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User:Jberendt/sandbox

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Summary of characteristics of target article edit

To write or contribute to an article of at least a B class, the article needs to have substantial amount of reputable information with content that is appropriate for the topic. Other good characteristics of a B class article would include imaging with captions and proper references and citations for all material included.

The article could be improved upon to be a GA or "good article" class if the content and style were addressed and improved upon as well as apply even more knowledge with proper references and citations. It could include more visuals such as diagrams, graphs, pictures all with descriptive captions and should possess no obvious problems. A GA article possesses quality high enough to almost be compared to a professional encyclopedia.

Reference: Wikipedia Article Assessment Video, Wikipedia: Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment


Unit 5: New Insights in the Genetics of Patients with Breast Cancer edit

Breast cancer research has made new discoveries providing insight into the genetics of cancer development. Studies have shown that women with metastic breast cancer prominently have methylated DNA[1]. The methylation of DNA prohibits the PKD1 protein-encoding PRKD1. PKD1 has shown to be directly related to tumor aggressiveness and may block the spreading and progression of tumors[1] . Another area of research ongoing that may have insight to the development of breast cancer deals with telomere fusion and maintenance. Genomic instability has been linked with telomere dysfunction[2]. Telomeres in normal cells are maintained by telomere-associated proteins and telomerase activity in order to distinguish and protect them from being recognized as a double-stranded break[2] . Low maintenance leads to telomere fusion and loss of telomere function which has shown to be a contributing factor in cancer development[2] .

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Hampton, T (2013 Feb 6). "Genetic studies provide new insights into breast cancer biology and treatment". JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association. 309 (5): 427–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.196394. PMID 23385246. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Tanaka, H.; Abe, S.; Huda, N.; Tu, L.; Beam, M. J.; Grimes, B.; Gilley, D. (2012 Aug 28). "Telomere fusions in early human breast carcinoma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (35): 14098–103. doi:10.1073/pnas.1120062109. PMC 3435165. PMID 22891313. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Fluorescent Tag Outline edit

  • The history of fluorescent tagging and how it was invented[1][2]
    • Radiotopic labeling used, but not very safe (radioactive effected molecule that needed to be observed itself)[3] .
    • 1994 introductory of selective, genetic protein tags [4]
  • Methods/Types of tagging
    • isotope markers[5], or radioactive tracers[5]
    • colorimetric biosensors[5]
      • a thermistor is placed at the beginning of a reaction and end, and the enthalpy change is measured. the environment and reaction is sufficiently small that a large percentage of the heat can be assumed to directly relate to the reaction alone[6] .
    • photoswitchable, which is a type of photochromic compound[5]
      • An example[7]: reversible photoswitchable fluorescent proteins
      • another example[8][9] : PS-CFP2 and Dendra2 are fluorescent before photoactivation, but switch to red after photoactivation
    • biomaterials
      • peptide labels that affect signaling pathways, mimic or alter natural peptides in the body.
      • ex: BMP-2 - initiates osteogenic activity, but large dosages can create osteosis in unnatural areas. A protein linker is tagged to a material like collagen, which allows for BMP-2 to remain on the site of activity for a longer time, and therefore require less dosage[10] .
    • electrochemical sensors
      • react with a gas to produce signal of concentration level[11]
    • fluorescent labels
      • extra-sensitivity and non-destructivity makes this the best option for tagging[5]
      • example: synthetic fluorescent proteins[12]
      • GFP proteins used to determine proteins of interest[12]
        • useful in that it and variants such as YFP, BFP, CFP do not loose their ability to fold into their beta-barrel conformation when fused to another protein[13].
      • use metal-chelation and fluorophore metal complexes
  • Fluorescent labeling Techniques and chemistry (differences by method, and common sources one would use to perform this technique in the lab)
    • enzymatic labeling[5]
    • chemical labeling[5]
    • protein tag[5]
    • genetic labeling[5]
      • FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)[14]
  • Latest discoveries utilizing fluorescent tagging
    • Tagging biomolecules[15]
  • When fluorescent tagging would be useful vs other methods
    • helpful for visualizing function and conditions of molecules[5]
    • Advantages and disadvantages[16]

Reference edit

  1. ^ "www.tsienlab.ucsd.edu" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Green Fluorescent Protein - GFP History - Osamu Shimomura".
  3. ^ Gwynne and Page, Peter and Guy. "Laboratory Technology Trends: Fluorescence + Labeling". Science. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  4. ^ Jing, C.; Cornish, V. W. (2011). "Chemical Tags for Labeling Proteins Inside Living Cells". Accounts of Chemical Research. 44 (9): 784–792. doi:10.1021/ar200099f. PMC 3232020. PMID 21879706.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sahoo, Harekrushna (1 January 2012). "Fluorescent labeling techniques in biomolecules: a flashback". RSC Advances. 2 (18): 7017–7029. doi:10.1039/C2RA20389H. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  6. ^ Chaplin, Martin. "Calorimetric biosensors". Enzyme Technology. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  7. ^ Lummer M, Humpert F, Wiedenlüebbert M, Sauer M, Schüettpelz M, Staiger D (February 2013). "A new set of reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins for use in transgenic plants". Mol Plant. 6 (5): 1518–1530. doi:10.1093/mp/sst040. PMID 23434876.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Chudakov DM, Lukyanov S, Lukyanov KA (2007). "Tracking intracellular protein movements using photoswitchable fluorescent proteins PS-CFP2 and Dendra2". Nat Protoc. 2 (8): 2024–32. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.291. PMID 17703215.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Dendra2—Photoswitchable Fluorescent Protein". Clontech. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  10. ^ Gron, Hanne. "Recombinant expression of a biomaterial-targeting BMP-2 containing a peptide tag". Department of Health and Human Services. Small Business Innovation Research/Small Business Technology Transfer. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  11. ^ "Electrochemical Sensors" (PDF). Chapter 2. International Sensor Technology. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  12. ^ a b Jung D, Min K, Jung J, Jang W, Kwon Y (January 2013). "Chemical biology-based approaches on fluorescent labeling of proteins in live cells". Mol Biosyst. 9 (5): 862–872. doi:10.1039/c2mb25422k. PMID 23318293.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Cox, Michael; Nelson, David R.; Lehninger, Albert L (2008). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-7108-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Matthew P Scott; Lodish, Harvey F.; Arnold Berk; Kaiser, Chris; Monty Krieger; Anthony Bretscher; Hidde Ploegh; Angelika Amon (2012). Molecular Cell Biology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-4292-3413-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Chattopadhaya S, Abu Bakar FB, Yao SQ (2009). "Expanding the chemical biologist's tool kit: chemical labelling strategies and its applications". Curr. Med. Chem. 16 (34): 4527–43. doi:10.2174/092986709789760706. PMID 19903152.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Wombacher R, Cornish VW (June 2011). "Chemical tags: applications in live cell fluorescence imaging". J Biophotonics. 4 (6): 391–402. doi:10.1002/jbio.201100018. PMID 21567974.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Images edit

Wikimedia Commons Images

FISH

GFP

 
GFP structure
 
FISH 13 21
 
Aequorea victoria
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