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Epidemiology edit
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As of 2000, nearly one billion people or ~26% of the adult population of the world had hypertension.[2] It was common in both developed (333 million) and undeveloped (639 million) countries.[2] However rates vary markedly in different regions with rates as low as 3.4% (men) and 6.8% (women) in rural India and as high as 68.9% (men) and 72.5% (women) in Poland.[3]
In 1995 it was estimated that 43 million people in the United States had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication, almost 24% of the adult United States population.[4] The prevalence of hypertension in the United States is increasing and reached 29% in 2004.[5][6] As of 2006 hypertension affects 76 million US adults (34% of the population) and African American adults have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44%.[7] It is more common in blacks and native Americans and less in whites and Mexican Americans, rates increase with age, and is greater in the southeastern United States. Hypertension is more prevalent in men (though menopause tends to decrease this difference) and in those of low socioeconomic status.[8]
In children edit
The prevalence of high blood pressure in the young is increasing.[9] Most childhood hypertension, particularly in preadolescents, is secondary to an underlying disorder. Aside from obesity, kidney disease is the most common (60–70%) cause of hypertension in children. Adolescents usually have primary or essential hypertension, which accounts for 85–95% of cases.[10]
Africa edit
Egypt edit
Asia edit
China edit
India edit
Japan edit
South Korea edit
Taiwan edit
Turkey edit
Europe edit
England edit
France edit
Germany edit
Italy edit
Scotland edit
Current estimates suggest that nearly one-third of the Scottish population, age 16 years and above, has an elevated blood pressure or a history of high blood pressure. The prevalence of high blood pressure increases sharply with age and more than three-quarters of Scottish age 75 years and above have high blood pressure. The table below depicts the prevalence of high blood pressure in Scotland by gender from 2003 to 2010:[11]
| Men (%) | Women (%) | All adults (%) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2003 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2003 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | |
| All with high blood pressure | 33.0 | 33.9 | 35.4 | 37.9 | 32.7 | 31.4 | 30.9 | 33.3 | 32.8 | 32.6 | 33.0 | 35.5 |
| Hypertensive untreated | 20.7 | 20.1 | 19.3 | 22.6 | 16.6 | 14.6 | 14.9 | 17.4 | 18.5 | 17.2 | 17.0 | 19.9 |
| Hypertensive controlled | 5.9 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 9.0 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 7.6 |
| Hypertensive uncontrolled | 6.3 | 5.3 | 7.9 | 6.7 | 9.0 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 9.2 | 7.8 | 6.6 | 8.0 | 8.0 |
The prevalence of high blood pressure of all adults, aged 16 years and above, rose from 32.8% in 2003 to 35.5% in 2010. In 2003, 18.5% of patients were untreated and in 2010, 19.9% of patients were untreated for high blood pressure.[11]
Spain edit
The Americas edit
Brazil edit
Canada edit
Mexico edit
United States edit
Oceania and the Pacific edit
Australia edit
New Zealand edit
South Pacific Islands edit
References edit
- ^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2009.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ a b Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J (2005). "Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data". Lancet. 365 (9455): 217–23. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17741-1. PMID 15652604.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Whelton PK, He J (January 2004). "Worldwide prevalence of hypertension: a systematic review". J. Hypertens. 22 (1): 11–9. doi:10.1097/00004872-200401000-00003. PMID 15106785.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Burt VL; Whelton P; Roccella EJ; et al. (March 1995). "Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991". Hypertension. 25 (3): 305–13. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.25.3.305. PMID 7875754. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|author-separator=ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
pmid7607734was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ostchega Y, Dillon CF, Hughes JP, Carroll M, Yoon S (July 2007). "Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in older U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2004". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 55 (7): 1056–65. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01215.x. PMID 17608879.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
AHA2010was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
pmid10645931was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Falkner B (May 2009). "Hypertension in children and adolescents: epidemiology and natural history". Pediatr. Nephrol. 25 (7): 1219–24. doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1200-3. PMC 2874036. PMID 19421783.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Luma GB, Spiotta RT (May 2006). "Hypertension in children and adolescents". Am Fam Physician. 73 (9): 1558–68. PMID 16719248.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b Scottish Public Health Observatory. High Blood Pressure: prevalence (2010). http://www.scotpho.org.uk/clinical-risk-factors/high-blood-pressure/data/prevalence