added scientific article: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X00000325
added outside link: Kali River
checked for plagarism: On 11 and 17 August 1998 at village Malpa in Pithoragarh district of Uttarkhand state about 380 people were killed when massive landslides washed away the entire village. The dead included 60 Hindu pilgrims on their way to Kailash Mansarovar lake in Tibet.The noted Indian dancer Protima Bedi was one of the pilgrims who died in the landslide.
FOUND, CHANGED, &ADDED TO: On 11 and 17 August 1998, massive landslides wiped away the entire villiage of Malpa in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarkhand in Kali Valley of Higher Kumaun Himalaya. 221 people died including 60 Hindu pilgrims traveling to Tibet. One noted death was the Indian dancer Protima Bedj.
Other Additions to Article:
Causes of Landslide
editThe landslide generated around one million cubic meters of rock fall and debris flow. This debris partially blocked the Kali River. The landslide prevailed mostly due to steep, almost vertical, slopes of rock above the valley. In addition to the slopes. proximity of the rock mass to major tectonic plates and major rain fall into the porous rock caused the formation to fall. Stress on the rock formations caused the landslide. The slide demonstrated the distressed state of rock in the Himalayan region because of the drift of the Indian plate northward. [1]
added scientific article: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-002-0256-8#/page-1
added outside link: quaternary lacustrine mudstones
checked for plagarism: Concepción is one of two volcanoes (along with Maderas) that form the island of Ometepe, which is situated in Lake Nicaragua in Nicaragua, Central America.
Concepción is an active stratovolcano that forms the northwest part of the Isla de Ometepe. Since 1883, Concepción has erupted at least 25 times; its last eruption was on 9 March 2010.[2] Concepción's eruptions are characterized by frequent, moderate-sized explosions. Active fumaroles are present just north of Concepción's summit crater.
Addition to Article:
Concepción is 1600 m tall that rests on a 1-km-thick base of quaternary lacustrine mudstones. It is considered a "pristine" volcano because there has been no influence of other volcanoes on its growth. The growth of the volcano comes in phases based on in weaknesses of the crust that the volcano rests on. As it grows from additional magma flow, the volcano grows in weight and pressure on the crust. This causes shifts which in turn causes more volcanic growth. This affects the magma chamber which begins the cycle again with growth because of magmatic flow[2].
added scientific article: http://gji.oxfordjournals.org/content/189/2/999.short
added outside link: definition of earthquake to shock
added outside link: epicenter
checked for plagarism: The 2012 Kamaishi earthquake occurred near the city of Kamaishi, Japan, on December 7.[10] The magnitude 7.3 shock generated a small tsunami, with waves up to 1 m high, that hit Ishinomaki in Miyagi Prefecture.[11] It occurred at a depth of 36 km within the Pacific Plate and was the result of reverse faulting, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the Japan Trench.[1]
Previous earthquakes in Kamaishi
editIn 2001 and 2008, there were a series of micro earthquakes that could have started the tectonic plate movement that spawned the 2012 Kamaishi earthquake. These small series of earthquakes were a magnitude of about 3-4.9. It is studied that the shocks moved from the outer and deeper limits into the mainshock epicenter. These small earthquakes were a precursor that began the tectonic movement for the 2012 earthquake[3].
added outside link: shale rock
checked for plagarism: The earthquake's epicenter was at latitude 41°29′24″ N and longitude 80°22′48″ W in the Southern_Great_Lakes_Seismic_Zone, about 25 kilometers (16 mi) southwest of Meadville; its depth was 5 kilometers (3 mi).[4] The earthquake caused minor damage in towns near its epicenter and was felt in the states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan, New_York, Illinois and New_Jersey, as well as Southern Ontario in Canada.[5]
bold is what I added
Hydrologic occurrences
editAfter the earthquake many wells in the epicentral region began to dry up, while new springs and old wells began to flow. A three-month date range revealed 120 dry household-supply wells on the ridge of Jamestown and Greenville[6]. Declines of up to 100 feet (30 m)* were observed on a ridge where at least 80 of these wells resided. The degree of the damage varied. Some of the wells lost all power or could barely hold their yields, and some of the water in wells turned black or began to smell of sulfur.
The most likely cause of the wells drying was because of the increase in hydraulic conductivity or "hydraulic islands" of shale rock under this area caused by the earthquake[6]. The quake affected the existing faults and created new faults in the shale[6]. This created more permeability for the water to leak down from the hilltops on the ridge down to the valleys following the contours of the Meadville shale down to the 14-18 square km area of the valley. [6]
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- ^ Paul, S. K; Bartarya, S. K; Rautela, Piyoosh; Mahajan, A. K (2000-11-01). "Catastrophic mass movement of 1998 monsoons at Malpa in Kali Valley, Kumaun Himalaya (India)". Geomorphology. 35 (3–4): 169–180. doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00032-5.
- ^ Borgia, Andrea; Vries, Benjamin van Wyk de (2003-05-01). "The volcano-tectonic evolution of Concepción, Nicaragua". Bulletin of Volcanology. 65 (4): 248–266. doi:10.1007/s00445-002-0256-8. ISSN 0258-8900.
- ^ Uchida, Naoki; Matsuzawa, Toru; Ellsworth, William L.; Imanishi, Kazutoshi; Shimamura, Kouhei; Hasegawa, Akira (2012-05-01). "Source parameters of microearthquakes on an interplate asperity off Kamaishi, NE Japan over two earthquake cycles". Geophysical Journal International. 189 (2): 999–1014. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05377.x. ISSN 0956-540X.
- ^ "Magnitude 5.2 Pennsylvania". United States Geological Survey. November 10, 2003. Archived from the original on 11 March 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Magnitude 5.2 Pennsylvania". United States Geological Survey. November 10, 2003. Archived from the original on 11 March 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d Gorokhovich, Y; Fleeger, G (2007). "Pymatuning earthquake in Pennsylvania and Late Minoan Crisis on Crete" (PDF). Water Science and Technology: Water Supply (Vol 1 No 7): 245–251.
{{cite journal}}:|issue=has extra text (help)