning Accuracy Skish

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Øyvind Førland (NOR)	Tom Martens (NED)	Helmut Hochwartner (AUT)

Fly Distance Single Handed

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Steve Rajeff (USA)	Martin Hayes (AUS)	Øyvind Førland (NOR)

Fly Distance Double Handed

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Steve Rajeff (USA)	Chris Korich (USA)	Øyvind Førland (NOR)

Spinning Distance Single Handed

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Ernst Rohatsch (AUT)	Peter Kläusler (SUI)	Steve Rajeff (USA)

Spinning Distance Double Handed

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Chris Korich (USA)	Helmut Hochwartner (AUT)	Kevin Carriero (USA)

Multiplier Accuracy

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Øyvind Førland (NOR)	Chris Korich (USA)	Zack Willson (USA)

Multiplier Distance Single Handed

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Steve Rajeff (USA)	Chris Korich (USA)	Zack Willson (USA)

Multiplier Distance Double Handed

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Chris Korich (USA)	Art Walker (CAN)	Keith Pryor (USA)

All-round (Combination #1-10)

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Steve Rajeff (USA)	Chris Korich (USA)	Tim Rajeff (USA)

artistic skating

Men

Free Skating

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Mike Glatz (USA)	Rick Elsworth (USA)	Michele Biserni (ITA)

Women

Free Skating

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Anna Conklin (USA)	Elena Bonati (ITA)	Tina Kneisley (USA)

Mixed

Pairs

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	United States (USA) Tina Kneisley Paul Price	United States (USA) Ann Green Rick Elsworth	Canada (CAN) Sylvia Gingras Guy Aubin

Dance

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	United States (USA) Holly Valente William Richardson	United States (USA) Cindy Smith Mark Howard	Great Britain (GBR) Kim Geoghegan Eamon Geoghegan

roller hockey

Roller Skating Hockey= Italy 4, Chile 3; Argentina 6, Brazil 2; U.S. 2, Portugal 2.

Men

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Portugal (POR)	United States (USA)	Argentina (ARG)

water polo

Women's Water Polo= United States No. 1 9, Canada 6; Netherlands 22, United States No. 2. 3.

The United States No. 1 women's water polo team beat Canada, 9-6, while the Netherlands beat the United States No. 2 team, 22-3. The American No. 1 team meets the Dutch Monday to decide the gold medal.

The Netherlands, with Ria Roos scoring four goals, buried the United States 13-7 Monday night to win the women's water polo gold medal at World Games I and Canada defeated the U.S. No. 2 team 11-3 to take the bronze.

Women

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Netherlands (NED)	United States (USA) I	Canada (CAN)

Bodybuilding

Men

- 65 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Renato Bertagna (ITA)	Esmat Sadek (EGY)	Joe Disinti (USA)

- 70 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	James Youngblood (USA)	Billy Knight (AUS)	Erwin Note (BEL)

- 80 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Jacques Neuville (FRA)	Jesse Gautreaux (USA)	Keijo Reiman (FIN)

+ 80 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	John Kemper (USA)	Wayne Robins (CAN)	Ahmed el-Sayed Ibrahim (EGY)

Women

- 52 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Pam Brooks (USA)	Josée Baumgartner (FRA)	Christine Reed (USA)

+ 52 kg

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1981 Santa Clara	Kike Elomaa (FIN)	Gail Schroeter (USA)	Deborah Diana (USA)

redirect

WP:Redirect#Reasons for not deleting

Map

Santa Clara

class=notpageimage|

Location of Santa Clara, the host city.

victims

Victims	Allan Myers	Zachary Konstas	Aaron Fisher	Dustin Struble	Michal Kajak	Jason Simcisko	Brett Houtz	Sebastian Paden	Ryan Rittmeyer	Matt Sandusky
Year of birth	1987	1985 or 1986	1994 or 1995	1984	1988	1987	1983	1993	1988	1978
Did victim ever mention abuse to anyone else?	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Period of alleged abuse	included 2001 locker room shower incident, when he was almost 14	1998 and later	2003 - 2008 (overlapped Paden 2005-2008)		occurred fall 1998 (before he met Sandusky); then changed to August 2001; then changed to on the campus in 2002 (while Sandusky was complying with PSU ban)			2005 - 2008 (overlapped Fisher)	1997, 1998, part of 1999	started 1986
No. of alleged incidents			100 times on voluntary overnight visits to Sandusky's house			20 overnight voluntary visits to Sandusky's house; later at trial said it was 50 times	at least 50 times on voluntary visits to Sandusky's house	up to 150 times on voluntary visits to Sandusky's house; kids that usually played in the basement were never there each time	over 40 times in showers, saunas and hotel rooms, once or twice a month
Other contacts with Sandusky	cordially fraternized with Sandusky during and after period of alleged abuse; had dinner with Konstas and Jerry and Dottie Sandusky in July 2011	cordially fraternized with Sandusky during and after period of alleged abuse; after 1998, kept visiting and going to football games with Sandusky for 12 years; sent messages to Sandusky in 2009 wishing him Happy Fathers' Day and Happy Thanksgiving ("I'm glad God has placed you in my life. Ur an awesome friend"); had dinner with Myers and Jerry and Dottie Sandusky in July 2011	friendly association with Sandusky throughout 2003 - 2008	cordially fraternized with Sandusky during and after period of alleged abuse; wrote in a 2004 scholarship application, "Jerry Sandusky, he has helped me understand so much about myself. He is such a kind and caring gentleman, and I will never forget him."; attended Sandusky's tailgate parties at football games from age 12 to age 25	cordially fraternized with Sandusky during and after period of alleged abuse	cordially fraternized with Sandusky during and after period of alleged abuse	cordially fraternized with Sandusky in later years, including bringing 3-year-old son and girl friend for visit with Sandusky in 2010	cordially fraternized with Sandusky during and after period of alleged abuse		father-son relationship; in 1998 he told Sports Illustrated Sandusky gave him "a father figure he never had. I have no idea where I'd be without him and Mom. I don't even want to think about it. And they've helped so many kids besides me."
Underwent repressed memory therapy?	?	?	yes (by Mike Gillum, who sat in on all investigatory interviews after the first); took Gillum 7 months to get Fisher to say Sandusky forced oral sex on him; Fisher later said, "It wasn't until I was 15 and started seeing Mike that I realized the horror."	yes (beginning in or after April 2011); when asked why he had not disclosed the alleged events in earlier testimony, said "The doorway that I had closed has since been reopening more."	?	yes; "I tried to block this out of my brain for years."	yes, by Mike Gillum (after hiring attorney); "I have spent, you know, so many years burying this in the back of my mind forever."	?	?	yes; told police that a recollection of assaults was beginning to take shape in his mind; said "My child self was holding onto what happened to me."
Initial statements to investigators	denied anything sexual occurred; his recollection of the 2001 locker room incident matched Sandusky's (towel snapping, slap boxing); said police tried to bully him into alleging molestation by Sandusky	Police found no incriminating evidence in 1998; told mother and police that 1998 incident was harmless horseplay	was reluctant to accuse Sandusky; said both were fully clothed at all times; investigators sent him to Mike Gillum		said nothing to investigators for months after the story broke in the media	July 2011 police interview: "I don't believe any of this stuff is true, and I hope that he's (Sandusky) found not guilty."	had the only tape-recorded police interview of all Second Mile participants; refused to enter charges up to and after the time he had an attorney; had to be coaxed before saying he had oral sex	said Sandusky had done nothing sexual to him
Grand jury testimony			first appearance: retracted that Sandusky had forced oral sex on him; tried to back out of third appearance	April 11, 2011: said as far as he (Struble) could recall, Sandusky never touched him inappropriately						testified to grand jury Sandusky never molested him
Timing / circumstances of accusation	recognized himself as the boy in the grand jury summary; intended to testify on behalf of Sandusky, then became accuser before trial	became accuser just before trial, after psychotherapy	became accuser before trial	became an accuser after he had repressed memory therapy	became accuser on June 7, 2011	became an accuser after he had repressed memory therapy	biological father contacted him in 2011 after story broke to suggest a lawyer; Houtz wanted nothing to do with the case; became accuser upon reconsidering his initial refusal	Nov 5, 2001: his mother had her son's school call prosecution hotline, unbeknown to her son	became accuser when calling prosecution hotline; neither Jerry or Dottie Sandusky could recall ever meeting him	intended to testify in favor of his adoptive father; became accuser in middle of trial after Houtz's testimony
Attorney / contingency fee basis?	Andrew Shubin / yes			Andrew Shubin / yes		Andrew Shubin / yes (August 2011)	Benjamin Andreozzi / yes			Andrew Shubin / yes
Other	before the story went public in May 2011, wrote letter defending Sandusky's character; Sandusky was acquitted of charges in the 2001 locker room incident; Myers pursued claim outside of court	friend of Kajak and Struble	set events in motion in Nov 2008 by telling mother he resented Sandusky's staying in supportive contact after Fisher dropped out of Second Mile; told mother Sandusky had never molested him; according to neighbor, mother said, "I'm going to get a lawyer and make a million dollars off Jerry Sandusky," and "I'm going to own the motherfucker's house."	friend of Kajak and Konstas	friend of Struble and Konstas	told police, "I just always took it that he was trying to make sure I kept out of trouble."	testified he played basketball or racquetball with Sandusky nearly every evening during the 1997 football season and preseason; said Sandusky bought him cigarettes, took him to a drug dealer, and let him smoke pot in his car; Houtz was described as habitual liar and manipulator	testified that Sandusky locked him in basement (lock was on inside) and assaulted him for 3 days; thus, Dottie on the floor above allegedly ignored his loud screams	jailed in 2004 for burglary and in 2007 for robbery, assault and battery with bodily injury	returned to live for a year with Jerry and Dottie Sandusky after his divorce

Non-varsity champions in NCAA sports

Men's teams

Golf

National College Club Golf Association (NCCGA)

The NCCGA hosts two tournaments. The National Championship & The National Invitational.

National Championship

Semester & Year	Team
Spring 2011	East Carolina
Fall 2011	East Carolina
Spring 2012	East Tennessee State
Fall 2012	East Carolina
Spring 2013	East Tennessee State
Fall 2013	Michigan
Spring 2014	Baylor
Fall 2014	Clemson & Missouri*
Spring 2015	Florida
Fall 2015	Texas
Spring 2016	South Carolina
Fall 2016	Georgia
Spring 2017	Georgia
Fall 2017	Arizona State & Minnesota*
Spring 2018	Grand Canyon

*Co-champions. Tournament was shortened to 18 holes due to bad weather conditions.

National Invitational

Semester & Year	Team
Fall 2017	Clemson
Spring 2017	Miami (OH)

NCAA from 1939.

Baseball

NCAA from 1947.

Basketball

NCAA from 1939.

Cross country

NCAA from 1938.

Fencing

NCAA 1941 – 42 and from 1947.

Sprint Football

Main article: List of Collegiate Sprint Football League champions

Gymnastics

NCAA from 1938.

Ice hockey

NCAA from 1948.

Lacrosse

NCAA from 1971.

Rifle

NCAA from 1980.

Skiing

NCAA from 1954.

Soccer

NCAA from 1959.

Tennis

NCAA from 1946.

Track and field (indoor)

NCAA from 1965.

Track and field (outdoor)

NCAA from 1921.

Volleyball

NCAA from 1970

Water polo

NCAA from 1969.

Wrestling

NCAA from 1928.

Women's teams

Basketball

NCAA from 1981.

Beach volleyball

NCAA from 2016

Bowling

NCAA from 2004

Cross country

NCAA from 1981.

Fencing

NCAA from 1981.

Field hockey

NCAA from 1982.

Golf

NCAA from 1982.

Gymnastics

NCAA from 1981.

Ice hockey

NCAA from 2001

Lacrosse

NCAA from 1982.

Rowing

NCAA from 1997, in which women currently compete in a Varsity 8, a Second Varsity 8, and a Varsity Four.

Skiing

NCAA from 1982.

Soccer

NCAA from 1982.

Softball

NCAA from 1982.

Swimming & diving

NCAA from 1981.

Tennis

NCAA from 1982.

Track and field (outdoor)

NCAA from 1982.

Track and field (indoor)

NCAA from 1981.

Volleyball

NCAA from 1981.

Water polo

NCAA from 2001

Volleyball coaches

|14*||Rick Squiers|| 29||922 ||158 ||0|| .854 || Hastings (1993–1998), Nebraska–Kearney (1999–present) |- align="center"

|24*||Kandis Schram|| 36|| 828|| 431||0|| .658 || Maryville (TN) (1986–present) |- align="center"

|26||Marlene Piper|| 32|| 815|| 327||4|| .713 || Portland State (1969–1983), California (1984–1987), UC–Davis (1988–1993), Willamette (1994–2001) |- align="center"

|30*||Jennifer McDowell|| 25||803 ||175 ||0|| .821 || Emory (1996–present) |- align="center"

|31*||Barry Goldberg|| 33|| 797|| 296||0|| .729 ||American (1989–present) |- align="center"

|32*||John Cook||29 ||791 || 165||0|| .827 || Wisconsin (1992–1998), Nebraska (2000–present) |- align="center"

|36||Rosie Wegrich|| 44||780 || 592||10|| .568 || Minnesota (1975–1976), Arizona (1977–1991), Cal Poly–Pomona (1992–2018) |- align="center"

|37*||Mark Birtwistle|| 31|| 777|| 256||0|| .752 || Eastern (1990–present) |- align="center"

|38*||Carolyn Condit|| 42|| 769|| 587||0|| .567 || Xavier (1980–1983), Miami (Ohio) (1984–present) |- align="center"

|39*||Debbie Humphreys|| 34|| 767|| 357||0|| .682 || Stephen F. Austin (1988–present) |- align="center"

CFDW

here (section called "status of CFBDW section")

Socklinks

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