User:Jamsohannson5/sandbox

Jamsohannson5/sandbox

President Clinton prepares to deliver the speech announcing his resignation.
Date	July 15, 1998 (1998-07-15)
Time	12:01 pm (Eastern Time, UTC-07:00)
Duration	32 minutes
Venue	Oval Office
Location	Washington, D.C.
Cause	Monica Lewinsky Scandal
Participants	Bill Clinton

Assassination of Howard Dean
Former Governor Dean at a campaign rally minutes before his assassination in Detroit
Location	Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Date	October 27, 2010 (2010-10-27) 5:31 P.M (CST)
Target	Howard Dean
Weapons	Smith & Weston M&P15 Sport III semi automatic rifle
Deaths	Howard Dean
Injured	Faron K. Paramore
Perpetrator	Adam Fox
Charges	Murder(1 counts) and Assault with a deadly weapon (2 Counts)

Failed Killing of Osama bin Laden

Part of the War on terror
Osama bin Laden's compound
Map of Operation Neptune Spear showing the locations of U.S. bases in Afghanistan and the approximate flight path to and from the compound in Pakistan
Date	October 28, 2012; 12 years ago
Location	Osama bin Laden's compound in Bilal Town, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Also known as	Operation Neptune Spear
Participants	Central Intelligence Agency Special Activities Division U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 4
Outcome	Osama bin Laden's escape from U.S. forces, multiple U.S Deaths.
Deaths	Khalid bin Laden (23) Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti (33) Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti's brother Abrar (30) Bushra, Abrar's wife (age unknown) Multiple U.S. Soldiers

Jamsohannson5/sandbox
Members of House of Representatives vote on one article of impeachment
Accused	President Eliot Spitzer
Proponents	Roy Blunt (Speaker of the House of Representatives) Paul Ryan (Chair of the House Judiciary Committee)
Date	December 1st, 2013 ⁠–⁠ January 22nd, 2014 (1 month and 3 weeks)
Outcome	Acquitted by the U.S. Senate, remained in the office of President of the United States
Charges	Crimes of Moral Turpitude
Cause	Eliot Spitzer Prostitution Scandal|Allegations that Spitzer unlawfully solicited Prostitutes
Congressional votes
Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives
Accusation	Crimes of Moral Turpitude
Votes in favor	354
Votes against	244
Present	0
Not voting	0
Result	Approved
Voting in the U.S. Senate
Accusation	Article I – Crimes of Moral Turpitude
Votes in favor	66 "guilty"
Votes against	36 "not guilty"
Result	Acquitted (69 "guilty" votes necessary for a conviction)

Jamsohannson5/sandbox

January 16, 1939 (1939-01-16)
Are you in favour of abolishing the Canadian monarchy?
Results
Choice Votes % Yes 1,993,334 49.99% No 1,993,798 50.01% Valid votes 3,987,132 97.53% Invalid or blank votes 101,028 2.47% Total votes 4,088,160 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 5,826,732 70.16%
Results by province and territory Yes   50–59%   60–69%   70–79% No   50–59%   60–69%   70–79%

Jamsohannson5/sandbox
La Follette in 1924
30th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1925 – June 18, 1925
Vice President	Burton K. Wheeler
Preceded by	Warren G. Harding
Succeeded by	Burton K. Wheeler
United States Senator from Wisconsin
In office January 4, 1906 – March 2, 1925
Preceded by	Joseph V. Quarles
Succeeded by	Robert M. La Follette Jr.
20th Governor of Wisconsin
In office January 7, 1901 – January 1, 1906
Lieutenant	Jesse Stone James O. Davidson
Preceded by	Edward Scofield
Succeeded by	James O. Davidson
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wisconsin's 3rd district
In office March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1891
Preceded by	Burr W. Jones
Succeeded by	Allen R. Bushnell
Personal details
Born	Robert Marion La Follette (1855-06-14)June 14, 1855 Primrose, Wisconsin, U.S.
Died	June 18, 1925(1925-06-18) (aged 70) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place	Forest Hill Cemetery
Political party	Republican
Other political affiliations	Progressive (1924)
Spouse	Belle Case
Children	4, including Robert Jr., Philip, and Fola
Education	University of Wisconsin–Madison (BS)
Signature

Theodore Roosevelt Jr.
Roosevelt, c. 1921
34th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1933 – June 12, 1943
Vice President	Hiram Johnson (1933–1941) Ellis Arnall (1941–1943)
Preceded by	Cordell Hull
Succeeded by	Ellis Arnall
43rd Governor of New York
In office January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1932
Preceded by	Al Smith
Succeeded by	Louis Waldman
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
In office March 10, 1921 – January 13th, 1922
President	Warren G. Harding
Preceded by	Gordon Woodbury
Succeeded by	Theodore Douglas Robinson
Member of the New York State Assembly from the 2nd district
In office 1920–1921
Preceded by	Franklin A. Coles
Succeeded by	Frederick Trubee Davison
Personal details
Born	Theodore Roosevelt III (1887-09-13)September 13, 1887 Oyster Bay, New York, U.S.
Died	July 12, 1943(1943-07-12) (aged 55) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place	Arlington National Cemetery
Political party	Republican (1909–1926) Progressive (1926-1943)
Spouse	Eleanor Butler Alexander ​ ​ (m. 1910)​
Children	Grace Theodore IV Cornelius Quentin
Parent(s)	Theodore Roosevelt Edith Roosevelt
Relatives	Roosevelt family
Alma mater	Harvard College
Profession	Politician military officer banker
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch	United States Army
Years of service	1917–1919
Rank	Lieutenant Colonel
Unit	1st Infantry Division
Commands	1st Battalion, 26th Infantry
Campaigns	World War I Aisne (WIA) Aisne-Marne St. Mihiel Meuse-Argonne Defensive Sector
Awards	Distinguished Service Cross Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star (2) Legion of Merit Purple Heart Legion of Honor Croix de Guerre See more

1957 Capitol Building Bombing
Part of domestic terrorism in the United States
The U.S. Capitol Building shortly before the explosion
Location	U.S. Capitol Building Washington D.C, United States.
Coordinates	38°53′23″N 77°00′33″W
Date	June 13, 1957 (1957-06-13) 4:31 p.m. (UTC−05:00)
Target	The U.S Government Executive Branch, President Wayne Morse and Supreme court nominee Thurgood Marshall
Attack type	Homemade Improvised Explosives Mass Shooting
Deaths	71, Including: President Wayne Morse, Speaker of the House Lee Metcalf, First Lady Mildred Morse and after three days President Hubert Humphrey. Additionally 23 other members of Congress were killed.
Injured	325
Perpetrators	Marvin Stephens, Chase Beckett, and the National Alliance for Purity White Supremacist group.
Motive	Backlash against Civil Rights Legislation, the NAACP v. State of Mississippi Supreme Court decision which ended public school segregation in the United States and the Nomination of Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court

Southern Crisis
Clockwise from top left: From top, left to right: Soldiers in the Streets of Little Rock, Arkansas • The Aftermath of a white supremacist attack in New York • Police breaking up a pro-KKK rally in Charleston, West Virginia • The State Funeral of President Wayne Morse • Aftermath of Car Bombing at Roosevelt Airport, New York
Date June 13, 1957 - Febuary 22, 1958 (254 Days) Location United States of America, New York City, Washington D.C, The Southern States and Other Locations Result Federal Government victory Disbanding of various white supremacist militia groups Arrest of nearly 10,000 alleged perpetrators of various attacks Removal of Mississippi Governor Hugh L. White by the Federal Government Passage of the 1958 Civil Rights act and 1958 Voting Rights Act Acceleration of De-segregation in the American south
Participants
Federal and State Governments	Various white supremacist and southern nationalist groups
Commanders and leaders
Main Federal leaders: Huey P. Long Arthur W. Radford Clyde Tolson	Main Terrorist leaders: D.C Stephenson Richard Barrett Eldon Edwards
Casualties and losses
Civilian Casualties: 5,283 Military Casualties 1,245 Police Casualties 2,176 Total Casualties 8,704 ...further details	KKK Casualties: 12,397 Southern Front Causualties 4,924 Other Casualties 2,284 Total Causalties 19,605 ...further details

Civil Rights Act of 1958

Long title	An Act to provide means of further securing and protecting the civil rights of persons within the jurisdiction of the United States additionally to enforce the fifteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.
Enacted by	the 85th United States Congress
Effective	August 12, 1958
Citations
Public law	87-321
Statutes at Large	89 Stat. 649
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 7293 by Eugene McCarthy (P-MN) on March 13, 1958 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on July 17, 1958 (316-119) Passed the Senate on August 10, 1958 (77–23) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on August 27, 1957 (324–111) with further amendment Senate agreed to House amendment on August 29, 1957 (78-22)
Major amendments
Civil Rights Act of 1963 Civil Rights Act of 1967
United States Supreme Court cases
See § United States Supreme Court cases

Wendell Willkie
Willkie in 1940
33th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1941 – June 2, 1944
Vice President	Alf Landon
Preceded by	Huey Long
Succeeded by	Alf Landon
Personal details
Born	Lewis Wendell Willkie (1892-02-18)February 18, 1892 Elwood, Indiana, United States
Died	June 2, 1944(1944-06-02) (aged 52) Washington D.C, United States
Resting place	Arlington National Cemetery
Political party	Democratic (until 1932) Republican (from 1932)
Spouse	Edith Willkie ​ (m. 1918)​
Children	Philip
Education	Indiana University, Bloomington (BA, LLB)
Signature

Huey Long
39th President of the United States
In office June 16, 1957 – December 25, 1963
Vice President	None (1957–1961) Quentin Burdick (1961–1963)
Preceded by	Hubert Humphrey
Succeeded by	Quentin Burdick
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office January 20, 1955 – June 16, 1957
Preceded by	Walter F. George
Succeeded by	Warren Magnuson
United States Senator from Louisiana
In office January 25, 1932 – June 16, 1957
Preceded by	Joseph E. Ransdell
Succeeded by	Russell B. Long
40th Governor of Louisiana
In office May 21, 1928 – January 25, 1932
Lieutenant	Paul N. Cyr Alvin King
Preceded by	Oramel H. Simpson
Succeeded by	Alvin King
Personal details
Born	(1893-08-30)August 30, 1893 Winnfield, Louisiana, U.S.
Died	December 25, 1963(1963-12-25) (aged 70) Camp David, Maryland, U.S.
Cause of death	Heart Attack
Resting place	Huey P. Long National Memorial
Political party	Democratic (1917–1933) Progressive (1933-1963)
Spouse	Rose McConnell ​ (m. 1913)​
Children	3; including Russell
Relatives	Long family
Signature

Military deaths in Vietnam War (1955–1981)

Year	U.S.	South Vietnam
1956–1959	4	n.a.
1960	5	2,223
1961	16	4,004
1962	53	4,457
1963	122	5,665
1964	216	7,457
1965	1,928	11,242
1966	6,350	11,953
1967	11,363	12,716
1968	16,899	27,915
1969	8,738	25,385
1970	3,726	29,837
1971	904	24,105
1972	297	45,596
1973	4	32,811
1974	n.a.	25,056
1975	5,837	48,736
1976	13,839	45,164
1977	15,883	42,983
1978	9,629	46,517
1979	8,034	45,467
1980	11,292	40,184
1981	1,083	64,837
After 1981	13	n.a.
Total	116,235	604,310

George A. Sutherland
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
In office October 2, 1922 – January 17, 1938
Nominated by	Warren G. Harding
Preceded by	John Hessin Clarke
Succeeded by	Stanley Forman Reed
United States Senator from Utah
In office March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1917
Preceded by	Thomas Kearns
Succeeded by	William King
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Utah's at-large district
In office March 4, 1901 – March 3, 1903
Preceded by	William King
Succeeded by	Joseph Howell
Personal details
Born	George Alexander Sutherland (1862-03-25)March 25, 1862 Stony Stratford, Buckinghamshire, England
Political party	Liberal (1883–1896) Republican (1896–1942)
Spouse	Rosamond Lee ​ (m. 1883)​
Children	3
Education	Brigham Young University (BA) University of Michigan
Signature
Disappeared	January 7, 1938 (aged 75) Newton County, Mississippi, U.S.
Status	Declared dead in absentia

Executive Order 8001

Executive Order to abolish discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in the United States Armed Forces
Type	Executive order
Executive Order number	8001
Signed by	Wendell L. Willkie on March 10, 1941 (1941-03-10)
Summary
Forbade discrimination based on race in the armed forces. Ordered all military units to begin the process of desegregation with no delay.

Declaration of state of war with Japan

Long title	"Joint Resolution Declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial Government of Japan and the Government and the people of the United States and making provisions to prosecute the same."
Enacted by	the 77th United States Congress
Effective	December 9, 1941
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 77–328
Statutes at Large	55 Stat. 795
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S.J.Res.111 Passed the Senate on 8 December 1941 (86-0) Passed the House on 8 December 1941 (393-0) Signed into law by President Wendell L. Willkie on 9 December 1941

Declaration of state of war with Germany

Long title	"Joint Resolution Declaring that a state of war exists between the Government of Germany and the Government and the people of the United States and making provisions to prosecute the same."
Enacted by	the 77th United States Congress
Effective	December 9, 1941
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 77–333
Statutes at Large	55 Stat. 796
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S.J.Res.112 Passed the Senate on 8 December 1941 (90-0) Passed the House on 10 December 1941 (401-0) Signed into law by President Wendell L. Willkie on 11 December 1941

Lend-Lease Act

Other short titles	An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States
Long title	An Act further to promote the defense of the United States, and for other purposes.
Nicknames	Lend-Lease
Enacted by	the 77th United States Congress
Effective	May 2, 1941
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 77–32
Statutes at Large	54 Stat. 31
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 1892 by Warren Magnuson (P–WA) on February 10, 1941 Committee consideration by House Committee on Foreign Affairs Passed the House on April 13, 1941 (221-209) Passed the Senate on May 1, 1941 (49-48) Signed into law by President Wendell L. Willkie on May 2, 1941

Judicial Reform Act of 1949

Other short titles	An Act to Restore the Judicial Branch of the United States.
Long title	An Act to Restore the Judicial Branch of the United States by expanding the Supreme Court to a number of judges suited for modern times.
Enacted by	the 81st United States Congress
Effective	March 15, 1949
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 51–23
Statutes at Large	16 Stat. 44
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 3453 by Mike Mansfield (P–MT) on January 29, 1949 Committee consideration by House Judiciary Committee Passed the House on February 11, 1949 (288-112) Passed the Senate on March 12, 1949 (68-27) Signed into law by President Wayne Morse on March 15, 1949

Public Power Restoration Act of 1949

Other short titles	An Act to provide low-cost electricity to the people of the United States.
Long title	An Act to provide low-cost electricity to the people of the United States, create infrastructure for the people of the United States, and provide economic relief to the people of the United States.
Enacted by	the 81st United States Congress
Effective	May 1, 1949
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 73–18
Statutes at Large	48 Stat. 58
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 4001 by Leland Olds (P–NY) on February 14, 1949 Committee consideration by House Committe on Public Works Passed the House on March 11, 1949 (251-153) Passed the Senate on April 21, 1949 (65-31) Signed into law by President Wayne Morse on May 1, 1949

Disappearance

Sutherland disappeared on January 7, 1938. In the decades since his disappearance, many conspiracy theories surrounding Sutherland's disappearance have gained prominence. Most are centered around the President at the time, Huey Long of Louisiana. Sutherland's opposition to Long's policies, particularly his opinion in State of Vermont v. United States earned him the enmity of Long.

The details of the disappearance itself are incredibly vague. Sutherland was last seen in Decatur Mississppi. One witness, a local shop-owner named Frank Dawes claims to have seen the Justice alone near the outskirts of town on the 7th. Dawes would give his statement to FBI investigators on February 3rd, 1938. After giving his statement Dawes too would disappear, his disappearance is likewise completely unsolved.

An FBI investigation (which remained classified until 2001), found nothing to determine where Sutherland had gone, besides the statement from Dawes. Despite several additional investigations in decades since the disappearances of Dawes and Sutherland, the bodies have never been discovered.

Contemporary newspapers rarely mentioned Long in relation to the disappearances, but in decades since historical analysis of Long's presidential papers has shown the hatred Long felt towards the members of the Supreme Court, especially Sutherland. Despite many theories, no evidence of Long's involvement has ever been revealed, and the case remains unresolved.

World War II
From top to bottom, left to right: German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front, 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign, 1941 U.S. atomic bombing of Kokura in Japan, 1946 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad, 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin, 1945 U.S. warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines, 1945
Date 1 September 1939 – 17 August 1946 (6 years, 350 days) Location Major theaters: Europe Pacific Atlantic Indian Ocean South-East Asia China Japan Middle East Mediterranean North Africa Horn of Africa Central Africa Australia Caribbean North and South America Result Allied victory (see also Aftermath of World War II)
Participants
Allies	Axis
Commanders and leaders
Main Allied leaders: Joseph Stalin Wendell Willkie Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek	Main Axis leaders: Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini
Casualties and losses
Military dead: Over 17,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 45,000,000 Total dead: Over 62,000,000 (1937–1946) ...further details	Military dead: Over 10,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 5,000,000 Total dead: Over 15,000,000 (1937–1946) ...further details

Brown & Root v. Colorado Valley Authority
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued March 2, 1946 Decided May 11, 1946
Full case name	Brown & Root v. Colorado Valley Authority, et al.
Citations	297 U.S. 288 (more) 56 S. Ct. 466; 80 L. Ed. 688
Case history
Prior	Certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, 78 F.2d 578
Holding
Congress did abuse its power by establishing the Colorado Valley Authority, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Mississippi Valley Authority, the Ohio Valley Authority, and the California Valley Authority, Government corporations established to provide public power. These corporations are ordered dissolved.
Court membership
Chief Justice vacant Associate Justices Hugo Black · Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter · William O. Douglas Frank Murphy · Robert H. Jackson Wiley B. Rutledge · Harold H. Burton
Case opinions
Majority	Hughes, joined by Van Devanter, Brandeis, Sutherland, Butler, Stone, Roberts, Cardozo
Concurrence	Brandeis, joined by Stone, Roberts, Cardozo
Concur/dissent	McReynolds

1948

1948 Presidential Polling

1948

Month	Wayne Morse (P) %	Douglas MacArthur (R) %	Unpledged Electors  %
December 1947/January 1948	41%	49%	8%
February/March	43%	48%	7%
April/May	40%	49%	8%
June/July	39%	51%	9%
	40%	52%	7%
August/September	42%	50%	7%
	43%	48%	8%
	42%	47%	7%
	41%	49%	8%
	42%	48%	6%
October	43%	49%	7%
Actual result	48.56%	44.18%	6.23%
Difference between actual result and final poll	+5.56%	-4.82%	-0.77%

Korean War
Part of the Cold War and the Korean conflict
Clockwise from top left: A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded. The Seoul city gate Namdaemun, damaged A U.S. Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar flying near Chungju Korean refugees in front of a U.S. M46 Patton tank US landing at Inchon harbor, starting point of the Battle of Inchon
Date 12 June 1950 – 8 October 1950 (3 months, 3 weeks and 5 days) Location Korean Peninsula, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Korea Strait Result Allied Victory Territorial changes Korean Demilitarized Zone established North Korean invasion fully repulsed, South Korea retains indpendence
Belligerents
South Korea	North Korea
United Nations United States United Kingdom Canada Turkey Australia Philippines New Zealand Thailand Ethiopia Greece France Colombia Belgium South Africa Netherlands Luxembourg Medical support: Sweden India Denmark Norway Italy West Germany Other support: Israel Republic of China Japan Pakistan Uruguay Spain	People's Republic of China Soviet Union (unofficial) Supported by: Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Mongolia Poland Romania
Commanders and leaders
Syngman Rhee Chung Il-kwon Paik Sun-yup Lee Hyung-geun Shin Sung-mo	Kim Il Sung Kim Tu-bong Pak Hon-yong Choe Yong-gon Kim Chaek †
Trygve Lie Dag Hammarskjöld Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower George C. Marshall Robert A. Lovett Douglas MacArthur Matthew Ridgway Mark W. Clark Walton Walker James Van Fleet Clement Attlee Winston Churchill	Mao Zedong Zhou Enlai Peng Dehuai Chen Geng Deng Hua Hong Xuezhi Song Shilun Han Xianchu Joseph Stalin Pavel Zhigarev
Strength
Peak strength (combat troops): 602,902 326,863 14,198 8,123 5,455 2,282 2,274 1,496 1,389 1,271 1,263 1,185 1,068 900 826 819 52 Medical support and others: 346 170 120 109 100 72 Together: 968,302 Total strength (combat troops): 1,789,000 1,300,000 56,000 26,791 21,212 17,164 7,420 6,326 5,322 5,100 4,992 3,794 3,518 3,498 3,421 826 110 Medical support and others: 1,124 630 627 623 189 120 Together: 3,257,797	Peak strength (combat troops): 266,600 1,450,000 26,000 Together: 1,742,000 Total: 2,970,000 72,000 Together: 3,042,000
Casualties and losses
Total civilian deaths: 2–3 million (est.) South Koreans: 990,968 total casualties North Koreans: 1,550,000 total casualties (est.)

NAACP v. State of Louisiana
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued December 13, 1952 Decided March 28, 1953
Full case name	The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, et al. v. State of Louisiana et al.
Citations	347 U.S. 483 (more)
Holding
Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. Eastern District of Louisiana reversed.
Court membership
Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson Associate Justices Hugo Black · Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter · William O. Douglas Robert H. Jackson · Harold H. Burton Tom C. Clark · Sherman Minton
Case opinions
Majority	Warren, joined by Douglas, Bricker, Lindley, Phillips, Olson, Biggs, Woodbury, Frankfurter, O'Dunne
Dissent	Davis, Fournet, Parker
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. XIV
This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) (in part) Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education (1899) Berea College v. Kentucky (1908)

Civil Rights Act of 1954

Long title	An Act to provide means of further securing and protecting the civil rights of persons within the jurisdiction of the United States additionally to enforce the fifteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.
Enacted by	the 83rd United States Congress
Effective	August 1, 1954
Citations
Public law	84-311
Statutes at Large	99 Stat. 623
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 6734 by Helen Gahagan Douglas (P-CA) on September 3, 1953 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on April 4, 1954 (301-132) Passed the Senate on May 13, 1954 (67-29) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on June 3, 1954 (323-104) with further amendment Senate agreed to House amendment on July 15, 1954 (69-20) Signed into law by President Wayne Morse on August 1, 1954
Major amendments
Civil Rights Act of 1956 Civil Rights Act of 1959 Civil Rights Act of 1962 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1999
United States Supreme Court cases
See § United States Supreme Court cases

1955 Capitol Building Bombing
Part of The Southern Crisis
The U.S. Capitol Building shortly before the attack
Location	U.S. Capitol Building Washington D.C, United States.
Coordinates	38°53′23″N 77°00′33″W
Date	June 30, 1955 (1955-06-30) 1:34 p.m. (UTC−05:00)
Target	The U.S Government Executive Branch, President Wayne Morse and Supreme court nominee Thurgood Marshall
Attack type	Homemade Improvised Explosives Mass Shooting
Deaths	104, Including: President Wayne Morse, Speaker of the House Lee Metcalf, First Lady Mildred Morse, and 44 other members of Congress.
Injured	455
Perpetrators	Marvin Stephens, Chase Beckett, the National Alliance for Purity, and the Klu Klux Klan.
Motive	Backlash against Civil Rights Legislation, the NAACP v. State of Louisiana Supreme Court decision which ended public school segregation in the United States and the Nomination of Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court

Lyndon B. Johnson
Johnson in 1955
36th President of the United States
In office June 30, 1955 – July 2, 1955
Vice President	None
Preceded by	Wayne Morse
Succeeded by	Huey Long
36th Vice President of the United States
In office March 4, 1949 – June 30, 1955
President	Wayne Morse
Preceded by	H. Styles Bridges
Succeeded by	Paul Douglas
Senate Majority Leader
In office January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1949
Whip	Hubert Humphrey
Preceded by	George W. Norris
Succeeded by	Robert M. La Follette Jr.
Chair of the Senate Progressive Caucus
In office January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1949
Preceded by	George W. Norris
Succeeded by	Robert M. La Follette Jr.
United States Senator from Texas
In office August 4, 1941 – January 3, 1949
Preceded by	Andrew Jackson Houston
Succeeded by	James Allred
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 10th district
In office April 10, 1937 – August 2, 1941
Preceded by	James P. Buchanan
Succeeded by	Homer Thornberry
Personal details
Born	Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908-08-27)August 27, 1908 Gillespie County, Texas, U.S.
Died	July 2, 1955(1955-07-02) (aged 46) Washington D.C., U.S.
Cause of death	Heart Attack
Resting place	Johnson Family Cemetery
Political party	Progressive
Spouse	Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor ​ ​ (m. 1934)​
Children	Lynda Luci
Parents	Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. Rebekah Baines
Relatives	George Washington Baines (great-grandfather), Philip Bobbitt (nephew)
Education	Southwest Texas State Teachers College (BS) Georgetown University
Occupation	Politician teacher
Awards	Presidential Medal of Freedom (posthumously, 1959)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Navy
Years of service	1940–1942 (inactive) 1942–1955 (reserve)
Rank	Commander

Wayne Morse
35th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1949 – June 30, 1955
Vice President	Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by	Alf Landon
Succeeded by	Lyndon B. Johnson
United States Senator from Oregon
In office January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1949
Preceded by	Rufus C. Holman
Succeeded by	Richard L. Neuberger
Personal details
Born	Wayne Lyman Morse (1900-10-20)October 20, 1900 Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.
Died	June 30, 1955(1955-06-30) (aged 54) Washington D.C., U.S.
Cause of death	Assasination
Political party	Progressive
Spouse	Midge Downie ​ (m. 1924)​
Children	3
Education	University of Wisconsin, Madison (BA, MA) University of Minnesota (LLB) Columbia University (LLM, SJD)
Occupation	Politician professor lawyer
Awards	Presidential Medal of Freedom (posthumously, 1959)
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1923–1929
Rank	Second Lieutenant
Unit	Field Artillery Branch U.S. Army Reserve

Southern Crisis
Clockwise from top left: From top, left to right: Soldiers in the Streets of Little Rock, Arkansas • Massachusetts National Guard units enforcing martial law in Boston • The State Funeral of President Wayne Morse • Aftermath of Car Bombing at Floyd B. Olson international Airport, New York • Police breaking up a pro-KKK rally in Charleston, West Virginia
Date June 30, 1955 - August 3, 1960 (5 Years, 34 Days) Location United States of America, New York City, Washington D.C, Southern United States and Other Locations Result Federal Government victory Disbanding of various white supremacist militia groups Arrest of nearly 350,000 alleged perpetrators of various attacks Removal and arrest of Mississippi Governor Hugh L. White by the Federal Government The firing and arrest of thousands of government employees suspected of involvement with the Klan or allied organizations Passage of the 1957 Civil Rights act and 1957 Voting Rights Act Rapid acceleration of De-segregation in the American south
Participants
Federal and State Governments	Various white supremacist and southern nationalist groups
Commanders and leaders
Main Federal leaders: Huey Long Raymond H. Fleming J. Edgar Hoover Clyde Tolson Lyndon B. Johnson and others...	Main Terrorist leaders: D.C Stephenson † Richard Barrett † Hugh L. White Eldon Edwards † George L. Rockwell † and others...
Casualties and losses
Civilian Casualties: 50,000-55,000 Military Casualties 9,834 Police Casualties 14,000 Total Casualties 73,000-78,000 ...further details	KKK Casualties: 45,000-60,000 Southern Front Causualties 33,000-45,000 Other Casualties 5,000-10,000 Total Causalties 83,000-115,000 ...further details

Executive Order 13766

Executive Order declaring the suspension of Habeas Corpus and declaring Martial Law
Soldiers enforcing martial law in Little Rock, Arkansas
Type	Executive order
Executive Order number	13766
Signed by	Huey Long on July 5, 1955 (1955-07-05)
Summary
declared martial law in response to the southern crisis Ordered the United States Armed Forces to seize control of law enforcement nationwide

Emergency Powers Act

Other short titles	An Act to grant the executive branch all needed powers to resolve the crisis.
Long title	An Act granting the President temporary total authority over the military, law enforcement, suspending Habeas Corpus and, granting the President and justice department authority to implement curfews, order the dissolution of suspected terrorist groups and, appropriate any funds needed to restore public order.
Enacted by	the 84th United States Congress
Effective	August 15, 1955
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 43–23
Statutes at Large	18 Stat. 08
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 5774 by John McKeithen (P–LA) on August 5, 1955 Committee consideration by House Judiciary Commitee Passed the House on August 6, 1955 (354-81) Passed the Senate on August 14, 1955 (80-8) Signed into law by President Huey Long on August 15, 1955

Poll source	Publication	Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.	Fred Koch	Prescott Bush
Gallup	July 1953	31%	–	57%
Gallup	Oct. 1953	30%	–	55%
Gallup	Jan. 1954	37%	–	48%
Gallup	Jan. 1955	33%	6%	53%
Gallup	Mar. 1955	32%	11%	50%
Gallup	Apr. 1955	29%	16%	47%
Gallup	May 1955	25%	19%	50%
Gallup	June 1955	29%	18%	51%
Gallup	July 1955	22%	23%	42%
Gallup	Aug. 1955	19%	25%	41%
Gallup	Oct. 1955	21%	28%	39%
Gallup	Nov. 1955	17%	25%	46%
Gallup	Jan. 1956	–	30%	54%
Gallup	May 1956	–	39%	49%
Gallup	July 1956	–	46%	44%

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Long title	An Act to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a federal agency tasked to enforce this act and other civil rights legislation, and for other purposes.
Enacted by	the 85th United States Congress
Effective	March 11, 1957
Citations
Public law	84-313
Statutes at Large	129 Stat. 643
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 6734 by Russell Long (P-LA) on March 1, 1957 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on March 5, 1957 (368-12) Passed the Senate on March 10, 1957 (84-3) Signed into law by President Huey Long on March 11, 1957
Major amendments
Civil Rights Act of 1959 Civil Rights Act of 1962 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Civil Rights Enforcement Act of 1999
United States Supreme Court cases
See § United States Supreme Court cases

Voting Rights Act of 1957

Long title	An Act to enforce the 15th amendment of the Constitution.
Enacted by	the 85th United States Congress
Effective	March 6, 1957
Citations
Public law	89-110
Statutes at Large	79 Stat. 473
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 104 by Sid McMath (P-AR) on January 10, 1957 Committee consideration by Senate Judiciary Passed the Senate on March 3, 1957 (89-2) Passed the House on March 5, 1957 (401-11) Signed into law by President Huey Long on March 6, 1957
Major amendments
Voting Rights act of 1965 Fair Elections act of 2011
United States Supreme Court cases
See § United States Supreme Court cases

Little Rock Crisis
Part of the Southern Crisis and the Civil Rights Movement
Elizabeth Eckford attempts to enter Little Rock Central High on 4 September 1957. The girl shouting is Hazel Bryan.
Location	Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas
Caused by	Racial segregation in public schools NAACP v. State of Louisiana (1953)
Resulted in	School integration continues Klu Klux Klan in Little Rock destroyed
Parties
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Little Rock Nine Arkansas National Guard 101st Airborne Division Federal Bureau of Investigation Klu Klux Klan Southern Front
Lead figures
NAACP member Daisy Bates Little Rock Nine Melba Pattillo Beals Minnijean Brown Elizabeth Eckford Ernest Green Gloria Ray Karlmark Carlotta Walls LaNier Thelma Mothershed Terrence Roberts Jefferson Thomas Southern Front Richard Barrett † Klu Klux Klan E.A. Lauderdale † Samuel G. Beavers
Casualties and losses
1 Dead 45 Dead 99 Injured ~ 500 Arrested

National Health Insurance Act of 1957

Long title	An Act to establish a system of National Health Insurance to ensure the health and well-being of all Americans.
Enacted by	the 85th United States Congress
Effective	January 1, 1958
Citations
Public law	34-323
Statutes at Large	34 Stat. 315
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 1003 by Hubert Humphrey (P-MN) on April 10, 1957 Committee consideration by Senate Finance Passed the Senate on May 2, 1957 (73-21) Passed the House on June 5, 1957 (355-45) with amendment Senate agreed to House amendment on June 21, 1957 (75-20) with further amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on July 11, 1957 (325-86) Signed into law by President Huey Long on July 15, 1957
United States Supreme Court cases
See § United States Supreme Court cases

Share Our Wealth Act of 1958

Long title	An Act to minimize wealth inequality via federal taxation legislation, to limit the power of the ultrawealthy and to ensure the basic needs of all American citizens.
Enacted by	the 85th United States Congress
Effective	June 1, 1958
Citations
Public law	83-321
Statutes at Large	67 Stat. 315
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 1093 by George Long (P-LA) on March 10, 1958 Committee consideration by House Ways and Means Passed the House on March 15, 1958 (305-114) Passed the Senate on May 16, 1958 (64-30) Signed into law by President Huey Long on June 1, 1958
United States Supreme Court cases
See § United States Supreme Court cases

Education Reform Act of 1958

Long title	An Act to provide for the federal funding of higher and lower levels of education, to ensure a better-educated workforce, to ensure proper school supplies are available for all students, and to further racial integration in school.
Enacted by	the 85th United States Congress
Effective	August 10, 1958
Citations
Public law	42-827
Statutes at Large	43 Stat. 1156
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 2203 by Ralph Yarborough (P-TX) on May 2, 1958 Committee consideration by Senate Banking and Currency Passed the Senate on June 11, 1958 (66-27) Passed the House on August 3, 1958 (311-106) Signed into law by President Huey Long on August 10, 1958
United States Supreme Court cases
See § United States Supreme Court cases

Assassination of Alf Landon
Former President Alf Landon at a campaign rally minutes before his assassination in Los Angeles
Location	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Date	October 4, 1958 (1958-10-04) 12:14 p.m. (PST)
Target	Alf Landon
Weapons	Remington 760 Gamemaster .30-06
Deaths	Alf Landon
Injured	William Knowland
Perpetrator	Walter Luther Pierce
Charges	Murder(1 counts) and Assault with a deadly weapon (2 Counts)

• 
  Senator
  Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
  of Massachusetts
• 
  Governor
  George Romney
  of Michigan
• 
  Senator
  Clifford Case
  of New Jersey
• 
  Governor
  Nelson Rockefeller
  of New York
• 
  Governor
  William Scranton
  of Pennsylvania
• 
  Senator
  Margaret Chase Smith
  of Maine

Huey Long
Long in 1961
32nd & 37th President of the United States
In office July 2, 1955 – December 24, 1962
Vice President	None (1955–1957) Paul Douglas (1957–1961) Walter Reuther (1961–1962)
Preceded by	Lyndon B. Johnson
Succeeded by	Walter Reuther
In office April 5, 1936 – March 4, 1941
Vice President	None (1936–1937) Hiram Johnson (1937–1941)
Preceded by	Floyd Olson
Succeeded by	Wendell Willkie
32nd Vice President of the United States
In office March 4, 1933 – April 5, 1936
President	Floyd Olson
Preceded by	Jimmy Walker
Succeeded by	Hiram Johnson
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office January 20, 1955 – July 2, 1955
Preceded by	Kenneth McKellar
Succeeded by	Carl Hayden
United States Senator from Louisiana
In office January 25, 1932 – January 3, 1933
Preceded by	Joseph E. Ransdell
Succeeded by	Russell B. Long
In office January 3, 1951 – July 2, 1955
Preceded by	Allen Ellender
Succeeded by	James A. Noe
40th Governor of Louisiana
In office May 21, 1928 – January 25, 1932
Lieutenant	Paul N. Cyr Alvin King
Preceded by	Oramel H. Simpson
Succeeded by	Alvin King
Personal details
Born	(1893-08-30)August 30, 1893 Winnfield, Louisiana, U.S.
Died	December 24, 1962(1962-12-24) (aged 69) Camp David, Maryland, U.S.
Cause of death	Heart Attack
Resting place	Huey P. Long National Memorial
Political party	Democratic (1917–1933) Progressive (1933-1962)
Spouse	Rose McConnell ​ (m. 1913)​
Children	Rose Russell Palmer
Relatives	Long family
Occupation	Politician lawyer
Awards	Presidential Medal of Freedom (posthumously, 2022)
Signature

1963 National Teachers Strike
Teachers picketing in Madison, Wisconsin
Date	January 23 - May 10, 1963
Location	United States New York City, New York Los Angeles, California Detroit, Michigan New Orleans, Louisiana
Goals	Partial Repeal of the Education Reform Act of 1958 Less regulation of Freedom of Speech in Schools by the Department of Education
Methods	Picketing Strike action Walkouts
Resulted in	Some loosening of regulations in schools Teachers forced to return to work
Parties
National Education Association American Federation of Teachers American Teachers Association Department of Education U.S. Federal Government State and Local governments

January 1965

An election for speaker took place on January 4, 1965, on the opening day of the 89th Congress, two months after the 1964 elections in which the Liberty party won a majority of the seats. Gerald Ford received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.

{{Election box candidate with party link no change

1965 election for speaker

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	[[Liberty|w:s]]	Gerald Ford (MI 5) (incumbent)	245	56.32
party = Progressive-Farmer-Labor	candidate = [[w:s|Hale Boggs] (LA 2)	color = 5fd170	votes = 179	percentage = 41.15 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change	party = Progressive-Farmer-Labor	candidate = [[w:s|Adam Clayton Powell Jr.] (NY 18)	color = 5fd170	votes = 11	percentage = 2.53 }}
Total votes			435	100
Votes necessary			218	>50

Education Fairness Act of 1965

Long title	An Act to ensure equal education access regardless of race or color and to grant the Attorney General powers to enforce this act.
Enacted by	the 89th United States Congress
Effective	August 27, 1965
Citations
Public law	45-801
Statutes at Large	34 Stat. 136
Codification
Acts amended	Education Reform Act of 1958
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 99 by Jacob Javits (L-NY) on March 2, 1965 Committee consideration by Senate Judiciary Passed the Senate on June 4, 1965 (55-47) Passed the House on August 23, 1965 (220-210) Signed into law by President George Romney on August 27, 1965
United States Supreme Court cases
See § United States Supreme Court cases

Housing Fairness Act of 1965

Long title	An Act to eliminate de-facto segregation in cities and prohibit discrimination on the basis of race or color.
Enacted by	the 88th United States Congress
Effective	June 13, 1965
Citations
Public law	42-827
Statutes at Large	43 Stat. 1156
Codification
Acts amended	Education Reform Act of 1958
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 114 by John Lindsay (L-NY) on March 11, 1965 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on May 12, 1965 (251-167) Passed the Senate on June 10, 1965 (60-41) Signed into law by President George Romney on June 12, 1965
United States Supreme Court cases
See § United States Supreme Court cases

1965 New York Riots
Part of Civil Rights Movement
Date	September 4 – September 7, 1965 (6 days); 59 years ago
Location	New York City, New York
Caused by	Integration efforts in education and housing by Federal, State, and Local governments.
Methods	Rioting, Destruction of Property, Arson, and Mob Violence.
Resulted in	Riots dispersed by NYPD and National Guard Integration efforts temporarily halted
Parties
White rioters White gangs Other white rioters Law enforcement NYPD New York National Guard Counter-Protestors Pro-civil rights protestors Left-wing activists
Number
15,000 - 25,000 20,000 Police Officers 10,000 National Guardsmen 20,000 - 25,000
Casualties
Death(s)	843
Injuries	8,000+
Arrested	10,000+

Columbian Revolution
Part of The Cold War
Government Soldiers being deployed onto a rooftop
Date 26 June 1966 – 16 August 1967 (1 year, 1 month and 3 weeks) Location Colombia Result Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia Victory Overthrow of Colombian government Establishment of a government led by Manuel Marulanda Colombian Invasion of Panama
Belligerents
Colombia	FARC ELN EPL/Los Pelusos ERG
Commanders and leaders
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla	FARC: Manuel Marulanda Jacobo Arenas ELN: Fabio Vásquez Castaño
Strength
150,000	40,000 15,000 10,000 5,000
Casualties and losses
12,000-15,000 killed	5,000-10,000 killed

Colombia Resoultion

Long title	Joint Resolution to authorise the use of United States Armed Forces against the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia in response to the Invasion of Panama
Enacted by	the 90th United States Congress
Effective	November 2, 1967
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 107–243 (text) (PDF)
Statutes at Large	116 Stat. 1498
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate by George Aiken (L–VT) on October 12, 1967 Committee consideration by the Senate Foreign Affairs Passed the Senate on October 24, 1967 (101-1) Passed the House on November 1, 1967 (432-3) Signed into law by President George W. Romney on November 2, 1967

Battle of Howard Air Force Base
Part of the Colombian Invasion of Panama
Aerial view of the base in early 1967
Date December 5, 1967 (1967-12-05) Location The Panama Canal Zone 8°54′54″N 79°35′58″W Result U.S. Forces defeated in Suprise Attack
Belligerents
United States	People's Republic of Colombia
Commanders and leaders
James Gavin David S. Parker Maxwell Taylor	Manuel Marulanda Fabio Vásquez Castaño
Strength
14,500	8,000
Casualties and losses
2,527	~1,000