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User:Hughesdarren/sandbox/2022 monkeypox outbreak in Australia

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2022 monkeypox outbreak in Australia
DiseaseMonkeypox
Virus strainMonkeypox virus
(West African clade)
LocationAustralia
Index caseSydney
Arrival dateMay 20, 2022 (2022-05-20)–present (2 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)[1]
Confirmed cases57Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Australia is a part of the outbreak of human monkeypox caused by the West African clade of the monkeypox virus. The outbreak reached Australia on 20 May 2022.[1] By 5 August 2022 there were 57 confirmed cases.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

Background

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These paragraphs are an excerpt from Monkeypox and 2022 monkeypox outbreak.

Mpox (/ˈɛmpɒks/, EM-poks; formerly known as monkeypox)[2] is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and other animals. Symptoms include a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. The illness is usually mild, and most infected individuals recover within a few weeks without treatment. The time from exposure to the onset of symptoms ranges from three to seventeen days, and symptoms typically last from two to four weeks. However, cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women, or people with suppressed immune systems.[3][4][5]

The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus. The variola virus, which causes smallpox, is also in this genus.[6] Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with infected skin or body fluids, including sexual contact.[6] People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed.[3] The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or via bites or scratches.[3] Diagnosis can be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[6]

Vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of infection.[6] No vaccine has been developed specifically against mpox, but smallpox vaccines have been found to be effective.[7] There is no specific treatment for the disease, so the aim of treatment is to manage the symptoms and prevent complications.[6][8] Antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat can be used to treat mpox,[6] although their effectiveness has not been proved.[9]

In May 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) made an emergency announcement of the existence of a multi-country outbreak of mpox, a viral disease then commonly known as "monkeypox".[10] The initial cluster of cases was found in the United Kingdom,[11] where the first case was detected in London on 6 May 2022[12] in a patient with a recent travel history from Nigeria where the disease has been endemic.[13] On 16 May, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) confirmed four new cases with no link to travel to a country where mpox is endemic.[12] Subsequently, cases have been reported from many countries and regions.[14] The outbreak marked the first time mpox had spread widely outside Central and West Africa. The disease had been circulating and evolving in human hosts over several years before the outbreak and was caused by the clade IIb variant of the virus.[15]

On 23 July 2022, the Director-General of WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), stating that "we have an outbreak that has spread around the world rapidly, through new modes of transmission, about which we understand too little".[16] A global response to the outbreak included public awareness campaigns in order to reduce spread of the disease, and repurposing of smallpox vaccines.[17][18]

History

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The first case was detected on 20 May 2022 by a General Practioner in Sydney. The patient, a male in his 40s, had recently returned from travelling in Europe and had developed symptoms. The man was placed in isolation while testing was carried out. Shortly afterward another male, in is 30s, who had recently returned from the United Kingdom to Victoria was diagnosed with the disease.[19]

By 26 June 2022 there were six cases in New South Wales and four in Victoria.[20]

By 30 June 2022 the first case of the virus was reported in South Australia, the man tested positive after returning from overseas and was placed in isolation.[20]

Queensland reported the first case on 11 July 2022 with one person testing positive and being placed in isolation and under virtual monitoring in Brisbane.[21]

On 24 July 2022 Australia had recorded a total of 44 cases,[22] by 2 August the number of cases had increased to 53.[23]

The first case was detected in Western Australia on 4 August 2022 in a person who had travelled from overseas. The person was placed in isolation in Perth, Western Australia.[24][23]

On 5 August 2022 there had been 34 cases of monkeypox recorded in New South Wales[25] and 57 cases had been recorded nationally.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

References

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  1. ^ a b Jolyon Attwooll (20 May 2022). "'Quite incredible': Australia's first monkeypox case spotted by GP". GP. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  2. ^ "WHO recommends new name for monkeypox disease" (Press release). World Health Organization (WHO). 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "Mpox". World Health Organization (WHO). 17 August 2024. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  4. ^ "WHO Factsheet – Mpox (Monkeypox)". World Health Organization (WHO). 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  5. ^ "Mpox Symptoms". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "WHO Factsheet – Mpox (Monkeypox)". World Health Organization (WHO). 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  7. ^ Christodoulidou MM, Mabbott NA (1 January 2023). "Efficacy of smallpox vaccines against Mpox infections in humans". Immunotherapy Advances. 3 (1): ltad020. doi:10.1093/immadv/ltad020. PMC 10598838. PMID 37886620.
  8. ^ "Mpox (formerly Monkeypox)". NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 6 December 2022. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  9. ^ "Patient's Guide to Mpox Treatment with Tecovirimat (TPOXX)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  10. ^ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries". World Health Organization. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  11. ^ "So, Have You Heard About Monkeypox?". The Atlantic. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  12. ^ a b "Monkeypox cases confirmed in England – latest updates". GOV.UK. 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  13. ^ "Monkeypox – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  14. ^ "2022 Mpox Outbreak Global Map | Mpox | Poxvirus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2023-09-12. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  15. ^ Sample, Ian (2 November 2023). "Mpox circulated for five years before global explosion in 2022, research finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  16. ^ "WHO Director-General declares the ongoing monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern". World Health Organization (WHO). 2022-07-23. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  17. ^ "Monkeypox – Campaign details". Department of Health and Social Care – Campaign Resource Centre. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  18. ^ "Protecting you from mpox (monkeypox): information on the smallpox vaccination". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference first case was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ a b Stacey Testrin (30 June 2022). "South Australia records first case of monkeypox in man who had travelled overseas". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  21. ^ Elain Ford (11 July 2022). "First monkeypox case detected in Queensland". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  22. ^ "Government 'recognises concern' over monkeypox with 44 cases recorded – as it happened". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. 24 July 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  23. ^ a b "Western Australia records first case of monkeypox". 9News. Nine.com.au. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  24. ^ Grace Burmas (7 August 2022). "Western Australia records first monkeypox case in returned overseas traveller". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  25. ^ "Monkeypox". Fact Sheet. New South Wales Health. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.

Category:2022 in Australia

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