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User:JTatreau/Irish immigration to Mexico

< User:JTatreau

Historical perspective edit

 
Commemorative plaque placed at the San Jacinto Plaza in the district of San Ángel, Mexico City in 1959: "In memory of the Irish soldiers of the heroic St. Patrick's Battalion, martyrs who gave their lives to the Mexican cause in the United States' unjust invasion of 1847"

For those Mexicans who had fought in the Mexican–American War and for generations to come after, the San Patricios were heroes who came to their aid in an hour of need. For Americans of that generation, the San Patricios were traitors.[1] Successive Mexican presidents have praised the San Patricios; Vicente Fox Quesada stated that, "The affinities between Ireland and Mexico go back to the first years of our nation, when our country fought to preserve its national sovereignty... Then, a brave group of Irish soldiers... in a heroic gesture, decided to fight against the foreign ground invasion",[2] and Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo stated "Members of the St. Patrick's Battalion were executed for following their consciences. They were martyred for adhering to the highest ideals... we honor their memory. In the name of the people of Mexico, I salute today the people of Ireland and express my eternal gratitude".[3]

Motivations edit

The great majority of those men who formed Saint Patrick's Battalion were recent immigrants who had arrived at northeastern U.S. ports. They were part of the Irish diaspora then escaping the Great Irish Famine and extremely poor economic conditions in Ireland, which was at the time part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The U.S. Army often recruited the Irish and other immigrants into military service shortly or sometimes immediately after arrival in America in coffin ships with promises of salaries and land after the war.

Numerous theories have been proposed as to their motives for desertion, including cultural alienation,[4][5] mistreatment of immigrant soldiers by nativist soldiers and senior officers,[6][5] brutal military discipline and dislike of service in the U.S. military,[5] being forced to attend Protestant church services and being unable to practice their Catholic religion freely[7] as well as religious ideological convictions,[5] the incentive of higher wages and land grants starting at 320 acres (1.3 km2) offered by Mexico,[8][5] and viewing the U.S. invasion of Mexico as unjust.[7][9]

It is believed primary motivations were shared religion with the Mexicans and sympathy for the Mexican cause based on similarities between the situations in Mexico and Ireland. This hypothesis is based on evidence of the number of Irish Catholics in the battalion, the letters of John Riley, and the field entries of senior officers.[10][11] Irish immigrants had been faced with animosity both as a result of their Catholic faith and ethnicity. Catholic immigrants were regularly met with discrimination from their Protestant peers, sentiments which sometimes boiled over into events such as the Philadelphia nativist riots against Irish Catholic immigrants. Catholic churches had been similarly defaced by the American military in Mexico during the war. Additionally, both the Mexicans and the Irish were subjected to racism and xenophobia based on racist pseudo-science and treated as inferior to American nativists.[12]

Another hypothesis is that the members of the Saint Patrick's Battalion had been unhappy with their treatment in the U.S. Army; this was the conviction of George Ballentine, an Englishman who served in the American army. Ballentine stated that while "there was a portion of truth" in the view—commonly assigned by officers—that the deserters joined the Mexican army due to their Catholicism; he said, "I have good reason to believe, in fact in some cases I know, that harsh and unjust treatment by their officers operated far more strongly than any other consideration to produce the deplorable result [desertion]," and described how he found the punishments used for "trivial offensives" to be "revolting and disgusting".[13] Another theory some historians hold is that the soldiers were attracted by the incentives offered by the Mexican government: safe passage throughout Mexico for deserters, generous land grants, and the offer of potential military commissions.[14] For poor people coming from famine conditions, economics was often an important incentive.[15]

Mexican author José Raúl Conseco noted that many Irish lived in northern Texas, and were forced to move south due to regional insecurity. Mainly Irish settlers from San Patricio, Texas, had previously sided with Mexican forces against Texan rebels at the Battle of Lipantitlán in the Texan Revolution.[16]

Irish expatriates had a long tradition of serving in military forces of Catholic countries, for instance, serving with Spain and later France in groups of young men who had left Ireland during what would become known as the Flight of the Wild Geese in the 17th century. In addition, many Irish fought as soldiers in South American wars of independence.[c]

  1. ^ Hogan 1998, p. 223.
  2. ^ Connaughton 2005.
  3. ^ Fogarty 2005.
  4. ^ Mermann-Jozwiak 2001, p. 150.
  5. ^ a b c d e Rollins 2008, pp. 91–92.
  6. ^ Ballentine 1860, pp. 34–35 & 281–282.
  7. ^ a b Radford Ruether 2007, p. 81.
  8. ^ Downey 1955.
  9. ^ Woolf 2015.
  10. ^ Lloyd 2000, p. 104.
  11. ^ Hogan 1998, p. 152.
  12. ^ Hogan, Michael (1997). "The Irish Soldiers of Mexico". History Ireland No. 4. 5: 40–41 – via JSTOR.
  13. ^ Ballentine 1860, p. 281–282.
  14. ^ Ramold 2010, p. 39.
  15. ^ McCornack 1958, p. 255.
  16. ^ Super 1992, p. 136.
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