Thelenota anax edit
| Thelenota anax | |
|---|---|
_(8499582873).jpg) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Holothuroidea |
| Order: | Synallactida |
| Family: | Stichopodidae |
| Genus: | Thelenota Brandt, 1835 |
| Species: | T. anax
|
| Binomial name | |
| Thelenota anax Clark, 1921
| |
Thelenota anax, is a species of sea cucumber mostly found in the South-Pacific. It is also commonly known as the Amber fish [1]. Some other names for the T.anax are Black Teatfish, Blackfish, Brownfish, Chief Sea Cucumber, Curryfish, Elephant Trunk Cucumber, Lollyfish, Tripang, and White-teat Sea Cucumber [2]. T.anax is found on sandy ocean bottoms and have ectocommensal relationships. They are commonly exported because of its medicinal properties and high body mass.
Description edit
The body of the T.anax can be a creamy beige or light brown with dark brown or red spots. It usually has light colored bumps on the top of its body. The T.anax also has large with papillae located laterally on its body. On its ventral surface there is long white podia. Its mouth is also located ventrally with 18-20 peltate tentacles. The anus is located on the dorsal side of the animal towards the terminal end. Their average length is about 69 cm long, but the longest recorded sea cucumber was 89 cm long [3]. Some of the biggest sea cucumber can weigh up to 5kg [4]. It also has two gonads that are approximately 70-500mm long[5].
Habitat edit
The Thelenota anax prefers to live in deep regions of the ocean usually 26m in depth or more. They are often found on soft sandy ocean floor [6]. Some can be found on the side of reef slopes [3].
Ectocommensals edit
Some organism often live on the outside of the Thelenota anax. A few common species found on T.anax are scaleworms and gastropods [7]. The sea cucumber does not
Commercial Value edit
Many sea cucumbers are sold in jars called beche-de-mer. The Thelenota anax has a commercial value of around $6.66 per kg [8]. It is one of the less profitable species of sea cucumbers. However, it is the one mostly exported by volume because of its high body mass[9].
Medicinal Properties edit
Many Asian and Middle Eastern countries have consumed T.anax for its medicinal benefits. The T.anax produces many different bioactive compounds such as arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. These compounds are known to reduce the risk of coronary disease, some cancers, and have anti-inflammatory properties [1]. Specifically arachidonic acid promotes blood clotting and wound healing [10]. This is why many Asian countries use T.anax to treat burns and cuts [1].
Studies have also shown that T.anax produces glycosides Stichopside C (STC) and Stichoposide D (STD)[11]. STC makes Ceramide, which is a tumor suppressor lipid. It also causes the apoptosis of colorectal caner cells and leukemia cells. STD causes the apoptosis of only leukemia cells and inhibits its growth[12].
References edit
- ^ a b c Bordbar, Sara; Anwar, Farooq; Saari, Nazamid (2011-10-10). "High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods—A Review". Marine Drugs. 9 (10): 1761–1805. doi:10.3390/md9101761. ISSN 1660-3397. PMC 3210605. PMID 22072996.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "The Royal Sea Cucumber - Whats That Fish!". www.whatsthatfish.com. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
- ^ a b "Commercially important sea cucumbers of the world". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
- ^ Kerr, Alexander M., Kris Netchy, and Ann Marie Gawel. "Survey of the shallow-water sea cucumbers of the central Philippines." A Report to the Municipalities of Negros Oriental, Cebu and Bohol, local Bantay Dagat groups, Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc., and Silliman University-Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management. University Of Guam Marine Laboratory (2006).
- ^ LAMBERSON, JANET O. (June 1978). "Marshall Islands 96737". Mid-Pacific Marine Laboratory Enewetak. Vol.14.
{{cite journal}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Zulfigar, Yasin; Sim, Y. K.; Aileen Tan, S. H. (2007). "The Distribution of Sea Cucumbers in Pulau Aur, Johore, Malaysia". Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. Special Publication Series. 8: 73–86. ISSN 0389-6609.
- ^ Purcell, S. W., Hammond, A., & Meyers, L. Ectocommensals of the stichopodid sea cucumbers Thelenota anaxand Stichopus vastuson the northern Great Barrier Reef.
- ^ Buckius, C., Albert, S., Tibbetts, I., & Udy, J. (2010). Effect of diel activity patterns and harvesting pressure on the diversity and biomass of sea cucumbers in marovo lagoon, solomon islands. Environmental Management, 45(5), 963-73. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/10.1007/s00267-010-9469-3
- ^ Purcell, S. W. (2014). Value, market preferences and trade of beche-de-mer from pacific island sea cucumbers. PLoS One, 9(4) doi:http://dx.doi.org.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0095075
- ^ Wen, J., Zeng, L. Use of species-specific PCR for the identification of 10 sea cucumber species. Chin. J. Ocean. Limnol. 32, 1257–1263 (2014). https://doi-org.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/10.1007/s00343-015-4050-9
- ^ Muhammad Abdul, M. M., Shin, H. J., Rahman, M. A., & Islam, M. T. (2017). Sea cucumber glycosides: Chemical structures, producing species and important biological properties. Marine Drugs, 15(10), 317. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/10.3390/md15100317
- ^ Yun, S., Shin, S., Stonik, V. A., & Park, J. (2016). Ceramide as a target of marine triterpene glycosides for treatment of human myeloid leukemia. Marine Drugs, 14(11), 205. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/10.3390/md14110205