User:HYC/Numbers

San José, California

Geographic coordinates: latitude 37°18′15″N, longitude 121°52′22″W

Time zone: UTC-8

Sunrise and sunset

Vernal and autumnal equinoxes:

sunrise: due east

sunset: due west

maximum elevation at noon: 53 degrees in the southern sky.

Summer solstice:

sunrise (05:47 PDT): east-northeast (azimuth 60 degrees)

sunset (20:31 PDT): west-northwest (azimuth 300 degrees)

maximum elevation at noon: 76 degrees above the southern horizon.

Winter solstice:

sunrise (07:18 PST): about 30 degrees south of due east

sunset (16:54 PST): about 30 degrees south of due west

maximum elevation at noon: 30 degrees above the southern horizon.

Sources: [1] [2] 20060906.

Cost of Gasoline

Approximate figures (reference -- Arizona 2004):

1. Crude Oil cost: 37%
2. Refining cost: 32%
3. State and federal taxes: 27%
4. Dealer costs: 5%

Source: [3] Archive dated 20041206

Cost of Books

Breaking down the textbook dollar:
Author 11.6¢	11.6¢ - Author's royalty
Publisher 64.3¢	32.1¢ - Printing and editorial costs 15.3¢ - Marketing & promotion 9.9¢ - Publisher's administrative costs 7.0¢ - Publisher's income
Freight 1.7¢	1.7¢ - Freight expenses
Bookstore 22.4¢	10.8¢ - Bookstore personnel 7.2¢ - Bookstore overhead 4.4¢ - Bookstore income
Source: NACS 2007 Accessed 20070904

American Lifestyle

Mobility

Mail addresses in the U.S.A. change at a rate of 17% per year.[4] In the USPS databases, there are approximately 40 million records of permanent address changes every year.[5] (Sources accessed 20070711)

Waste

"As of 2005, individuals, businesses and institutions in the United States produced more than 245 million tons of municipal solid waste, according to the E.P.A. That means about 4.5 pounds per person per day." -- New York Times, article "Not Buying It", published 20070621 (login required).

See also:

• Susan Strasser. Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash. New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999. ISBN 0-8050-4830-8. Review: NYT. Links accessed 20070711 (login required).

Generation Length

Studies on human generation length:

• Cross-cultural: Male 31-32; Female 25-28; Autosomal 28-30. (Fenner 2005)
• Icelandic database: Male 31.93; Female 28.72. (Helgason 2003)
• Quebec study: Male 35.0; Female 28.7; Average 31.7. (Temblay 2000)

Anedoctal evidence:

• Ancestry.com: Male ~34; Female 29 (Devine 2005)

Sources: Fenner [6] [7]; Helgason, Temblay, Devine [8]; accessed 20080704.

Earth

• Mean radius: 6,371.0 km (equatorial radius: 6,378.1 km; polar radius: 6,356.8 km)
• Surface area: 510,065,600 km²
  • Land: 148,939,100 km² (29.2 %)
  • Water: 361,126,400 km² (70.8 %)
• Mean height of continents: 686 m
• Mean depth of oceans: 3,794 m
  • Mass of the oceans: ca. 1.35×10¹⁸ metric tons (about 1/4400 of the total mass of the Earth)
  • Volume of the oceans: 1.386×10⁹ km³

Carbon Cycle

Data:

• Concentration of CO₂ in atmosphere: 380ppm by volume in 2006 (350ppm in 1987; 315ppm in 1958).

Note: The Keeling curve is expressed on a H₂O-free basis [9]

• Average atmospheric pressure: about 101.325 kPa (at sea level).
  • Global mean total surface pressure is 98.550 kPa [10]

• Average mass of Earth's atmosphere: 5.1480×10¹⁸ kg

(about 5,000 trillion metric tons, or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth).

• Mean mass of water vapor: estimated as 1.27×10¹⁶ kg
• Dry air mass: estimated as 5.1352 ±0.0003×10¹⁸ kg [11]

• Mean molar mass of air: 28.97 g/mol

Calculations:

• Concentration of CO₂ by mass: 380 ppm × (44/28.97) = 577 ppm by mass
• Mass of CO₂ in atmosphere: 5.1352×10¹⁸ kg × 577 ppm = 2.964×10¹⁵ kg of CO₂
• Mass of carbon in atmosphere: 5.1352×10¹⁸ kg × 577 ppm × (12/44) = 8.083×10¹⁴ kg of C
• Average yearly increase of C in atmosphere: 2.880×10¹² kg of C = 1.056×10¹³ kg CO₂ (1958 to 2006)
  • Average world population (1958-2006): 4,663,426,855 [12]
  • Share per capita of annual increase of atmospheric carbon (1958-2006): 617.6 kg C =2264.4 kg CO₂

which translates to 1.69 kg C or 6.20 kg CO₂ per day per person

which is equivalent to the carbon in 0.70 gallons of gasoline (1 gallon contains 2421 g C) [13]

See also:

• Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere
• Carbon dioxide sink
• Volcanic Gases

Sources accessed: 20071012

Mercury Numbers

Elemental mercury:

• Vapor pressure at 37 C: 0.005mg of mercury
• Absorption: 75% of inhaled mercury; 0.1% to 10% of ingested mercury
• WHO's recommended limit (industrial threshold): 25 μg/m³ of Hg vapor in the air (40h/week)
• NOAEL for general public: 5 μg/m³ (continuous exposure); for children and pregnant women: 1 μg/m³ [14]

File:CFL bulb mercury use environment.svg

The impact of the use of CFL's on mercury emissions.

Mercury content:

• CFL: 4mg Hg
• T12 Fluorescent lamps: 20mg Hg
• Glass thermometers: 500mg Hg [15]
• Dental amalgam capsules: 100 to 1000mg [16]

Sources accessed: 20080416

TV Channels

VHF Channels (30-300 MHz) [17]

• 55-72 and 77-88 MHZ – TV channels 2 - 6 ("Band I" = 48-88 MHz)

Channel 1 (44-50 MHz in 1946-1948): band reassigned to fixed and mobile services

Channel 2 = 54-60 MHz

Channel 3 = 60-66 MHz

Channel 4 = 66-72 MHz

Channel 5 = 76-82 MHz

Channel 6 = 82-88 MHz

• 87.5-108 MHz – FM radio ( = "Band II")
• 175-216 MHZ – TV channels 7 - 13 ("Band III" = 174 to 230 MHz)

Channel 7 = 174-180 MHz

Channel 8 = 180-186 MHz

Channel 9 = 186-192 MHz

Channel 10 = 192-198 MHz

Channel 11 = 198-204 MHz

Channel 12 = 204-210 MHz

Channel 13 = 210-216 MHz

UHF Channels (300-3000 MHz) [18]

• 470–512 MHz: TV channels 14–20
• 512–698 MHz: TV channels 21–51

*Channel 34 used sometimes for radar

*Channel 37 used for radio astronomy

• 698–806 MHz: TV channels 52–69 (auctioned in March 2008; for use in digital TV by February 2009)
• 806–824 MHz: TV channels 70–72 => Pagers
• 824–849 MHz: TV channels 73–77 => AMPS A & B franchises, terminal (mobile phone)
• 849–869 MHz: TV channels 77–80 => Public safety 2-way (fire, police, ambulance)
• 869–894 MHz: TV channels 80–83 => AMPS A & B franchises, base station

*One translator is still in use on channel 83.

DTV Channels

Digital television uses virtual channel numbers, which differs from the actual (physical) radio frequency (RF) channel number used, through remapping. Since DTV can carry multiple programs simultaneously, virtual channels may also map out subchannels (e.g. 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, etc., for channel 7).

• Channels 1-99: program channels
• Channels 100-999: data channels

Cable TV Channels

• Subband CATV Channels (used for cable television headends and cable modems):

Channels T-7 – T-14: 7-53 MHz

• Lowband: Channels 1-6: 55-90 MHz (same as broadcast television)
• Midband: Channels 95-99: 91-120 MHz (same frequencies as FM radio)
• Midband: Channels 14-22: 121-174 MHz
• Highband: Channels 7-13: 175-216 MHz (same as broadcast television)
• Superband: Channels 23-36: 217-300 MHz
• Hyperband: Channels 37-64: 301-468 MHz
• Ultraband: Channels 65-94: 469-648 MHz
• Jumboband: Channels 100-158: 649-1002 MHz

Note: Digital cable channels are often numbered starting at 100 or 200, but these are virtual channel numbers and do not correspond to used frequencies.