Frdfm

Joined 14 September 2011

two one three seven nine six five

v t e Python
Implementations	CircuitPython CLPython CPython Cython MicroPython Numba IronPython Jython Psyco PyPy Python for S60 Shed Skin Stackless Python Unladen Swallow more...
IDE	Boa Eric Python IDE IDLE PyCharm PyDev Ninja-IDE more...
Topics	WSGI ASGI
software (list) Python Software Foundation PyCon

v t e Programming languages
Comparison Timeline History
Ada ALGOL APL ArkTS Assembly BASIC C C++ C# Classic Visual Basic COBOL Erlang Forth Fortran Go Haskell Java JavaScript Julia Kotlin Lisp Lua MATLAB ML Object Pascal Pascal Perl PHP Prolog Python R Ruby Rust SQL Scratch Shell Simula Smalltalk Swift Visual Basic more...
Lists: Alphabetical Categorical Generational Non-English-based Category

Differentiable computing

Concepts

Applications

Hardware

Software libraries

Implementations

Audio–visual	AlexNet WaveNet Human image synthesis HWR OCR Speech synthesis Speech recognition Facial recognition AlphaFold Text-to-image models DALL-E Midjourney Stable Diffusion Text-to-video models Sora VideoPoet Whisper
Verbal	Word2vec Seq2seq BERT Gemini LaMDA Bard NMT Project Debater IBM Watson IBM Watsonx Granite GPT-1 GPT-2 GPT-3 GPT-4 ChatGPT GPT-J Chinchilla AI PaLM BLOOM LLaMA PanGu-Σ
Decisional	AlphaGo AlphaZero Q-learning SARSA OpenAI Five Self-driving car MuZero Action selection Auto-GPT Robot control

People

Organizations

Architectures

Portals
- Computer programming
- Technology
Categories
- Artificial neural networks
- Machine learning

Statistical software

ADMB
DAP
gretl
JASP
JAGS
JMulTi
Julia
Jupyter (Julia, Python, R)
GNU Octave
OpenBUGS
Orange
PSPP
Python (statsmodels, PyMC3, IPython, IDLE)
R (RStudio)
SageMath
SimFiT
SOFA Statistics
Stan
XLispStat

Cross-platform	Data Desk GAUSS GraphPad InStat GraphPad Prism IBM SPSS Statistics IBM SPSS Modeler JMP Maple Mathcad Mathematica MATLAB OxMetrics RATS Revolution Analytics SAS SmartPLS Stata StatView SUDAAN S-PLUS TSP World Programming System (WPS)
Windows only	BMDP EViews GenStat LIMDEP LISREL MedCalc Microfit Minitab MLwiN NCSS SHAZAM SigmaStat Statistica StatsDirect StatXact SYSTAT The Unscrambler UNISTAT
Excel add-ons	Analyse-it UNISTAT for Excel XLfit RExcel

Category
Comparison

Numerical-analysis software

Free

Discontinued	Fortress

Proprietary

Comparison

v t e Web server software
Comparisons
Most popular	Apache Nginx IIS IIS Express
Other	AOLserver Caddy Caudium Cherokee GlassFish Gunicorn H2O Hiawatha iPlanet Jetty JEUS Jexus JOnAS Lighttpd LiteSpeed Web Server Mongoose Mongrel2 Monkey NaviServer NetWeaver OpenResty Passenger Paste POCO Puma Resin Roxen thttpd Tomcat Tornado Traffic Server Twisted WebLogic WEBrick WebSphere WildFly Yaws Zope
Retired	Boa CERN httpd Mongrel NCSA HTTPd Xitami Zeus

v t e Node.js
Platform	Node.js npm V8 CommonJS
Frameworks	MEAN MongoDB Express.js AngularJS/Angular MEEN (substituted with Ember.js) Backbone.js Meteor Sails.js (uses Express.js) Next.js
Libraries	Lodash Underscore.js React.js Vue.js
Languages	JavaScript CoffeeScript TypeScript

v t e JavaScript
Code analysis	ESLint JSHint JSLint
Supersets	JS++ TypeScript ArkTS
Transpilers	AtScript Babel ClojureScript CoffeeScript Dart Elm Emscripten Google Closure Compiler Google Web Toolkit Haxe LiveScript Morfik Nim Opa PureScript Reason WebSharper
Concepts	JavaScript library JavaScript syntax
Debuggers	Chrome DevTools Firefox Inspector Komodo IDE Microsoft Edge DevTools Opera DevTools Safari Web Inspector
Doc generators	JSDoc
Editors (comparison)	Ace Cloud9 IDE Atom CodeMirror Brackets Light Table PhpStorm Orion Visual Studio Visual Studio Express Visual Studio Code Visual Studio Team Services Vim
Engines	List of ECMAScript engines
Frameworks	Comparison of JavaScript frameworks List of JavaScript libraries
Related technologies	Ajax AssemblyScript asm.js Cascading Style Sheets Document Object Model HTML HTML5 JSON WebAssembly WebAuthn
Package managers	npm yarn
Module bundlers	Webpack Vite esbuild
Server-side	Active Server Pages Bun CommonJS Deno JSGI Node.js Wakanda
Unit testing frameworks (list)	Jasmine Jest Mocha QUnit
People	Douglas Crockford Ryan Dahl Brendan Eich John Resig

v t e JavaScript templating libraries
Libraries	AngularJS Backbone.js Ember.js Handlebars.js KnockoutJS Mustache.js React.js Vue.js Svelte
Concepts	Model–view–controller (MVC) Model–view–viewmodel (MVVM)

v t e Web frameworks
Comparison
.NET	ASP.NET Core AJAX Dynamic Data MVC Razor Web Forms Blazor DNN BFC MonoRail Umbraco WebSharper
C++	CppCMS Drogon Wt
ColdFusion	ColdBox Platform
Common Lisp	CL-HTTP
Haskell	Servant Snap Yesod
Java	AppFuse Grails GWT ICEfaces JHipster JWt Mojarra Play Remote Application Platform Seam Sling Spring Stripes Struts Tapestry Vaadin Vert.x Wicket WaveMaker ZK
JavaScript	Angular/AngularJS Backbone.js Closure Dojo Toolkit Ember.js Express.js Ext JS jQuery Knockout.js Meteor MooTools Next.js Node.js OpenUI5 Prototype React Remix Sencha Touch SproutCore Svelte Vue.js
Perl	Catalyst Dancer Maypole Mojolicious WebGUI
PHP	CakePHP CodeIgniter Drupal eZ Publish Fat-Free Flow FuelPHP Grav Gyroscope Horde Joomla! Laminas Laravel li₃ Midgard MODX Phalcon PHP-Fusion PHP-Nuke Pop PHP PRADO ProcessWire Qcodo Silverstripe Symfony TYPO3 WordPress XOOPS Yii
Python	BlueBream CherryPy CubicWeb Django FastAPI Flask Grok Nevow Pyjs Pylons Pyramid Quixote TACTIC Tornado TurboGears web2py Zope 2 more...
Ruby	Merb Padrino Ruby on Rails Sinatra
Rust	Rocket
Scala	Lift Play Scalatra
Smalltalk	AIDA/Web Seaside
Other languages	Application Express (PL/SQL) Grails (Groovy) OpenACS (Tcl) Phoenix (Elixir) SproutCore (JavaScript-Ruby) Yaws (Erlang)

Protocols	HTTP v2 v3 Encryption WebDAV CGI SCGI FCGI AJP WSRP WebSocket
Server APIs	C NSAPI C ASAPI C ISAPI COM ASP Jakarta Servlet container CLI OWIN ASP.NET Handler Python WSGI Python ASGI Ruby Rack JavaScript JSGI Perl PSGI Portlet container
Apache modules	mod_include mod_jk mod_lisp mod_mono mod_parrot mod_perl mod_php mod_proxy mod_python mod_wsgi mod_ruby Phusion Passenger
Topics	Web resource vs. Web service Open API Webhook Application server comparison Scripting

WHATWG	Audio Canvas CORS DOM SSE Video WebSockets Web messaging Web storage Web worker XMLHttpRequest
W3C	DOM events EME File Geolocation IndexedDB MSE SVG WebAssembly WebAuthn WebGPU WebRTC WebXR
Khronos	WebCL WebGL
Others	Gears Web SQL Database (formerly W3C) WebUSB

Topics

Topics

v t e Cloud computing
Business models	Content as a service Data as a service Desktop as a service Function as a service Infrastructure as a service Integration platform as a service Backend as a service Network as a service Platform as a service Security as a service Software as a service
Technologies	Cloud database Cloud-native computing Cloud storage Cloud storage gateways Data centers Dew computing Distributed file system for cloud Hardware virtualization Internet Mobile cloud computing Native cloud application Networking Security Serverless computing Structured storage Virtual appliance Web APIs Virtual private cloud
Applications	Box Dropbox Google Workspace Drive HP Cloud (closed) IBM Cloud Microsoft Office 365 OneDrive Nextcloud Oracle Cloud Rackspace Salesforce Workday Zoho
Platforms	Alibaba Cloud Amazon Web Services AppScale Box CloudBolt Cloud Foundry Cocaine (PaaS) Creatio Engine Yard Helion GE Predix Google App Engine GreenQloud Heroku IBM Cloud Inktank Jelastic Microsoft Azure MindSphere Netlify Oracle Cloud OutSystems openQRM OpenShift PythonAnywhere RightScale Scalr Force.com SAP Cloud Platform Splunk Vercel vCloud Air WaveMaker
Infrastructure	Alibaba Cloud Amazon Web Services Abiquo Enterprise Edition CloudStack Citrix Cloud Deft DigitalOcean EMC Atmos Eucalyptus Fujitsu Google Cloud Platform GreenButton GreenQloud IBM Cloud iland Joyent Linode Lunacloud Microsoft Azure Mirantis Netlify Nimbula Nimbus OpenIO OpenNebula OpenStack Oracle Cloud OrionVM Rackspace Cloud Safe Swiss Cloud Zadara libvirt libguestfs OVirt Virtual Machine Manager Wakame-vdc Vercel Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand
Category Commons

People

Current	Jeff Bezos (Founder and Executive Chairman) Andy Jassy (President and CEO) Werner Vogels (CTO)
Former	Rick Dalzell Paul Davis Tony Hsieh Christopher North Ram Shriram Tom Szkutak Brian Valentine

Facilities

Products and
services

Subsidiaries	A9.com AbeBooks Amazon Clinic Amazon Games Double Helix Games Amazon Lab126 Amazon Pharmacy Amazon Robotics Amazon University Esports Annapurna Labs Audible Blink Home Body Labs Book Depository BookFinder ComiXology Freevee Fresh Goodreads Goodreads Choice Awards Graphiq IMDb Box Office Mojo IMDbPro Kuiper Systems One Medical PillPack Ring Neighbors Shopbop Souq.com Twitch Woot.com Zappos Zoox
Cloud computing	Web Services AMI Amazon Aurora Beanstalk CloudFront DynamoDB EBS EC2 EFS ElastiCache EMR Glacier Glue Lambda Lightsail MTurk Neptune Product Advertising API RDS Redshift Rekognition Route 53 S3 SageMaker SES SNS SimpleDB SQS VPC
Services	Amazon.com China Alexa Appstore Digital Game Store Fire OS Kindle Store Luna Payments Prime Key Prime Music Prime Now Prime Pantry Prime Video Marketplace Music (Wondery) Silk Wireless
Devices	Astro Echo Show Echo Buds Fire Fire HD Fire HDX Fire TV Stick Kindle
Technology	1-Click Dynamo Obidos Lumberyard
Media	Amazon Games Amazon Publishing Breakthrough Novel Award Best Books of the Year Amazon MGM Studios Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Orion Pictures American International Pictures MGM+ Kindle Direct Publishing YES Network (15%)
Retail	Amazon Fresh Amazon Go Whole Foods Market
Logistics	Amazon Air Amazon Prime Air
Former	43 Things Askville Alexa Internet Amapedia Amazon Books Amie Street (Songza) CDNow Dash buttons Dash wand Diapers.com Digital Photography Review Drive Endless.com Fire Phone Lexcycle Liquavista LivingSocial LoveFilm MGM Holdings Mobipocket PlanetAll Reflexive Entertainment Sellaband Shelfari TenMarks Treasure Truck Withoutabox

Litigation

Other

Unions

v t e Major Internet companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$4 billion
Internet	Adobe Alibaba Alphabet Google Amazon Apple Baidu IAC Kakao Meituan Meta Facebook Microsoft Naver NetEase Tencent Yandex
Cloud computing	Akamai Alibaba Cloud AWS Apple iCloud Google IBM Microsoft Azure Oracle Corporation Salesforce ServiceNow
E-commerce	Amazon.com Apple Booking Holdings Coupang eBay Expedia Flipkart Groupon JD.com Lazada Mercado Libre Rakuten Shopee Shopify Suning.com Trip.com Uber Wayfair Zalando
Media	Bloomberg BuzzFeed ByteDance Kuaishou Netflix Paramount Streaming Spotify Warner Bros. Discovery

v t e Linux
Linux kernel	History Linus's law Linux-libre Booting process Kernel oops Tux more…
Controversies	Criticism of Linux Criticism of desktop Linux GNU/Linux naming controversy Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate SCO and Linux
Distributions	General comparison Distributions list Netbook-specific comparison Distributions that run from RAM Lightweight Security-focused operating system Package manager Package format List of software package managers
Organizations	LinuxChix Linux Counter Linux Documentation Project Linux Foundation Linux Mark Institute Linux User Group (LUG)
Adoption	Adopters Desktop Embedded Gaming Mobile Range of use Linux malware
Media	DistroWatch Free Software Magazine Full Circle Linux.com Linux Format Linux Gazette Linux Journal Linux Magazine LinuxUser Ubuntu User Linux Outlaws Linux Voice LugRadio LWN.net Phoronix Revolution OS The Code
Professional related certifications	CompTIA Linux+ Linux Foundation Red Hat Ubuntu
Linux portal Free and open-source software portal Category

Unix and Unix-like operating systems and compatibility layers

Operating
systems

BSD	386BSD FreeBSD NetBSD OpenBSD DragonFly BSD NeXTSTEP Darwin macOS iOS audioOS iPadOS tvOS watchOS bridgeOS SunOS Ultrix
Linux	Android Arch ChromeOS Debian Fedora Gentoo Red Hat SUSE Ubuntu Other distributions
System V	A/UX AIX HP-UX IRIX OpenServer Solaris OpenSolaris Illumos Tru64 UNIX UnixWare
Other	Coherent Domain/OS GNU Hurd LynxOS Minix MOS OSF/1 QNX BlackBerry 10 Research Unix SerenityOS Xenix more...

Compatibility
layers

Italics indicate discontinued systems. Category
Commons

Free and open-source software

General

Software
packages

AFL
Apache
APSL
Artistic
Beerware
BSD
Creative Commons
CDDL
EPL
Free Software Foundation
- GNU GPL
- GNU AGPL
- GNU LGPL
ISC
MIT
MPL
Python
Python Software Foundation License
Shared Source Initiative
Sleepycat
Unlicense
WTFPL
zlib

Types and standards	Comparison of licenses Contributor License Agreement Copyleft Debian Free Software Guidelines Definition of Free Cultural Works Free license The Free Software Definition The Open Source Definition Open-source license Permissive software license Public domain Viral license

Challenges

Related
topics

Operating systems

General

Variants

Architectures	Exokernel Hybrid Microkernel Monolithic Multikernel vkernel Rump kernel Unikernel
Components	Device driver Loadable kernel module User space and kernel space

Process management

Concepts	Computer multitasking (Cooperative, Preemptive) Context switch Interrupt IPC Process Process control block Real-time Thread Time-sharing
Scheduling algorithms	Fixed-priority preemptive Multilevel feedback queue Round-robin Shortest job next

Memory management,
resource protection

Storage access,
file systems

Supporting concepts

Linux distributions

Ubuntu	Official: Edubuntu Kubuntu Lubuntu Ubuntu Budgie Ubuntu Cinnamon Ubuntu Kylin Ubuntu MATE Ubuntu Studio Ubuntu Unity Xubuntu Derivatives: BackBox Bodhi Linux elementary OS Emmabuntüs KDE neon Freespire Linux Lite Linux Mint LXLE Linux Nova OS Peppermint OS Pop! OS Trisquel Ubuntu Touch Uruk Zorin OS
Other	antiX Astra Bharat Operating System Solutions BlankOn Linux Damn Small Linux deepin Devuan Elive Endless OS FreedomBox Kaisen Kali Kanotix Knoppix MX Linux Parrot OS PureOS Raspberry Pi OS Q4OS Slax SparkyLinux SolydXK SteamOS (1.0–2.0) Tails UOS Whonix

openSUSE
- SUSE Linux Enterprise
  - Open Enterprise Server
- GeckoLinux

Other

Discontinued

Debian	Ubuntu: Asturix Black Lab Linux Cub Linux Gobuntu gOS Linux Caixa Mágica LinuxTLE Pinguy OS Sabily Ubuntu GNOME Other derivatives: BackTrack Corel Linux CrunchBang Linux DoudouLinux Dreamlinux Feather Linux gNewSense HandyLinux Libranet Musix GNU+Linux Parsix Sunwah Linux
Gentoo	Container Linux Incognito Sabayon Linux xB Machine
Red Hat/Fedora	BLAG Linux and GNU CentOS Korora Linux for PlayStation 2 Scientific Linux Think Blue Linux Turbolinux Vine Linux Yellow Dog Linux
Slackware	BioSLAX Damn Vulnerable Linux KateOS Kongoni NimbleX Platypux TopologiLinux VectorLinux
SUSE	SUSE Studio Express
Other	Antergos Caldera OpenLinux Chakra CyanogenMod DemoLinux Familiar Linux Firefox OS B2G OS Floppyfw Foresight Linux Immunix Jurix Linux Router Project MCC Interim Linux MeeGo Mer Mobilinux Nitix OpenELEC Red Hat Linux Remix OS Softlanding Linux System Sorcerer Splashtop OS Turkix

Virtualization software

Comparison of platform virtualization software

Hardware
(hypervisors)

Native

Hosted

Specialized	Basilisk II Bochs Cooperative Linux DOSBox DOSEMU PCem 86Box PikeOS SheepShaver SIMH Windows on Windows Virtual DOS machine Win4Lin
Independent	bhyve Microsoft Virtual Server Parallels Workstation (Extreme) Parallels Desktop for Mac Parallels Server for Mac PearPC QEMU VirtualBox Virtual Iron Virtual PC VMware Fusion VMware Server VMware Workstation (Player)

Tools

Operating
system

OS containers	FreeBSD jail iCore Virtual Accounts Linux-VServer Linux Containers OpenVZ Solaris Containers Virtuozzo Workload Partitions
Application containers	Docker Podman lmctfy rkt
Virtual kernel architectures	Rump kernel User-mode Linux vkernel
Related kernel features	BrandZ cgroups chroot namespaces eBPF seccomp
Orchestration	Amazon ECS Kubernetes OpenShift

Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet (DOVE)
Ethernet VPN (EVPN)
NVGRE
Open vSwitch
Virtual security switch
Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN)
Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation (GENEVE)

See also

BlueStacks

See also: List of emulators, List of computer system emulators

v t e Linux containers
Operating-system-level virtualization
Container host operating systems	Linux Container Linux RancherOS
Container engines	Docker rkt
Container cluster managers	Apache Mesos Kubernetes Rancher Nomad Amazon EC2 Container Service Docker UCP Docker Swarm StackEngine Tutum

v t e Inter-process communication
Data exchange among threads in computer programs
Methods	File Memory-mapped file Message passing Message queue and mailbox Named pipe Anonymous pipe Pipe Semaphore Shared memory Signal Sockets Network Unix
Protocols and standards	Apple events COM+ CORBA D-Bus DDS DCE ICE OpenBinder Sun RPC POSIX (various methods) SOAP REST Thrift TIPC XML-RPC
Software libraries and frameworks	D-Bus libevent SIMPL LINX

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