User:Hgrosser/sandbox

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Biography edit

Early years edit

One of nine children,^[1] Chebyshev was born in the village of Okatovo in the district of Borovsk, province of Kaluga. His father, Lev Pavlovich, was a Russian nobleman and wealthy landowner. Pafnuty Lvovich was first educated at home by his mother Agrafena Ivanovna (in reading and writing) and by his cousin Avdotya Kvintillianovna Sukhareva (in French and arithmetic). Chebyshev mentioned that his music teacher also played an important role in his education, for she “raised his mind to exactness and analysis.”

A physical handicap (of unknown cause) affected Chebyshev's adolescence and development. From childhood, he limped and walked with a stick and so his parents abandoned the idea of his becoming an officer in the family tradition. His disability prevented his playing many children's games and he devoted himself instead to mathematics.

In 1832, the family moved to Moscow, mainly to attend to the education of their eldest sons (Pafnuty and Pavel, who would become lawyers). Education continued at home and his parents engaged teachers of excellent reputation, including (for mathematics and physics) P.N. Pogorelski, held to be one of the best teachers in Moscow and who had taught (for example) the writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

University studies edit

In summer 1837, Chebyshev passed the registration examinations and, in September of that year, began his mathematical studies at the second philosophical department of Moscow University. His teachers included N.D. Brashman, N.E. Zernov and D.M. Perevoshchikov of whom it seems clear that Brashman had the greatest influence on Chebyshev. Brashman instructed him in practical mechanics and probably showed him the work of French engineer J.V. Poncelet. In 1841 Chebyshev was awarded the silver medal for his work “calculation of the roots of equations” which he had finished in 1838. In this, Chebyshev derived an approximating algorithm for the solution of algebraic equations of nth degree based on Newton's method. In the same year he finished his studies as "most outstanding candidate".

In 1841, Chebyshev’s financial situation changed drastically. There was famine in Russia and his parents were forced to leave Moscow. Although they could no longer support their son, he decided to continue his mathematical studies and prepared for the master examinations, which lasted six months. Chebyshev passed the final examination in October 1843 and, in 1846, defended his master thesis “An Essay on the Elementary Analysis of the Theory of Probability.” His biographer Prudnikov suggests that Chebyshev was directed to this subject after learning of recently-published books on probability theory or on the revenue of the Russian insurance industry.

Adult years edit

In 1847, Chebyshev promoted his thesis pro venia legendi “On integration with the help of logarithms” at St Petersburg University and thus obtained the right to teach there as a lecturer. At that time some of Leonhard Euler’s works were rediscovered by P. N. Fuss and were being edited by V. Ya. Bunyakovsky, who encouraged Chebyshev to study them. This would come to influence Chebyshev's work. In 1848, he submitted his work The Theory of Congruences for a doctorate, which he defended in May 1849. He was elected an extraordinary professor at St Petersburg University in 1850, ordinary professor in 1860 and, after 25 years of lectureship, he became merited professor in 1872. In 1882 he left the university and devoted his life to research.

During his lectureship at the university (1852–1858), Chebyshev also taught practical mechanics at the Alexander Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo (now Pushkin), a southern suburb of St Petersburg.

His scientific achievements were the reason for his election as junior academician (adjunkt) in 1856. Later, he became an extraordinary (1856) and in 1858 an ordinary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. In the same year he became an honorary member of Moscow University. He accepted other honorary appointments and was decorated several times. In 1856, Chebyshev became a member of the scientific committee of the ministry of national education. In 1859, he became an ordinary member of the ordnance department of the academy with the adoption of the headship of the commission for mathematical questions according to ordnance and experiments related to ballistics. The Paris academy elected him corresponding member in 1860 and full foreign member in 1874. In 1893, he was elected honorable member of the St. Petersburg Mathematical Society, which had been founded three years earlier.

Chebyshev died in St Petersburg on 26 November 1894.

^ Biography in MacTutor Archive

BART edit

Station	Location	Opened	Ridership^[b]
16th Street Mission	San Francisco Mile 9.76 M	November 3, 1973	11,540
19th Street/Oakland*	Oakland Mile 0.70 C	September 11, 1972	10,832
24th Street Mission	San Francisco Mile 10.64 M	November 3, 1973	11,897
Ashby	Berkeley Mile 3.96 R	January 29, 1973	4,719
Balboa Park*	San Francisco Mile 13.44 M	November 3, 1973	9,830
Bay Fair*	San Leandro Mile 10.94 A	September 11, 1972	5,259
Castro Valley	Castro Valley	May 10, 1997	2,632
Civic Center/UN Plaza	San Francisco Mile 8.64 M	November 3, 1973	18,879
Coliseum/Oakland Airport	Oakland Mile 5.43 A	September 11, 1972	7,498
Colma	Colma	February 24, 1996	5,633
Concord	Concord Mile 21.18 C	May 21, 1973	5,538
Daly City†	Daly City Mile 15.24 M	November 3, 1973	7,911
Downtown Berkeley	Berkeley Mile 5.16 R	January 29, 1973	12,681
Dublin/Pleasanton†	Pleasanton	May 10, 1997	6,916
El Cerrito del Norte	El Cerrito Mile 10.26 R	January 29, 1973	7,946
El Cerrito Plaza	El Cerrito Mile 8.42 R	January 29, 1973	4,445
Embarcadero	San Francisco Mile 7.33 M	May 27, 1976	39,557
Fremont†	Fremont Mile 23.71 A	September 11, 1972	7,856
Fruitvale	Oakland Mile 3.32 A	September 11, 1972	7,709
Glen Park	San Francisco Mile 12.29 M	November 3, 1973	7,258
Hayward	Hayward Mile 13.80 A	September 11, 1972	4,816
Lafayette	Lafayette Mile 11.94 C	May 21, 1973	3,675
Lake Merritt	Oakland Mile 0.57 A	September 11, 1972	5,766
MacArthur*	Oakland Mile 2.22 C	September 11, 1972	8,777
Millbrae †	Millbrae	June 22, 2003	5,970
Montgomery Street	San Francisco Mile 7.69 M	November 3, 1973	36,666
North Berkeley	Berkeley Mile 6.22 R	January 29, 1973	4,249
North Concord/Martinez	Concord	December 16, 1995	2,321
Oakland City Center/12th Street	Oakland Mile 0.35 C	September 11, 1972	12,809
Orinda	Orinda Mile 8.18 C	May 21, 1973	2,956
Pittsburg/Bay Point†	Pittsburg	December 7, 1996	5,375
Pleasant Hill / Contra Costa Centre	Walnut Creek Mile 17.11 C	May 21, 1973	6,520
Powell Street	San Francisco Mile 8.13 M	November 3, 1973	26,746
Richmond †	Richmond Mile 12.57 R	January 29, 1973	3,685
Rockridge	Oakland Mile 3.80 C	May 21, 1973	5,768
San Bruno*	San Bruno	June 22, 2003	3,528
San Francisco International Airport†	San Mateo County	June 22, 2003	6,644
San Leandro	San Leandro Mile 8.38 A	September 11, 1972	5,446
South Hayward	Hayward Mile 16.75 A	September 11, 1972	3,150
South San Francisco	South San Francisco	June 22, 2003	3,014
Union City	Union City Mile 20.50 A	September 11, 1972	4,219
Walnut Creek	Walnut Creek Mile 15.44 C	May 21, 1973	6,547
West Dublin/Pleasanton	Pleasanton	February 19, 2011	2,792
West Oakland	Oakland Mile 1.48 M	May 21, 1973	5,340

[MacTutor-1] Biography in MacTutor Archive

[1]