User:FFLaguna/Chun Doo-hwan Translation01

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Life

Early Years

• Born on January 18^th, 1931, to Jeon Sang-woo and Kwangsang Kimsshi in Yoolgokmyeon, Habcheon, Kyeongsangnamdo as their fourth son. http://news.joins.com/article/3359391.html?ctg=1000
• Older two sons died (Jeon Yeol-hwan and Jeon Kyuu-gon) and third stayed alive (Jeon Ki-hwan) which left him with also Jeon Kyeong-hwan, youngest son.

• At the age of five, he and his family moed from their Habcheon, Kyeongsangnamdo residence over to Daegu.

• After this, Chun Doo-hwan began attending Horan Elementary School. http://news.joins.com/article/3359391.html?ctg=1000
• His father threw an oppressing Japanese soldier from a cliff, and took refuge in Jilin, Machuria, for two years before returning to Korea. http://news.joins.com/article/3359391.html?ctg=1000
• Because of this, Chun Doo-hwan graduated his elementary school about 2-3 years later than his original classmates.
• In 1947, he began attending Daegu Vocational Middle School, which was 25km from his house. http://news.joins.com/article/3359391.html?ctg=1000
• After graduating middle school, he continued on to Daegu Vocational High School.
• He was getting exceptional grades in high school while the Korean War was raging, and in February 1951, he graduated.

Jeon Du-hwan as a Sports Athlete

• In addition to being an athelete, Chun played the soccer position of Goalkeeper.
• He started playing soccer in middle school and he stayed an avid soccer player even after he joined the Army Academy. http://news20.busan.com/news/newsController.jsp?subSectionId=1010090000&newsId=20090206000186
• After Chun became President of South Korea, he sometimes directly involved himself in appointing players and planning strategies for the national soccer team.

• Chun’s goal-keeping during his cadet days were likely responsible for allowing the Army Academy soccer team to push through to the national semi-finals.

Military Life

• After graduating high school, Chun gained entry into the prestigious Republic of Korea Army Academy.
• There made friends and acquaintances with Noh Tae-woo and Jeong Ho-yong.
• He graduated in February of 1955 as a 2^nd Lieutenant from the 11^th class of the Army Academy.
• During the Coup of May 16^th, 1961, Chun, then a captain, led a support demonstration at the Army Academy to have Park Jeong-hee instated as President.
• Chun received a position working as a Secretary for the Commander of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, penetrating the core power of the nation.
• Having been promoted in 1962 to the rank of Major, Chun continued making friends and acquaintances for his Hanahoi. people.empas.com/people/info/ch/un/chundoowhan/
• As a Major, Chun held the position of Deputy Chief of Planning for the Special Warfare’s battle command, and later the position of Secretary in charge of Civil Affairs for the Commander of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction. people.empas.com/people/info/ch/un/chundoowhan/
• In 1963, he held the position of Chief of Personnel for the Korean Central Intelligence Agency.
• In 1969, he was Chief Advisor to the Army Headquarters’ Army Chief of Staff.
• In 1970, as a Colonel, he became a regimental commander and participated in the Vietnam War.
• After returning to Korea in 1971, he was promoted to Brigadier General, and was given command of the 1^st Airborne Special Warfare ??Brigade??.
• In 1976, he worked as the Deputy Chief of the Presidential Security Service.
• In 1978, he became the first commander of the 1^st Infantry Division.
• After his promotion to a general officer, Chun formed Hanahoi from his classmates, underclassmen, and other army generals he had made friends with.
• ?? And that formed his motivation ?? 장군 진급 후 육사 11기 출신과 그 후배 기수가 가입된 군장성 모임인 하나회를 결성하였는데 그의 동기 기수가 주축이 되었다

Military Coup and Consolidation of Power

• On October 26, 1979, President Park Jeong-hee was assassinated at a secret location called “Kungjeong-dong” by Kim Jae-kyuu, Director of the KCIA.
• After this, after much disorganization/chaos, Prime Minister Choi Kyuu-ha ascended to the position of Acting President.
• On this day, Chun Doo-hwan ordered his subordinates to draw up plans for the creation of an all-powerful “Joint Investigation Headquarters” unit. http://news.chosun.com/svc/content_view/content_view.html?contid=1997120770206

• On October 27^th, the next day, Chun called for the KCIA Deputy Chief of Foreign Affairs, the KCIA Deputy Chief of Domestic Affairs, the Attorney General, and the Chief of the National Police Headquarters to the second-floor commander’s reception room at his Security Command Headquarters building. http://news.chosun.com/svc/content_view/content_view.html?contid=1997120770206
• After having each one of them solemnly searched at the door on their way in, Chun sat in the head chair and informed them of Park Jeong-hee’s passing, and stating that the KCIA was responsible for the crime.
• Chun, through Major Park Jun-kwang, took control of these organizations and forced all intelligence gathered to go through him (Chun). http://news.chosun.com/svc/content_view/content_view.html?contid=1997120770206
• Chun: For the KCIA “to continue exercising full discretion of their budget is unacceptable. Therefore, they are only allowed to execute their duties upon receiving authorization from the Joint Investigation Headquarters.”
• After that, Chun ordered: “Submit all intelligence reports to the Joint Investigation Headquarters every day at 5pm and 8am.”
• Chun ordered: “Deputy Chief of Domestic Affairs Jeon Jae-deok is to take charge of the KCIA for the time being.”
• But this was then amended to Deputy Chief of Foreign Affairs Yun Il-kyuun, as he was more senior. http://news.chosun.com/svc/content_view/content_view.html?contid=1997120770206
• About this incident, Major Park Jun-kwang later said: “It surprised me how easily, in front of the former holders of the nation’s power, [Chun] gained control over them all and how he so simply took total control of the circumstances. That man just seemed to grow into a giant all of a sudden.” http://news.chosun.com/svc/content_view/content_view.html?contid=1997120770206

• In the midst of the confusion about who should take charge, Kim Jae-kyuu was arrested for shooting President Park Jeong-hee in early November.'
• That same month, Choi Kyuu-ha was inaugurated as the 10^th President of South Korea.'
• Taking advantage of the instability of the political situation at this time, Noh Tae-woo, Jeong Ho-yong, Yu Hak-seong, Heo Sam-su, and others from the 11^th graduating class of the Army Academy, helped grow the secret military organization Hanahoi’s strength in order to develop a new core power in the military.'
• Hanahoi was the driving force behind the December 12^th Coup d’Etat.
• That year on December 12^th, 1979, as commander of the Joint Investigation Headquarters, Chun ordered the arrest of then Army Chief of Staff and Supreme Martial Law Administrator Jeong Seung-hwa on charges of conspiring with Kim Jae-kyuu to assassinate the President.
• In the process of arresting him, Major Kim Oh-rang died in a gun battle that broke out.
• In 1980 Chun was promoted to Lieutenant General, and he became the Acting Director of the KCIA.
• Later that year on April 14^th, Chun was officially installed as the Director of the KCIA.

• On May 17^th, 1980, allegedly due to rumors of North Korean infiltration into South Korea, martial law was spread to the entire Korean peninsula.
• On May 18^th, townsfolk were becoming unhappy with the military crackdown, igniting the May 18^th Kwangju Democratization Movement.
• Chun summarily ordered military troops to clear the demonstrators from the city, leading to a bloody massacre that saw the collapse of the Kwangju Democratization Movement over the next two days.
• After this, having ??dissolved?? the National Assembly and taken full command of the nation, in June he created the National Defense Emergency Countermeasures Committee and installed himself as a committee member.
• He therefore resigned his KCIA Directorship on July 17^th, then holding only the position of committee member.
• He was promoted to the rank of General on August 5^th, and on August 22^nd he was transferred to the Army reserves.

Missile Memorandum

• In 1980, in the face of worsening South Korea-U.S. relations, President Chun issued a memorandum stating: “We absolutely will not develop missiles with a range longer than 180km or capable of carrying larger than a 453kg warhead.”
• After this, the Reagan administration decided to recognize Chun’s military government.
• In the 1990s, South Korea and the U.S. held talks on the issue and, rather than to completely scrap the memorandum, they decided to establish new limits, allowing missiles up to 300km in range and warheads up to 500kg in mass. This compromise came into effect In 2001 under the name Missile Technology Control Regime.
• http://zine.media.daum.net/kedbiz/view.html?cateid=3000&newsid=20090513114818458&p=kedbiz
• http://www.nakorean.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=13823

The Fifth Republic 11^th President of South Korea

• In August 1980, President Choi Kyuu-ha announced his resignation, and on August 27^th, the National Conference for Unification, then the puppet electoral college of South Korea, elected Chun (in an indirect election) as the 11^th President of South Korea, since he was the only running candidate.
• He was elected in an indirect election by the National Conference for Unification held at the Jangchoong-dong Gymnasium.
• Chun was inaugurated in September 1980 as the 11^th President.
• Later that month he formally abolished the “guilt by association” legal device, and on October 17^th he ordered the dissolution of all political parties by force, to include the “Democratic-Republic Party”, the former ruling party of Park Jeong-hee, and the New Democratic Party, headed by opposition to Park Jeong-hee’s authoritarian rule.
• In January 1981, Chun formed the Democratic Justice Party, and as the party head he created a new constitution in February and won the subsequent Presidential election under the new constitution with an overwhelming 90.6% of the vote, becoming the 12^th President for a term of 7 years.
• Chun Doo-hwan along with his co-conspirators such as Noh Tae-woo are considered the parties responsible for the military crackdown and massacre of the Kwangju Democratization Movement.
• However, the exact details of his command relationship in regards to the crackdown are not fully clear.

12^th Presidential Inauguration

• After being elected the 12^th President of South Korea, Chun denied Park Jeong-hee’s rule.
• Chun even had all references to the May 16^th Revolution stricken from the constitution.
• Additionally, Chun announced that he would be restoring the government to a more just society without the fraud and corruption of the Park Jeong-hee era.
• He also abolished running for more than one presidential term, and set the presidential term limit to 7 years.
• After seizing power, Chun outlined his main goals as restoration of a more just society, rescuing social welfare programs, stabilization of prices during his rule, stamping out crime, economic development, successful preparations for the 1988 Seoul Olympics, and realization of positive trade figures.
• However, he was called a military dictator by the country’s citizens and by its democratic movement, and he was later brought up on charges (during the 6^th Republic’s “Fifth Republic Hearing” and after Kim Yeong-sam took civilian control of the government) for his role in the military coup, the May 17^th emergency declaration of martial law, and the crackdown on the May 18^th Kwangju Democratization Movement.
• As a result, shame has been brought to Chun.

• After the May 18^th incident, the two main opposition leaders, Kim Yeong-sam and Kim Dae-jung, were ordered under house arrest.
• During this time, Kim Yeong-sam attemped a hunger strike, not eating for a total of 23 days. http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b03g1753a

Giving up Nuclear Development

• During the early part of his term, Chun gave up the idea of nuclear weapons development. During 1982-1983, researchers began plans for the rapid development of a plutonium weapon, and this was picked up and reported on by Japanese and American newspapers.
• Japan’s Asahi Shinbun published an article about it, and the Reagan administration picked up on it and demanded that these plans be stopped immediately.
• In November 1983, Reagan traveled to Korea to meet with Chun, and Chun promised to stop his nuclear development plans.
• http://www.hani.co.kr/section-003000000/2004/09/003000000200409091737320.html
• http://www.pressian.com/article/article.asp?article_num=30040910090712&Section=05
• http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200409091801201&code=910100
• http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=022&aid=0000052177&
• http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=034&aid=0000134160
• On September 8^th, 2004, the AP also reported the same based on statements from high-level American officials.
• http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=022&aid=0000052177&
• http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=034&aid=0000134160
• Unlike Park Jeong-hee’s regime, which had considerable political influence, Chun’s government could not ignore the U.S. wishes and had no choice but to give up nuclear weapons development.
• http://weekly.hankooki.com/lpage/cover/200409/wk2004092313314937040.htm
• http://www.heraldbiz.com/site/data/html_dir/2005/07/18/200507180181.asp
• Additionally, Chun was worried about improved South Korea-U.S. relations, which had worsened towards the end of Park Jeong-hee’s presidency.
• http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=001&aid=0001432696
• Also, in order to legitimize his rule, Chun needed the Reagan administration’s support.
• http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=001&aid=0001432696
• On 19 December 1980, Chun something something nuclear power name change to “energy research center”
• http://bookdaily.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=178
• Chun gave up nukes, and in November 1983 he disclosed the plutonium to the IAEA.
• http://www.pressian.com/article/article.asp?article_num=30040910090712&Section=05

Political Activities

• In October 1983, Chun visited South Asian countries.
• On October 9^th, while visiting South Asian countries, he traveled to Burma to a mausoleum.
• Special operatives from communist North Korea were sent to assassinate the President.
• Approximately 80 diplomatic and government officials were killed in the blasts, including several members of the cabinet.
• Chun’s motorcade was running late, so he narrowly escaped death.

• One operative was arrested after having shot an officer, and was given the death sentence.
• Another confessed details of the crime and made a plea bargain, sentencing him for life. He died on 21 May 2008.
• http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20080521029019

• The “guilty by association” law was repealed in September 1980.
• In 1981, Chun even enacted the “Care and Custody” laws.
• Chun believed criminals finishing prison time for a repeat offense should not be immediately returned to society, so he started the “Care and Custody” system.
• That same year, they started Care and Custody facilities at Chuncheon Prison in Chuncheon, Kangwon-do.
• After 12 February 1983, the Care and Custody center moved to Cheongsong-gun in Kyeongsangbuk-do.
• http://www.chosun.com/svc/content_view/content_view.html?contid=2005080270218

• In winter 1984, before declaring a moratorium on the Korea’s economy, Chun visited Japan and requested a loan for 6 billion dollars.
• http://breaknews.com/sub_read.html?uid=877&section=&section2= 박정희 시대 경제의 명과 암

Education and Cultural Sector

• With the military coup taking power and crushing the democratization movements country-wide, the citizens’ political demands were ignored, and in this way the 3S (‘’’S’’’ex, ‘’’S’’’creen, ‘’’S’’’ports) Policy was passed.
• ??Based on right-wing activist Sejima Ryuujo’s proposal, Chun tried to appeal to the citizens in order to entice the Olympics. ??
• Chun continued preparing the country by rapidly forming a pro baseball and pro soccer team, starting the broadcast of color TV nation-wide, lessening censorship on sexually suggestive dramas and movies, making school uniforms voluntary, and so forth.
• In 1981, Chun held a large-scale festival called “Korean Breeze”, but it was largely ignored by the population.
• 대안교과서 한국 근•현대사(교과서포럼 저, 도서출판 기파랑, 2008.3.24) 237p
• After his inauguration, Chun clamped down on out-of-school tutoring and banned individual tutoring/instruction.
• http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/shin/2008/10/06/200810060500038/200810060500038_1.html

The End of the Fifth Republic

• On 13 April 1987, while ignoring citizens’ pleas for democratization and the inclusion of direct elections in the constitution, Chun announced that, in accordance with the current constitution, he would be handing over power to one of his supporters in February 1988 based on the results of an election similar to the one he was elected by, Chun said in his “April 13 constitution protection” special statement.
• Wanting the “Constitution Protection” statement abolished, citizens increased the volume of their voices.
• That year, there after several scandals involving members of Chun’s government, the democratization movement began to gain power once more, starting with a speech at the Seoul Episcopal Angelic Cathedral, and growing into the June Democratic Uprising.
• Did Noh Tae-woo do this?????????? RETRANSLATE!!!! In order to gain control of the situation, Chun’s government was forced in a 29 June 1987 declaration to announce Noh Tae-woo as the Democratic Justice Party’s candidate in what would be direct presidential elections by the people.
• On 9 July, ??Noh Tae-woo?? (not clear!!) made a statement saying that he would accept the nomination as candidate.

• Chun originally groomed former administration executive and diplomat Noh Shin-yeong for the role of successor.
• In 1980, while working as ambassador to the Geneva Representation Bureau, Noh Shin-yeong was called back and made Minister of Foreign Affairs.
• In 1982, he was installed as the Director of the Security Planning Bureau, precursor to the current National Intelligence Service, and in 1985 he was named for the position of Prime Minister.
• http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/shin/2004/03/02/200403020500004/200403020500004_6.html

• After that, as Kang Won-yong pointed out, he was being prepared as a successor by being given political experience.
• Those surrounding Chun Doo-hwan, especially those with heavy military backgrounds, all said “That’s ridiculous, how can that be?” forcing Chun to reverse his position in the end.
• http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/shin/2004/03/02/200403020500004/200403020500004_6.html
• On 10 July, Chun resigned from his position as head of the Democratic Justice Party, and gave the position to Noh Tae-woo.
• On 10 July 1987, he became the formal head of the Democratic Justice Party.

After Leaving Office Right after Leaving Office

• In February 1988, having stepped down from the Presidency at the conclusion of his term, he was named chairman of the National Statesman Committee.
• Through this position, he would exercise political influence.
• In 1988, through elections for the new National Assembly, the Democratic Justice Party lost majority seats to their opposition, and so the “Fifth Republic Hearings” occurred.
• It was in those hearings that the National Assembly explored the events of the Kwangju Democratization Movement and who is responsible for the rampant corruption of the Fifth Republic.
• On 11 November 1988, Chun apologized to the nation and offered to give his belongings back to the country, and he resigned his position as chairman of the National Statesman Committee and resigned his position as honorary leader of the Democratic Justice Party.
• At this time, Chun decided to live a secluded life in Baekdamsa, a Buddhist temple in the Kangwon-do province.
• On 30 December 1990, he left Baekdamsa and returned home.
• After the start of Kim Yeong-sam’s civilian government in 1993, Kim maintained that between Chun and Noh there were 400,000,000,000won worth of slush/bribery funds, and through internal investigations he shed light on transfer of slush funds.
• In 1995, Noh Tae-woo and Chun Doo-hwan were brought up on charges related to their roles in the December 12^th coup d’etat, May 18^th Kwangju Democratization Movement use of military troops, and their bribe appropriation.
• In the end, Chun was finally charged as leading an insurrection, for which he received the death penalty.
• Chun was later pardoned for political reasons.

After 1990

• On 16 November 1995, the citizens’ cries were growing louder about the 12-12 military coup and the bloody 5-18 Kwangju Democratization Movement incident, so Kim Yeong-sam announced the beginning of a movement to enact retroactive legislation, naming the bill “Stopping History”.
• As soon as the Constitutional Court decided the constitutionality of their actions, the prosecutor began a reinvestigation.
• On 3 December, Chun and 16 others were arrested on charges of conspiracy and insurrection.
• At the same time, an investigation into the Fifth Republic’s corruption was begun.

• In March 1996 the public trial began.
• On 26 August, the Seoul District Court issued a death sentence.
• On 16 December 1996, the Seoul High Court issued a sentence of life imprisonment and a fine in amount of 220,500,000,000 won.
• On 17 April 1997 the judgment was finalized in the Supreme Court.
• Chun was officially convicted of Leading an Insurrection, Conspiracy to Commit Insurrection, Taking Part in an Insurrection, Illegal Troop Movement Orders, Dereliction of Duty During Martial Law, Murder of Superior Officers, Attempted Murder of Superior Officers, Murder of Subordinate Troops, Leading a Rebellion, Conspiracy to Commit Rebellion, Taking Part in a Rebellion, Murder for the Purpose of Rebellion, and additional crimes relating to bribery.
• http://glaw.scourt.go.kr/jbsonw/jbsonc08r01.do?docID=35129A9B850E40EAE0438C01398240EA&courtName=&caseNum=96도3376&pageid=#

• After his sentence was finalized, Chun began his life in prison.
• On 22 December 1997, after the start of the “Citizen’s Government”, Chun’s sentence was commuted by Kim Yeong-sam.
• However, Chun still had to pay his 220,500,000,000 won fine, and he had only paid 53,200,000,000 won so far.
• After that, he made his famous quote, “I only have 290,000 won to my name,” and the remaining 167,300,000,000 won could not be collected.
• http://ilyoseoul.co.kr/index2.php?idx=85802&news_sec_name=인터뷰•인물 경제난에 ‘두 끼 먹자’
• According to the “May 18 Special Law”, all medals awarded for the suppression of the 18 May 1980 Kwangju demonstrations were revoked, but there were still 9 medals that have not been returned.

• On 4 December 1995, Chun made a public statement.
• He said he wasn’t going to cooperate with further investigations because ??something something?? Long paragraph

Societal Activities

• In 2002, Chun was an advisor for the preservation of Korean independence martyr An Jong-geun’s burial grounds.
• On 25 February 2008, Chun participated in the inauguration of President Lee Myung-bak.
• Chun said to President Lee: “You understand the hopes and desires of the nation's citizens, so I expect you to lead the nation well and I believe you will do so.”
• http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2008022516611
• On 22 July 2008,
• NOT FINISHED!

After 2000

• NOT FINISHED!

Foreign Relations

• Chun’s foreign relation policies were based on combating communism, exemplify through his relations with the U.S. and neighboring Japan.

Relations with the U.S.

• The U.S. put pressure on Chun’s government to cease plans to develop a nuclear weapon.
• Reagan’s administration tried repeatedly to limit Chun’s suppression of the democratic movement.

Relations with Japan

• Japanese newspapers were widely reporting that Chun was in de-facto control of the country long before he became President.
• NOT FINISHED!

Relations with North Korea

• In 1982, Chun announced the “Korean People Harmony Democracy Reunification Program”, but due to repeated rejections from North Korea, in actuality the program was a failure.

Famous Phrases

• Chun made the statement “I have nothing but 290,000 won to my name,” which briefly became a famous phrase throughout the country.

Criticism

• Three long paragraphs

Positive Criticism

• One paragraph

Negative Criticism

• Six paragraphs

Uncertainty of Responsibility for the May 18^th Kwangju Democratization Movement Incident

• One paragraph'

Religion

• Chun Doo-hwan states his religion to be Buddhism.
• http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/bluehouse/308324.html
• Two paragraphs untranslated.

Revocation of Certain Military Awards

• One paragraph

Family Relations

• While in office, Chun’s older brother Ki-hwan was made in charge of the Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market, while his younger brother Kyeong-hwan became the director of the New Community Movement’s central headquarters.
• While Kyeong-hwan was director, he received much bribe money and came under considerable public criticism after Chun left office.

• Chun and his wife, Lee Soon-ja, had three sons, Jae-gook, Jae-yong, and Jae-man; and one daughter, Hyo-seon. The oldest son, Jae-gook, is currently working as a representative for Hyundai’s construction branch, Shigongsa.

Related People

• List of related people