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Planktivore Ecology edit

 
A depiction of nutrient cycles provided by bivalves, specifically of blue mussels

Plankton are among the lower trophic levels in food chains. Planktivores affect the food chain by altering plankton populations in various ways, a process known as the trophic cascade. The gizzard shad, again, plays this role.[1] It consumes phytoplankton when it is small, zooplankton when it is larger, and other foods when it eliminates the zooplankton in the area. It incidentally controls the populations of other fish that depend on zooplankton, such as bluegill (Lepomis macrochiris).[2]

 
Quagga mussel, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis, with a protruding siphon

Other planktivores, such as mussels, play a vital role as ecosystem engineers as they biofiltrate, stabilize stream beds, and provide surface area for various benthic microorganisms.[3][4][5] Varying species of these bivalves feed on all types of plankton, such as bacteria, algae, and other phytoplankton.[5] They can also significantly alter the nutrient cycles of their aquatic ecosystem through their filter-feeding and subsequent excretion, while some species are even able to remove nitrogen in streams.[6][7] However, as native mussel species provide many benefits to their habitats, increasing populations of invasive mussels have been deleterious.[8][9][10]

For example, originally from the Ponto-Caspian region, the genus Dreissena has infiltrated the Great Lakes of North America and reduced native species in affected areas.[11][12] The dreissenid species, Dreissena polymorpha, and Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (the zebra mussel and the quagga mussel, respectively), have colonized and impacted the natural ecosystem.[13][14] Their presence has been correlated with altering the numbers of phytoplankton and zooplankton that inhabit the waterbodies due to their manipulation of nutrient cycling as they disperse large amount of inorganic nutrients.[15][16][17][18] These mussels have also been indicated as a source of nutrient sinks due to their vast numbers and the containment of large amounts of phosphorus within their bodies.[9][19][8][20]

Because planktivores, such as mussels, impact nutrient cycles, they are an essential part of the chemistry of aquatic systems as they can be highly beneficial and immensely impactful.[3][21]


Bibliography edit

[8][11][12][13][19][18][21][14][20][3]

  1. ^ Stein, Roy A.; DeVries, Dennis R.; Dettmers, John M. (1995-11-01). "Food-web regulation by a planktivore: exploring the generality of the trophic cascade hypothesis". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 52 (11): 2518–2526. doi:10.1139/f95-842. ISSN 0706-652X.
  2. ^ DeVries, Dennis R.; Stein, Roy A. (1992-06-01). "Complex Interactions between Fish and Zooplankton: Quantifying the Role of an Open-Water Planktivore". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 49 (6): 1216–1227. doi:10.1139/f92-137. ISSN 0706-652X.
  3. ^ a b c Vaughn, Caryn C. (2018-03-01). "Ecosystem services provided by freshwater mussels". Hydrobiologia. 810 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3139-x. ISSN 1573-5117.
  4. ^ wa Kangeri, Arno K.; Jansen, Jeroen M.; Joppe, Daniel J.; Dankers, Norbert M. J. A. (2016-12-01). "In situ investigation of the effects of current velocity on sedimentary mussel bed stability". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 485: 65–72. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2016.08.011. ISSN 0022-0981.
  5. ^ a b Vaughn, Caryn C.; Nichols, S. Jerrine; Spooner, Daniel E. (2008-06-01). "Community and foodweb ecology of freshwater mussels". Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 27 (2): 409–423. doi:10.1899/07-058.1. ISSN 0887-3593.
  6. ^ Atkinson, Carla L.; Vaughn, Caryn C.; Forshay, Kenneth J.; Cooper, Joshua T. (2013). "Aggregated filter-feeding consumers alter nutrient limitation: consequences for ecosystem and community dynamics". Ecology. 94 (6): 1359–1369. doi:10.1890/12-1531.1. ISSN 1939-9170.
  7. ^ Nickerson, Zachary L.; Mortazavi, Behzad; Atkinson, Carla L. (2019-12-01). "Using functional traits to assess the influence of burrowing bivalves on nitrogen-removal in streams". Biogeochemistry. 146 (2): 125–143. doi:10.1007/s10533-019-00612-2. ISSN 1573-515X.
  8. ^ a b c Vanni, Michael J. (2021-02-23). "Invasive mussels regulate nutrient cycling in the largest freshwater ecosystem on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (8). doi:10.1073/pnas.2100275118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 33547254.
  9. ^ a b Vaughn, Caryn C.; Hakenkamp, Christine C. (2001-11-01). "The functional role of burrowing bivalves in freshwater ecosystems". Freshwater Biology. 46 (11): 1431–1446. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00771.x. ISSN 0046-5070.
  10. ^ Vaughn, Caryn C. (2010-01-XX). "Biodiversity Losses and Ecosystem Function in Freshwaters: Emerging Conclusions and Research Directions". BioScience. 60 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1525/bio.2010.60.1.7. ISSN 1525-3244. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ a b Nalepa, Thomas F.; Fanslow, David L.; Lang, Gregory A. (March 2009). "Transformation of the offshore benthic community in Lake Michigan: recent shift from the native amphipod Diporeia spp. to the invasive mussel Dreissena rostriformis bugensis". Freshwater Biology. 54 (3): 466–479. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02123.x.
  12. ^ a b Strayer, David L.; Adamovich, Boris V.; Adrian, Rita; Aldridge, David C.; Balogh, Csilla; Burlakova, Lyubov E.; Fried‐Petersen, Hannah B.; G.‐Tóth, László; Hetherington, Amy L.; Jones, Thomas S.; Karatayev, Alexander Y. (April 2019). "Long‐term population dynamics of dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis): a cross‐system analysis". Ecosphere. 10 (4): e02701. doi:10.1002/ecs2.2701. ISSN 2150-8925.
  13. ^ a b Mahdiyan, Octavia; Filazzola, Alessandro; Molot, Lewis A.; Gray, Derek; Sharma, Sapna (2020-10-04). "Drivers of water quality changes within the Laurentian Great Lakes region over the past 40 years". Limnology and Oceanography. 66 (1): 237–254. doi:10.1002/lno.11600. ISSN 0024-3590.
  14. ^ a b MacIsaac, Hugh J. (1996). "Potential Abiotic and Biotic Impacts of Zebra Mussels on the Inland Waters of North America". American Zoologist. 36 (3): 287–299. ISSN 0003-1569.
  15. ^ "Transformation of Freshwater Ecosystems by Bivalves: A case study of zebra mussels in the Hudson River". BioScience. 1999-01-XX. doi:10.1525/bisi.1999.49.1.19. ISSN 1525-3244. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Haynes, James M.; Stewart, Timothy W.; Cook, George E. (1999-01-01). "Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Southwestern Lake Ontario Following Invasion of Dreissena: Continuing Change". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 25 (4): 828–838. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70780-X. ISSN 0380-1330.
  17. ^ Vaughn, Caryn C.; Gido, Keith B.; Spooner, Daniel E. (2004). "Ecosystem Processes Performed by Unionid Mussels in Stream Mesocosms: Species Roles and Effects of Abundance". Hydrobiologia. 527 (1): 35–47. doi:10.1023/b:hydr.0000043180.30420.00. ISSN 0018-8158.
  18. ^ a b Hecky, R E; Smith, R Eh; Barton, D R; Guildford, S J; Taylor, W D; Charlton, M N; Howell, T (2004-07-01). "The nearshore phosphorus shunt: a consequence of ecosystem engineering by dreissenids in the Laurentian Great Lakes". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 61 (7): 1285–1293. doi:10.1139/f04-065. ISSN 0706-652X.
  19. ^ a b Capps, Krista A.; Atkinson, Carla L.; Rugenski, Amanda T. (June 2015). "Implications of species addition and decline for nutrient dynamics in fresh waters". Freshwater Science. 34 (2): 485–496. doi:10.1086/681095. ISSN 2161-9549.
  20. ^ a b Li, Jiying; Ianaiev, Vadym; Huff, Audrey; Zalusky, John; Ozersky, Ted; Katsev, Sergei (2021-02-09). "Benthic invaders control the phosphorus cycle in the world's largest freshwater ecosystem". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (6): e2008223118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2008223118. ISSN 0027-8424.
  21. ^ a b Cyr, Hélène; Collier, Kevin J.; Clearwater, Susan J.; Hicks, Brendan J.; Stewart, Simon D. (July 2017). "Feeding and nutrient excretion of the New Zealand freshwater mussel Echyridella menziesii (Hyriidae, Unionida): implications for nearshore nutrient budgets in lakes and reservoirs". Aquatic Sciences. 79 (3): 557–571. doi:10.1007/s00027-016-0517-9. ISSN 1015-1621.
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