Depression and Memory edit
Memory impairment can be caused by several progressive disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease[1] or traumatic brain injuries[2]. However, another condition that causes memory impairment is depression. The majority of people who show depressive symptoms have a problem with working memory [3] due to depression disturbing the mind and processing systems. Depression can cause disinterest in awareness of surrounding stimuli, disturb the mind and emotions, and interrupt concentration[4].
Association between Depression and Memory Function edit
Depression and Working Memory edit
Major Depression disorder (MDD) can decrease the levels of working memory performance, especially in obtaining new information, due to increasing interference of negative material.[5] Furthermore, working memory in people with depression gets the effect of allocation of attention. Those with depression often have impairments on measures of the phonological loop (or articulatory loop) as well as the visuospatial sketchpad during given tasks.[6]
Depression and Recall Memory edit
People with depression may show deficits in recall memory. Their recall and retrieval of words, in comparison to those who do not have depression, is lower during a test. Moreover, during the task, the depression group complained at different points for various things, such as forgetfulness, difficulty in finding words, and others which relate to motivational differences in continuing to the task.[7] Research shows that depressed people have worsened mood when they are encouraged to recall happy memories because depression affects mood regulation. Also, this affect is the same for former depressed people when they recall happy memories.[8] Studies also shows that people with depression couldn’t identify objects that were identical or similar to an object they had seen previously on the screen during the test.[9]
Depression and Recognition Memory edit
Recognition memory in depressive people shows slower speeds caused by effect with deficits in decision and motor output processes and low efficiency in encoding to memory.[7] The cause in the depressive group that affects recognition impairment is from dysphoric mood (for example; sadness, heaviness or mood swings) in visual processing to an extent for encoding, elaboration, and retention of information in a visual form which affect to recognition memory impairment.[10]
Association between Depression and Brain Function edit
Depression and Neurotransmitter edit
One of the smallest parts that has an effect on the brain system in depressed people is the neurotransmitter system. Depressive people show impairment and implications in Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) system. GABA works as inhibition neurotransmitter in the brain. Depression has an association with a decrease in GABAergic function. This might cause lower plasma GABA in depress patients from genetic factor especially on first-degree relatives in family. In depressed people, there is a significant decrease in hippocampus volume which is normally rich in GABAergic neurons. Lower GABAergic neurons will affect storage and aversive memories in the hippocampus. The solution to decrease in low GABA in depression is Antidepression (AD); a drug that will manipulate and tend to increase and may help to block recurrent negative memories that cause depression.[11]
Depression and Hippocampus edit
The hippocampus acts as the main row for cognitive processes, information processed, and underlying neural operations and is also essential for producing new memories. Memory interference occurs when depressive people are unable to fully encode or store new information due to past negative memories or thoughts which is a cause from dysfunction of the hippocampus.[12] Most degenerative diseases that included depression show other parts of the cortex in the brain with dysfunction, but the first area to be affected from depression is the hippocampus. In patients with MDD compare with a non-depressive patient the subfield CA1 area in hippocampus show emerging marker and reduced volume of the hippocampus. It also shows a potential marker of disease progression in MDD.[13]
Depression and Amygdala edit
Amygdala has a main role in emotion and memory. A depressed patient will show enlargement of left Amygdala which effects impairment of memory in learning facial expression from others especially with surprise, disgust and fear.[14] Amygdala in depressive people also affects recall of negative emotion memory and negative self-referent words about themselves which cause negative bias during encoding memory of valanced words in transient sad mood when compared to nondepressed people.[15]
Impact of Depression and Memory in Different Ages edit
Children edit
Everyone might believe that depression only happens in adult or elderly but depression can affect children. Memory impairment in children with depression varies as a function of evident and severity only when depression reaches a certain threshold level. Overestimation of memory ability by depressed children might be an attempt to compensate for feeling of inadequacy, which leads to using poor judgment in choosing solution for problems.[16] Furthermore, the study shows the link between history of maternal depression or other affective disorders and their child which can cause major depressive disorder (MDD) in children. Depression in children affects reduction of connectivity in amygdala and associative network when compared to children who are not depressed. In a recent study, they tested depressed children on the Children’s Auditory Verbal Learning test, Immediate Recall test. Children with high and low depressed levels exhibiting more poorly on the test when compared to nondepressed children.[17]
Adult edit
An Adult period is one the most effective periods of depression which causes many factors that will combine and trigger depression such as a stressful events, illness or giving birth.[18] Depressed adults may have impairments in verbal memory and attention switching from one to another, but when comparing with a non-depressive adults there are no impairments in speed of psychomotor control, attention routines such as during their working and executive control. Young depressive adults show problems in neurocognitive at different levels when compared to older depressive adults. In early adulthood, unipolar and bipolar depression can be distinguished by poor verbal memory, attention, speed of processing, and executive function.[19]
Elderly edit
Many researchers show in brain aging can cause memory impairment and depression in the elderly. A common type of depression in an older adult is Late-life depression. Depression in the elderly may associate with other clinical illnesses which relate to dementia and cognitive impairment which is also affects memory impairment. Depressed elderly shows a higher deficit in recall and recognition of episodic memory while recognition memory shows a lower rate of deficit. In elderly patients with depressive symptoms also show impairment in recall and inability to develop better episodic memory function.[20] Moreover, depression in this stage of life gets effected more severely in cognitive and memory symptoms due to comorbid of others such as glucocorticoids chronically increasing in levels which can cause the dentate gyrus to decreases in neurogenesis and cells in hippocampal may get injured or die.[21] The study shows that patients with MDD who take treatment have improvement of cognitive function and processing speed of memory but if they are compared to a non-depressive group, they still show lower lever of capacity of memory.[22]
References edit
- ^ "Do Memory Problems Always Mean Alzheimer's Disease?". National Institute on Aging. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
- ^ "Memory Loss". www.stroke.org. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
- ^ Austin, Marie-Paule; Mitchell, Philip; Goodwin, Guy M. (2001/03). "Cognitive deficits in depression: Possible implications for functional neuropathology". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 178 (3): 200–206. doi:10.1192/bjp.178.3.200. ISSN 0007-1250.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Schweizer, S.; Kievit, R. A.; Emery, T.; Cam-CAN; Henson, R. N. (2018/01). "Symptoms of depression in a large healthy population cohort are related to subjective memory complaints and memory performance in negative contexts". Psychological Medicine. 48 (1): 104–114. doi:10.1017/S0033291717001519. ISSN 0033-2917. PMC 5729845. PMID 28625188.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Joormann, Jutta; Gotlib, Ian H. (2008). "Updating the contents of working memory in depression: Interference from irrelevant negative material". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 117 (1): 182–192. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.1.182. ISSN 1939-1846.
- ^ Christopher, Gary; MacDonald, John (2005-11-01). "The impact of clinical depression on working memory". Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 10 (5): 379–399. doi:10.1080/13546800444000128. ISSN 1354-6805. PMID 16571468.
- ^ a b Brand, A. N.; Jolles, J.; Gispen-de Wied, C. (1992-05-01). "Recall and recognition memory deficits in depression". Journal of Affective Disorders. 25 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(92)90095-N. ISSN 0165-0327.
- ^ Joormann, Jutta; Siemer, Matthias; Gotlib, Ian H. (2007). "Mood regulation in depression: Differential effects of distraction and recall of happy memories on sad mood". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 116 (3): 484–490. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.3.484. ISSN 1939-1846.
- ^ Shelton, Don J.; Kirwan, C. Brock (2013-11-01). "A possible negative influence of depression on the ability to overcome memory interference". Behavioural Brain Research. 256: 20–26. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.016. ISSN 0166-4328.
- ^ Ramponi, Cristina; Murphy, Fionnuala C.; Calder, Andrew J.; Barnard, Philip J. (2010-11-01). "Recognition memory for pictorial material in subclinical depression". Acta Psychologica. 135 (3): 293–301. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.015. ISSN 0001-6918. PMC 2994638. PMID 20728865.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Kalueff, Allan V.; Nutt, David J. (2007). "Role of GABA in anxiety and depression". Depression and Anxiety. 24 (7): 495–517. doi:10.1002/da.20262. ISSN 1520-6394.
- ^ psycheducation.org https://psycheducation.org/brain-tours/memory-learning-and-emotion-the-hippocampus/. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Roddy, Darren W.; Farrell, Chloe; Doolin, Kelly; Roman, Elena; Tozzi, Leonardo; Frodl, Thomas; O’Keane, Veronica; O’Hanlon, Erik (2019-03-15). "The Hippocampus in Depression: More Than the Sum of Its Parts? Advanced Hippocampal Substructure Segmentation in Depression". Biological Psychiatry. 85 (6): 487–497. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.021. ISSN 0006-3223. PMID 30528746.
- ^ Weniger, Godehard; Lange, Claudia; Irle, Eva (2006-08-01). "Abnormal size of the amygdala predicts impaired emotional memory in major depressive disorder". Journal of Affective Disorders. 94 (1): 219–229. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.04.017. ISSN 0165-0327.
- ^ Ramel, Wiveka; Goldin, Philippe R.; Eyler, Lisa T.; Brown, Gregory G.; Gotlib, Ian H.; McQuaid, John R. (2007-01-15). "Amygdala Reactivity and Mood-Congruent Memory in Individuals at Risk for Depressive Relapse". Biological Psychiatry. 61 (2): 231–239. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.004. ISSN 0006-3223.
- ^ Lauer, Roger E.; Giordani, Bruno; Boivin, Michael J.; Halle, Nancy; Glasgow, Brent; Alessi, Norman E.; Berent, Stanley (1994-06-01). "Effects of Depression on Memory Performance and Metamemory in Children". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 33 (5): 679–685. doi:10.1097/00004583-199406000-00009. ISSN 0890-8567. PMID 8056731.
- ^ Luking, Katherine R.; Repovs, Grega; Belden, Andy C.; Gaffrey, Michael S.; Botteron, Kelly N.; Luby, Joan L.; Barch, Deanna M. (2011-10-01). "Functional Connectivity of the Amygdala in Early-Childhood-Onset Depression". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 50 (10): 1027–1041.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.07.019. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 3185293. PMID 21961777.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ "Clinical depression - Causes". nhs.uk. 2018-03-06. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
- ^ Hermens, Daniel F.; Naismith, Sharon L.; Redoblado Hodge, M. Antoinette; Scott, Elizabeth M.; Hickie, Ian B. (2010-08). "Impaired verbal memory in young adults with unipolar and bipolar depression: Verbal memory in young depressed adults". Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 4 (3): 227–233. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00194.x.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Bäckman, Lars; Forsell, Yvonne (1994). "Episodic memory functioning in a community-based sample of old adults with major depression: Utilization of cognitive support". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 103 (2): 361–370. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.2.361. ISSN 1939-1846.
- ^ Butters, Meryl A.; Young, Jeffrey B.; Lopez, Oscar; Aizenstein, Howard J.; Mulsant, Benoit H.; Reynolds III, Charles F.; DeKosky, Steven T.; Becker, James T. (2008-9). "Pathways linking late-life depression to persistent cognitive impairment and dementia". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 10 (3): 345–357. ISSN 1294-8322. PMC 2872078. PMID 18979948.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Sheline, Yvette I.; Barch, Deanna M.; Garcia, Keith; Gersing, Kenneth; Pieper, Carl; Welsh-Bohmer, Kathleen; Steffens, David C.; Doraiswamy, P. Murali (2006-07-01). "Cognitive Function in Late Life Depression: Relationships to Depression Severity, Cerebrovascular Risk Factors and Processing Speed". Biological Psychiatry. 60 (1): 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.019. ISSN 0006-3223.