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User:Georges Cuvier/Parasites

< User:Georges Cuvier

List of parasites of prehistoric organisms edit

List of known parasites of prehistoric organisms from before 1500 AD, after Kenneth De Baets and D. Timothy J. Littlewood, 2015.

Bacteria edit

Higher Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Spirochaetes Palaeoborrelia dominicana Direct: spirochaetelike cells Miocene Amber Amblyomma sp. [1] Terrestrial
Rickettsiales Palaeorickettsia protera Direct: rickettsial-like cells Early Cretaceous Amber Cornupalpatum burmanicum [2] Terrestrial

Eukaryota edit

Higher Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Metamonada Parabasalia: Trichomonadida Indirect: lesions Cretaceous Skeletal deformation Tyrannosaurus rex [3] Terrestrial
Amoebozoa? Entamoebites antiquus Direct: cyst Cretaceous Coprolite Archosaur (?dinosaur) [4] Terrestrial

Phylum Apicomplexa edit

Higher Taxon Lower Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Gregarinasina ? ? Direct: in amber Miocene Amber Sminthuridid springtail [5] Terrestrial
Monoductidae Primigregarina burmanica Direct: in amber Early Cretaceous Amber Cockroaches [5] Terrestrial
Coccidia Cryptosporidiidae Cryptosporidium Direct: aDNA in coprolite Holocene Coprolite Moas

South Island giant moa

(Dinornis robustus)

[6] Terrestrial
Eimeriorina ?
Eimeriidae Eimeria lobatoi Indirect: oocysts Holocene Coprolite Brocket deer

(Mazama sp.)

[7] Terrestrial
? Archeococcidia antiquus Indirect: oocysts Pleistocene Coprolite Shasta ground sloth

(Nothrotheriops shastensis)

[8] Terrestrial
Archeococcidia nothrotheriopsae Terrestrial
Haemospororida Plasmodiidae Plasmodium dominicana Direct: erythocytes Miocene Amber Culex malariager [9] Terrestrial
Vetufebrus ovatus Direct: erythocytes Miocene Amber Enischnomyia stegosoma [10][11] Terrestrial
Paleohaemoproteus burmacis

(collective group)

Direct: erythocytes Early Cretaceous Amber Proticulicoides sp. [12] Terrestrial

Phylum Euglenozoa edit

Higher Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Trypanosomatida Palaeotrypanosoma burmanicus Direct: erythocytes Early Cretaceous Amber Leptoconops nosopheris [13] Terrestrial
Trypanosoma antiquus Direct: erythocytes Miocene Amber Triatoma dominicana [14] Terrestrial
Palaeoleishmania proterus Direct: erythocytes Early Cretaceous Amber Palaeomyia burmitis [15][16] Terrestrial
Paleoleishmania neotropicum Direct: erythocytes Miocene Amber Lutzomyia adiketis [17] Terrestrial

Phylum Arthropoda edit

Crustacea edit
Higher Taxon Intermediate Taxon Lower Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Copepoda ? ? Indirect: exocysts Jurassic Skeletal deformation Crinoids [18] Marine
Pionodesmotidae Castexia douvillei Indirect: exocysts Skeletal deformation Echinoids [19] Marine
? ? Indirect: exocysts Middle Jurassic Skeletal deformation Echinoids [18][20] Marine
Dichelesthiidae Kabatarina pattersoni Direct Early Cretaceous Calcareous nodules Cladocyclus gardneri [21][22] Marine
Isopoda ?Bopyridae Kanthyloma crusta

(ichnotaxon)

Indirect: swellings ?Early Jurassic

Middle Jurassic–Recent

Skeletal deformation Decapod crustaceans:

Eomunidopsis navarrensis

Eomunidopsis aldoirarensis

Distefania renefraaijei

Paragalathea ruizi

Caloxanthus paraornatus

Graptocarcinus texanus

Faksecarcinus koskobiloensis

Viaia robusta

[23][24] Marine
Pentastomida ? Aengapentastomum andresi Direct: phosphatized remains isolated from host Late Cambrian Calcareous nodules Conodonts [25] Marine
Boecklericambria pelturae Direct: phosphatized remains isolated from host Late Cambrian Calcareous nodules Conodonts [26] Marine
Haffnericambria trolmeniensis Direct: phosphatized remains isolated from host Late Cambrian Calcareous nodules Conodonts [26][27] Marine
Heymonsicambria ahlgreni Direct: phosphatized remains isolated from host Late Cambrian Calcareous nodules Conodonts [26] Marine
Heymonsicambria gossmannae Direct: phosphatized remains isolated from host Late Cambrian Calcareous nodules Conodonts [26] Marine
Heymonsicambria kinnekullensis Direct: phosphatized remains isolated from host Late Cambrian Calcareous nodules Conodonts [26] Marine
Heymonsicambria repetskii Direct: phosphatized remains isolated from host Late Cambrian Calcareous nodules Conodonts [26] Marine
Heymonsicambria scandica Direct: phosphatized remains isolated from host Late Cambrian Calcareous nodules Conodonts [26] Marine
Heymonsicambria taylori Direct: phosphatized remains isolated from host Late Cambrian Calcareous nodules Conodonts [26][28] Marine
Invavita piratica Direct: phosphatized remains isolated from host Silurian Pyroclastic deposit Nymphatelina gravida [29] Marine
Thecostraca ?Ascothoracida ? Indirect: borings Upper Cretaceous Skeletal deformation Echinocorys [30] Marine
?Ascothoracida Endosacculus moltkiae Indirect: borings Cretaceous Skeletal deformation Moltkia minuta [31] Marine
?Ascothoracida Endosacculus (?) najdini Indirect: borings Cretaceous Skeletal deformation Isis sp. [32] Marine
Chelonibiidae Chelonibia testudinaria Direct: Associated with host Pliocene Marine deposits Balaenidae [33] Marine
Coronulidae Coronula bifida Indirect Pliocene–Pleistocene Marine deposits Balaenopteridae [34] Marine
Arachnida edit
Higher Taxon Intermediate Taxon Family Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Acari Myocoptes japonensis japonensis Pleistocene Permafrost mummy Narrow-headed vole

(Microtus gregalis egorovi)

[35] Terrestrial
Trombidiformes Myobiidae Radfordia hylandi Terrestrial
Mesostigmata Laelaptidae Hyperlaelaps sp. Terrestrial
Hirstionyssidae Hirstionyssus sp. Terrestrial
Ixodida Ixodidae Cornupalpatum burmanicum Direct: larva stage Early Cretaceous Amber ? [36] Terrestrial
Compluriscutula vetulum Direct: larva stage Early Cretaceous Amber ? [37] Terrestrial
Amblyomma sp. Amber [38] Terrestrial
Amblyomma near testudinis Amber [38]
Ixodes succineus Amber [39]
Ixodes spp. Amber [39]
Hyalomma sp. Amber [39]
Argasidae Carios jerseyi Direct: larva stage Amber [39]
Ornithodoros antiquus Amber [39]
Insecta edit
Higher Taxon Intermediate Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Siphonaptera s.l. Pseudoculidae Pseudopulex jurassicus Direct: isolated from host Jurassic–Cretaceous Lacustrine deposits ?Pterosaurs

Dinosaurs

Small mammals

[40][41][42][43][44][45] Terrestrial
Pseudopulex magnus
Siphonaptera s.s. Paleopsylla: 4 species Direct: isolated from host Eocene Amber ?Mammals [46][47][48] Terrestrial
Eospilopsyllus kobberti Direct: in amber Solenodons

Echimyid rats

[49]
Phthiraptera Megamenopon rasnitsyni Direct: isolated from host Eocene Lacustrine deposits ?Water birds [50] Freshwater
? Indirect: nits Eocene Baltic amber Mammals [51] Terrestrial
?Sucking louse Squirrel-like rodent [52]
Polyplacidae Neohematopinus relictus Direct: isolated from host Pleistocene Permafrost mummy Arctic ground squirrel

(Citellus glacialis)

[35][53][52]
Gliricolidae Gliricola porcelli Holocene Mummy Guinea pig [52]
Microthoraciidae Microthoracius sp. Holocene Llama [52]
?Phthiraptera Saurodectes vrsanskyi Direct: fossilized [54]
Psocoptera Hoplopleura sp. Pleistocene Permafrost mummy Narrow-headed vole

(Microtus gregalis egorovi)

[35]
Trimenoponidae Trimenopon hispidum Holocene Mummy Guinea pig [52]
Diptera Athericidae Qiya jurassica Direct: parasitic larvae Jurassic Lacustrine deposits ?Salamanders [55] Freshwater
Psychodidae Palaeomyia burmitis Direct: in amber Early Cretaceous Amber [15][56] Terrestrial
Lutzomyia adiketis Direct: in amber Miocene Amber [17] Terrestrial
Ceratopogonidae Protoculicoides sp. Direct: in amber Early Cretaceous Amber [12] Terrestrial
Leptoconops nosopheris Direct: in amber Early Cretaceous Amber [13] Terrestrial
Oestridae Cobboldia (Mamontia) russanovi Permafrost mummy Woolly mammoth

(Mammuthus primigenius)

[57]
Streblidae Enischnomyia stegosoma Direct: in amber Miocene Amber ?Eptesicus sp.

?Lasiurus sp.

[11] Terrestrial
Calliphoridae Protophormia terraenovae Woolly rhinoceros

(Coelodonta antiquitatis)

Woolly mammoth

(Mammuthus primigenius)

Steppe bison

(Bison priscus)

Aurochs

(Bos primigenius)

Muskox

(Ovibos moschatus)

[58]
Hemiptera Torirostratidae Torirostratus pilosus Mammals

Birds

Pterosaurs

Dinosaurs

[59]
Flexicorpus acutirostratus
Reduviidae Triatoma dominicana Direct: in amber Miocene Amber ?Bat [14]

Phylum Nematoda edit

Higher Taxon Intermediate Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Ascaridida Ascarididae Ascarites rufferi Indirect: eggs Upper Triassic Coprolite Cynodont [60] Terrestrial
Ascarites gerus Direct: egg with developing juvenile Early Cretaceous Coprolite Archosaur

Megalosaurus dunkeri

[61] Terrestrial
Ascarites priscus
Toxocaridae Toxocara canis Direct: eggs Pleistocene Cave deposits Canid

(?Crocuta spelaea)

[62] Terrestrial
Shasta ground sloth

(Nothrotheriops shastensis)

[8] Terrestrial
Heterakoidea spp. Bush moa

(Anomalopteryx didiformis)

South Island giant moa

(Dinornis robustus)

South Island giant moa

(Dinornis robustus)

Upland moa

(Megalapteryx didinus)

[6] Terrestrial
Oxyurida Heteroxynematidae Paleoxyuris cockburni Indirect: eggs Upper Triassic Coprolite Cynodont [63] Terrestrial
Agamofilaria oxyura

(collective group)

Pleistocene Coprolite Shasta ground sloth

(Nothrotheriops shastensis)

[8] Terrestrial
Permafrost mummy Arctic ground squirrel

(Citellus glacialis)

[53] Terrestrial
Rhabditida Strongylidae Strongylus (Alfortia) edentatus Permafrost mummy Equus lenensis [64] Terrestrial
Strongyloides shastensis Pleistocene Coprolite Shasta ground sloth

(Nothrotheriops shastensis)

[8] Terrestrial
Trichostrongylidae Ostertagia (Scrjabinagia) paleobisonica Permafrost mummy Steppe bison

(Bison priscus)

[65] Terrestrial
Mermithida Mermithidae Cretacimermis libani Direct Early Cretaceous Amber Midge

(Chironomidae:

Diptera)

[66] Terrestrial
?Enoplida Palaeonematidae Palaeonema phyticum Direct Early Devonian Silicified plant material Early land plant [67] Terrestrial
Permafrost mummy Woolly mammoth

(Mammuthus primigenius)

[68] Terrestrial

Phylum Nematomorpha edit

Higher Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Chordodidae Cretachordodes burmitis Direct Early Cretaceous Amber [69] Terrestrial

Phylum Platyhelminthes edit

Higher Taxon Intermediate Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Cestoda Direct: eggs with developing embryo Permian Coprolite Sharks [70][71] Marine
Permafrost mummy Woolly mammoth

(Mammuthus primigenius)

[68] Terrestrial
Trematoda Digenites proterus Indirect: eggs Early Cretaceous Coprolite Archosaur [61] Terrestrial
Dicrocoelidae Indirect: eggs Pleistocene Coprolite ?Bear [72] Terrestrial
?Gymnophallidae Indirect: characteristic pits in bivalve shells Early Eocene Skeletal deformation [73][74][75] Marine
Schistosomatidae Shasta ground sloth

(Nothrotheriops shastensis)

[8] Terrestrial
?Monogenea Direct: attachment structure Middle Devonian Fine-grained sediments Placoderms

Acanthodians

[76][77][70] Marine

Phylum Acanthocephala edit

Higher Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
? ? Indirect: eggs Holocene Coprolite Mammals (Humans, Canids) [78][79] Terrestrial

Phylum Annelida edit

Higher Taxon Intermediate Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Myzostomida ? ? Indirect: Skeletal deformation (galls) Carboniferous–Jurassic Crinoids [80][81] Marine
Myzostomatidae

Endomyzostomidae

? Indirect: Skeletal deformation (galls) Early Jurassic Skeletal deformation Balanocrinus gracilis [81] Marine
Clitellata ?Hirudinidae Indirect: Cocoons Triassic Freshwater deposits ? [82][83][84] Freshwater

Phylum Mollusca edit

Higher Taxon Taxon Fossil Evidence Age Source Host References Environment
Eulimidae Eulima Direct: isolated shells Upper Cretaceous Marine deposit ? [85] Marine
? Indirect: trace on Echinoid shells Upper Cretaceous Skeletal deformation Echinoids [86] Marine
Coriaphyllidae Coralliophila (Timothia) aldrichi Direct: isolated shells Eocene Marine deposit ? [87] Marine
Leptoconchus: 2 species Direct: shells associated with coral host Oligocene–Miocene Skeletal deformation Corals (Cladocera, Thegioastrea, Pocillopora) [88] Marine
Coralliophila: 1 species Direct: shells associated with coral host Oligocene–Miocene Skeletal deformation Marine
Galeropsis: 1 species Direct: shells associated with coral host Oligocene–Miocene Skeletal deformation Marine
Unionidae Unio

Anodonta

Direct: glochidium larvae Quaternary Freshwater deposits ?Fish [89] Freshwater

List of recently extinct parasites edit

List of parasites believed to have gone extinct since 1500 AD.

Date of Extinction Host Species Family Order Class Phylum Reference
1768 Steller's sea cow Ascarididae Ascaridida Chromadorea Nematoda
Sirenocyamus rhytinae Cyamidae Amphipoda Malacostraca Arthropoda
1885 Cuban macaw Psittacobrosus bechsteini Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1890 New Caledonian rail Rallicola piageti Philopteridae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1900 Guadalupe caracara Acutifrons caracarensis Philopteridae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1901 Norfolk pigeon Coloceras hemiphagae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
Coloceras restinctus Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
Nitzschiella hemiphagae Goniodidae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
Patellinirmus restinctus Goniodidae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1907 Huia Rallicola extinctus Philopteridae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1912 Guadalupe storm petrel Longimenopon dominicanum Menoponidae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
Austromenopon oceanodromae Menoponidae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
Halipeurus raphanus Philopteridae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1914 Passenger pigeon Campanulotes defectus Goniodidae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1938 Little spotted kiwi Rallicola (Aptericola) pilgrimi Philopteridae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1952 Caribbean monk seal Halarachne americana Halarachnidae Mesostigmata Arachnid Arthropoda [90]
1972 Bushwren Philopteroides xenicu Philopteridae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1980s California condor Colpocephalum californici Menoponidae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1982 Guam rail Rallicola (Rallicola) guami Philopteridae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
2000 Scimitar oryx Linognathus petasmatus Linognathidae Psocoptera Insecta Arthropoda
Atlantic petrel Puffinoecus jamaicensis Philopteridae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]

List of extant parasites of extinct organisms edit

Parasites that are known to have parasitized an extinct organism but are still extant, surviving on another species.

Date of Extinction of Host Host Species Family Order Class Phylum References
1914 Passenger pigeon Columbicola extinctus Philopteridae Phthiraptera Insecta Arthropoda [52]
1936 Thylacine Uropsylla tasmanica Siphonaptera Insecta Arthropoda k
Ascaridia columbae Ascaridiidae Ascaridida Chromadorea Nematoda
Anoplotaenia dasyuri Cestoda Platyhelminthes

See Also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Poinar, George (2014-04-22). "Spirochete-like cells in a Dominican amberAmbylommatick (Arachnida: Ixodidae)". Historical Biology. 27 (5): 565–570. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.897699. ISSN 0891-2963.
  2. ^ Poinar, George (2015-01). "Rickettsial-like cells in the Cretaceous tick, Cornupalpatum burmanicum (Ixodida: Ixodidae)". Cretaceous Research. 52: 623–627. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.02.007. ISSN 0195-6671. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Wolff, Ewan D. S.; Salisbury, Steven W.; Horner, John R.; Varricchio, David J. (September 30, 2009). "Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs". PLOS ONE. 4 (9).
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  5. ^ a b Poinar, George, Jr. (30 December 2012). "Fossil gregarines in Dominican and Burmese amber: examples of accelerated development?" (PDF). Palaeodiversity. 5: 1–6. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 50 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  25. ^ "A new Late Cambrian pentastomid and a review of the relationships of this parasitic group". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 96 (02): 163. 2005-06. doi:10.1017/s0263593305000088. ISSN 0263-5933. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  29. ^ Siveter, David J.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Siveter, Derek J.; Sutton, Mark D. (2015-06). "A 425-Million-Year-Old Silurian Pentastomid Parasitic on Ostracods". Current Biology. 25 (12): 1632–1637. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.035. ISSN 0960-9822. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |first2= at position 6 (help); no-break space character in |first3= at position 6 (help); no-break space character in |first4= at position 5 (help); no-break space character in |first= at position 6 (help)
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