User:IvanScrooge98/sandbox/Lombard IPA

Consonants
IPA				Examples	English approximation
WL		EL		Examples	English approximation
b				(WL) biott, dubbi, (EL) biót, döbe	bud
d				(WL) lader, drizz, (EL) làder, drécc	day
dz	z			(WL) mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter, (EL) mezalüna, rözà, mès méter^[1]	cods or Zoey
dʒ		z		(WL) gent, giovin, (EL) zét, zùen^[1]	Joey or Zoey
		dʒ		(WL) veggia, (EL) ègia^[1]	Joey
		j		(WL) lecc grand, (EL) lècc grant^[1]	Joey or joy
f				(WL) boffà, oeuv, (EL) bofà, öf^[1]	fade
ɡ				(WL) gatt, bagaj, (EL) gat, bagài	good
k				(WL) can, marches, foeugh, (EL) cà, marchés, föch^[1]	sky
l		l		lacc, (WL) ballon, (EL) balù	letter
r	l			caròtola, (WL) vioeula, (EL) viöla	trilled r or letter
∅				(WL) pedrioeu, (EL) pedriöl	silent or letter
m		m		(WL) mes'cià, (EL) mes-cià	maid
∅^[2]		m		(WL) campion, (EL) campiù^[3]	maid
∅^[2]		ɱ		banfà, convegnì	comfortable
n		n		nòcc, (WL) danee, (EL) danér	den
∅^[2]		n		cantà, sentì^[3]	den
		ŋ		(WL) vanga, manchi, (EL) ànga, mànche^[3]	long
		ɲ		(WL) asen, (EL) àzegn	opinion
ɲ				(WL) gnucca, legn, (EL) gnöca, lègn	opinion
p				(WL) piasè, goeubb, (EL) piasér, gòp^[1]	spite
r				(WL) roeuda, porscell, corr, (EL) röda, porsèl, cór	trilled r
ʃ		ʃ		(WL) scenna, (EL) scéna^[4]	shame
ʃ		s^[5]	h^[6]	(WL) pesciada, scigolla, pesg, (EL) pesàda, sigóla, pès^[1]	shame, same or ham
ʃ	s			costà, (WL) scova, (EL) scùa	shame, same or ham
s				(WL) pressident, sora, dis, (EL) presidènt, sùra, dés^[1]	same or ham
ts	s			(WL) zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, (EL) söcher, lensöl, casöla, mès, dersèt^[1]	pets, same or ham
tʃ				(WL) cinch, cent, (EL) sich, sènt	chain, same or ham
		tʃ		(WL) mas'c, vegg, ciocca, (EL) mascc, ècc, ciòca^[1]	chain
		j		(WL) tucc trii, (EL) töcc tré^[1]	chain or joy
t				(WL) todesch, giald, (EL) todèsch, zalt^[1]	stay
ʋ		ʋ		(WL) violin, el vent, (EL) viulì, ol vènt^[1]	between wet and vet
ʋ		∅		(WL) cavej, on pò de vent, (EL) caèi, en pó de ènt	between wet and vet or silent
z				(WL) basell, camisa, (EL) bazèl, camìza^[1]	Zoey
ʒ	z			desmentegà, (WL) baslòtt, s'gionf, (EL) baslòt, sgiónf	vision or Zoey
ʒ	dʒ		z	(WL) resgiô, (EL) regiùr/rezùr^[1]	vision, Joey or Zoey
Non-native consonants
ʎ				(WL) botteglia, (EL) butìglia	million

Semivowels
IPA				Examples	English approximation
WL		EL		Examples	English approximation
j		j		(WL) piatt, tajà, mej, (EL) piàt, taià, mèi	yes
j		j	tʃ^[6]	(WL) lezion, (EL) lesiù	yes or chain
w		w		(WL) aqua, sguerc, (EL) àqua, sguèrs	way
w		o		(WL) s'ciao, (EL) s-ciào	now

Suprasegmentals
IPA		Examples			Explanation
ˈ		(WL) insemma [ĩˈsɛma], (EL) ensèma [ɛnˈsɛma]			primary stress
ˌ		(WL) tirabuscion [ˌti(ː)rabyˈʃũː], (EL) tirabosù [ˌtiraboˈsu]			secondary stress
.		(WL) sciador [ʃi.aˈduːr], (EL) sciadùr [ʃi.aˈdur]			syllable break
ː		(WL) tròpp dolz [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːul(t)s], (EL) tròp dóls [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːols]^[5]			geminated consonant

Vowels^[7]
IPA				Examples	English approximation
WL		EL		Examples	English approximation
Short vowels
a				abità, (WL) mamma, (EL) mama	manner (Scotland)
a			ɔ	(WL) mamma, Bressa, (EL) mama, Brèsa	manner (Scotland) or cot
a	u	o		(WL) scaldà, (EL) scoldà	manner (Scotland), cool or law (RP), but shorter
ɛ		ɛ		(WL) regn, adess, (EL) règn, adès	bed
		e		(WL) invern, metter, (EL) envéren, méter	bed or bay
		i		(WL) savè, domènega, (EL) saì, dümìnica	bed or beet, but shorter
e		i		(WL) cortellin, (EL) curtilì	bay or beet, but shorter
e		e	ɛ	elencà, pelà	bay
a	e			perchè, (WL) semper, (EL) sèmper	manner (Scotland) or bay
i	e			(WL) elettrega, vedemm, besògn, (EL) elètrega, edóm, bezògn	beet, but shorter, or bay
i				(WL) voeuri, (EL) öle
i		e		(WL) inscì, primm, (EL) isé, prém
i				capì, (WL) Milan, (EL) Milà	beet, but shorter
ɔ		ɔ		(WL) nòmm, anmò, (EL) nòm, amò	off
ɔ		o		(WL) Còmm, (EL) Cóm	off or law (RP), but shorter
ɔ	oː			(WL) vòlta, (EL) ólta	off, law (RP) or bird (Wales)
	øː			(WL) vòlta, (EL) ólta	off, law (RP) or bird (Wales)
	u			(WL) pocch, cognoss, (EL) póch, conós	off, cool or law (RP), but shorter
u				(WL) agost, modern, (EL) óst, modéren	cool or law (RP), but shorter
		u	o	(WL) color, popolazion, (EL) culùr/colùr, popolasiù/pupulasiù	cool or law (RP), but shorter
		u		(WL) sô, freggiô, (EL) sul, fregiùr	cool, but shorter
		y		(WL) comun, (EL) cümü	cool, but shorter, or foot (Scotland)
		ø		(WL) tovarà, cocumer, (EL) töarà, cöcömer	cool or bird (Wales), but shorter
œ				(WL) oeugg, (EL) öcc	bird (Wales), but shorter
y				(WL) tucc, pussee, luster, (EL) töcc, piö, löster	foot (Scotland) or bird (Wales), but shorter
		y	ø	(WL) scurtà, (EL) scürtà/scörtà	foot (Scotland) or bird (Wales), but shorter
		y		(WL) busecca, (EL) büzèca	foot (Scotland)
		u		(WL) comunicazion, (EL) cumunicasiù	foot (Scotland) or cool, but shorter
Short nasal vowels^[2]
ã		aⁿ		(WL) canton, (EL) cantù	sang or manner (both Scotland)
ẽ		eⁿ	ɛⁿ	(WL) venditor, (EL) vendedùr	sang (Southern U.S.) or bed
ĩ		eⁿ	ɛⁿ	(WL) prinzipi, (EL) prensépe	ring or bed
ĩ		iⁿ		(WL) simpategh, (EL) simpàtech	ring or beet
ũ		oⁿ		(WL) compagn, (EL) compàgn	lung (Ireland) or law (RP)
		uⁿ	oⁿ	(WL) piemontes, (EL) piemuntés/piemontés	lung (Ireland) or law (RP)
		uⁿ		(WL) composizion, (EL) cumpuzisiù	lung (Ireland) or cool
ỹ		øⁿ		(WL) cuntà, (EL) cöntà	weltanschauung (Scotland) or bird (Wales)
Long vowels
ɑː		a		pader, (WL) lombard, andaa, (EL) lombart, nacc	father
ɑː	oː	o		(WL) calda, alter, (EL) cólda, ólter	father or law (RP)
eː		e		(WL) mel, dree, (EL) mél, dré	bay
iː		e		(WL) dii, prinzipi, (EL) dét, prensépe	beet or bay
iː		i		(WL) finii, (EL) finìcc	beet
uː		o		(WL) ciod, faroo, (EL) ciót, faró	cool or law (RP)
		u	o	(WL) alora, (EL) alùra/alóra	cool or law (RP)
		u		(WL) amor, (EL) amùr	cool
øː		ø	o	(WL) proeuva, (EL) pröa/próa	bird (Wales) or law (RP)
øː		ø		(WL) incoeu, (EL) encö	bird (Wales)
øː	oː			(WL) oeuli, roeusa, (EL) öle, rösa	bird (Wales), law (RP) or off
øː	ɔ			(WL) oeuli, roeusa, (EL) öle, rösa	bird (Wales), law (RP) or off
yː				(WL) giuga, (EL) zöga	few (Scotland) or bird (Wales)
		y	ø	(WL) luna, scur, (EL) lüna/löna, scür/scör	few (Scotland) or bird (Wales)
		y		(WL) cuu, (EL) cul	few (Scotland)
		i		(WL) cognossuu, (EL) cunusìcc	few (Scotland) or beet
Long nasal vowels^[2]
ãː		a⁽ⁿ⁾		(WL) anca, italian, (EL) ach, italià	sang or manner (both Scotland)
ẽː		ɛ⁽ⁿ⁾		(WL) settember, (EL) setèmber	sang (Southern U.S.) or bed
ẽː		e⁽ⁿ⁾		(WL) seren, (EL) seré	sang (Southern U.S.) or bay
ĩː		e⁽ⁿ⁾		(WL) dinc, vint, (EL) décc, énte	being or bay
ĩː		i⁽ⁿ⁾		(WL) minga, giardin, (EL) mìa, giardì	being or beet
ũː		o⁽ⁿ⁾		(WL) segond, (EL) segónt	lung (Ireland), but longer, or law (RP)
ũː		u⁽ⁿ⁾		(WL) pont, nazion, (EL) put, nasiù	lung (Ireland), but longer, or cool
ỹː		ø⁽ⁿ⁾		(WL) cunt, vundes, (EL) cönt, öndes	weltanschauung (Scotland) or bird (Wales)
ỹː		y⁽ⁿ⁾		(WL) comun, (EL) cümü	weltanschauung or few (both Scotland)

Notes edit

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Lombard shares with a number of languages final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: e.g. Western pesg d'inscì [ˌpeːʒ dĩˈʃi], Eastern pès d'isé [ˌpɛz diˈse]; in such cases, word-final /dz/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/ and /ts/ may reduce to, respectively, [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [s] in the West, while in the East /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are generally realized as [j].
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Only the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant (here noted as ⟨ⁿ⟩) within a closed syllable (e.g. Western temp [ˈtẽːp] vs Eastern tép [ˈtep]), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than /n/ and word-final stressed short vowels plus /n/: these are the nearly sole cases which in Eastern Lombard have the same realization (e.g. Western Giovann [dʒuˈʋan], Eastern Gioàn [dʒoˈan]; compare Milan [miˈlãː] vs Milà [miˈla]). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and in Eastern dialects are always rendered through a vowel alone word-finally and, sometimes, word-internally.
^ ^a ^b ^c In dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place, even when in an ending nasal+stop cluster, the stop is dropped before another one (e.g. Eastern guànt biànch [ˌɡwam ˈbjaŋk], Western guant bianch [ˌɡwãː ˈbjãːk]).
^ In Eastern dialects /ʃ/ may only occur in foreign borrowings, along with /ʎ/.
^ ^a ^b Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, /z/ becomes [dz] and [h] turns back to [s].
^ ^a ^b In some Eastern variants, /s/ is pronounced [h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as [htʃ] or, after a consonant, [tʃ].
^ Only in Western Lombard, though few minimal pairs actually occur, vowel length is phonemic (with long vowels solely appearing in stressed position), while in Eastern dialects the same contrast tends to be expressed through vowel quality or other means (e.g. Western god [ˈɡuːt] "he/she enjoys" vs gott [ˈgut] "drops", Eastern gót [ˈɡot] vs góte [ˈɡotɛ]).

[dev-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Lombard shares with a number of languages final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: e.g. Western pesg d'inscì [ˌpeːʒ dĩˈʃi], Eastern pès d'isé [ˌpɛz diˈse]; in such cases, word-final /dz/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/ and /ts/ may reduce to, respectively, [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [s] in the West, while in the East /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are generally realized as [j].

[nasal-2] Only the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant (here noted as ⟨ⁿ⟩) within a closed syllable (e.g. Western temp [ˈtẽːp] vs Eastern tép [ˈtep]), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than /n/ and word-final stressed short vowels plus /n/: these are the nearly sole cases which in Eastern Lombard have the same realization (e.g. Western Giovann [dʒuˈʋan], Eastern Gioàn [dʒoˈan]; compare Milan [miˈlãː] vs Milà [miˈla]). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and in Eastern dialects are always rendered through a vowel alone word-finally and, sometimes, word-internally.

[nasassim-3] In dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place, even when in an ending nasal+stop cluster, the stop is dropped before another one (e.g. Eastern guànt biànch [ˌɡwam ˈbjaŋk], Western guant bianch [ˌɡwãː ˈbjãːk]).

[4] In Eastern dialects /ʃ/ may only occur in foreign borrowings, along with /ʎ/.

[gem-5] Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, /z/ becomes [dz] and [h] turns back to [s].

[Brèsa-6] In some Eastern variants, /s/ is pronounced [h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as [htʃ] or, after a consonant, [tʃ].

[vowels-7] Only in Western Lombard, though few minimal pairs actually occur, vowel length is phonemic (with long vowels solely appearing in stressed position), while in Eastern dialects the same contrast tends to be expressed through vowel quality or other means (e.g. Western god [ˈɡuːt] "he/she enjoys" vs gott [ˈgut] "drops", Eastern gót [ˈɡot] vs góte [ˈɡotɛ]).

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