Group | No. | Epithet | Paired with | Meaning | Attributes | Equivalents | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Etruscan | Latin | |||||||
Old Italic (RtL) | Transliteration | |||||||
A | 1 | 𐌉𐌛𐌖𐌑 | Śuri [a] | Soranus | Etruscan: 𐌀𐌈𐌀𐌂, romanized: Catha[1][11][2] | Etruscan: 𐌉𐌛𐌖𐌑, romanized: Śuri, from Etruscan: 𐌛𐌖𐌑, romanized: Śur, lit. 'black'[12][2][4][13][14] cognate and equivalent to Old Norse: Surtr, lit. 'black'[15] | Sun and light, lightning, fire, volcanoes, underworld, health and plague, divination, wolves, goats
|
Surtr, Sūrya, Ra+Ptah, Hades+Apollo |
B | 2 | 𐌈𐌀𐌛 | Rath [b] | Etruscan: 𐌀𐌈𐌀𐌂, romanized: Catha[17] | Etruscan: 𐌈𐌀𐌛, romanized: Rath, cognate to Hindi: रथ, romanized: rath, lit. 'chariot', learned borrowing from Sanskrit: रथ, romanized: rátha and Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀, romanized: raθa, lit. 'chariot, car', from Proto-Indo-Iranian *hrátʰas, from Proto-Indo-European *hreth₂- (“to roll”)
— linked to Hindi: dharma-rath, lit. 'Godly chariot',[18] possible reference to the sun chariot or solar barque, traditionally associated with Sūrya (Sanskrit: सूर्य, romanized: Sūrya) |
Sun and light,[19] lightning, fire,[20] volcanoes, underworld,[21][22] health and plague, divination[23][24]
|
Sūrya, Ra, Apollo[27][28][17] | |
3 | 𐌋𐌉𐌔𐌖 | Usil [c] | Etruscan: 𐌋𐌉𐌔𐌖, romanized: Usil, lit. 'light',[19] from the Proto-Indo-European root *seh₂ul₂ (Sun), cognate to Latin: Sol, Old Norse: Sól and Baltic languages: Saulė, who also rode a sun chariot or solar barque | |||||
4 | 𐌖𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌀
𐌖𐌋𐌐𐌀 |
Apulu [d]
|
cognate to Aeolic Greek: Ἄπλουν, romanized: Áploun and Hittite: Āppaliunāš, who also rode a sun chariot or solar barque | |||||
C | 5 | 𐌖𐌋𐌀𐌂 | Calu [e] | Etruscan: 𐌀𐌈𐌀𐌂, romanized: Catha | Etruscan: 𐌖𐌋𐌀𐌂, romanized: Calu, lit. 'dark, darkness'[32][33]
also used as a synonym for underworld[14] |
kingship, fire, volcanoes, underworld, wolves,[30][34][9] goats | Dīs Pater, Pluto, Hades[35][1][2][3][4] | |
6 | 𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌀
𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌄 |
Aita [f]
|
Etruscan: 𐌀𐌈𐌀𐌂, romanized: Catha, aka Etruscan: 𐌉𐌄𐌍𐌐𐌉𐌔𐌛𐌄𐌐, romanized: Persipnei or Etruscan: 𐌉𐌀𐌍𐌐𐌉𐌔𐌛𐌄𐌘, romanized: Phersipnai[1][2] | cognate to Epic Greek: Ἄϊδης, romanized: Áïdēs
also used as a synonym for underworld[37] | ||||
D | 7 | 𐌔𐌉𐌕𐌄𐌅
𐌔𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌄𐌅 |
Vetis [g]
|
Vēdius, Vēdiovis, Vēiovis, Vēive | thought to mean anti-Jove[38] | kingship, lightning,[21] fire, volcanoes,[21] underworld, health and plague, goats
|
anti-Jove/Jupiter, Apollo,[22][40] Asclepius[41] | |
8 | 𐌈𐌍𐌀𐌌 | Manth [h] | Mantus[42] | Etruscan: 𐌀𐌈𐌀𐌂, romanized: Catha, aka Etruscan: 𐌀𐌉𐌍𐌀𐌌, romanized: Mania[1][2] | Etruscan: 𐌈𐌍𐌀𐌌, romanized: Manth, cognate to Latin: Manes[43] | anti-Jove, Hades,[36] Satan[i] | ||
9 | Summānus [j] | cognate to Latin: Manes; from Latin: Summus Manium, lit. 'the greatest of the Manes'[44][36] | ||||||
10 | 𐌀𐌈𐌋𐌄𐌅
𐌀𐌍𐌌𐌖𐌕𐌋𐌏𐌅 |
Veltha
|
Vortumnus, Vertumnus, Vertimnus | Etruscan: 𐌀𐌈𐌋𐌄𐌅, romanized: Veltha, lit. 'earth'[45] | kingship, war, underworld, nature | Ullr, anti-Jove | ||
E | 11 | 𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌋𐌈𐌄𐌔 | Sethlans | fire, volcanoes, forge and craftsmanship | Ptah, Hephaestus, Vulcan |
Also linked to: Fufluns[46] (brother) & Feronia[47][8] (brother's wife)
Notes: Old Italic
edit- 𐌀𐌈𐌀𐌂, 𐌈𐌀𐌂, 𐌀𐌈𐌖𐌀𐌂, 𐌀𐌈𐌅𐌀𐌊
- 𐌋𐌉𐌔𐌖
- 𐌀𐌈𐌋𐌄𐌅
- National Etruscan Museum, 𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌀, 𐌉𐌛𐌖𐌑
- Hedlund, Stieg (2019-07-15), "Coda Etrusca. A forgotten culture's lasting influence", Deru Kugi, The continuity of magic from East to West, Part 3A – via medium.com,
𐌖𐌋𐌐𐌀
Notes and references
editExplanatory footnotes
edit- ^ Śuri – Identified with: Aita (Dīs),[1][2][3][4] Apulu (Apollo),[2][4][5][6][7][3][8] Calu,[7][9][4] Manth,[10][2][4] Rath,[2][4] Vetis.[4]
- ^ Rath – Identified with: Śuri,[2][4] Apulu.[16]
- ^ Usil – Identified with: Apulu.[29]
- ^ Apulu – Identified with: Śuri,[5][6][7][2][3][4][8] Rath,[16] Usil,[29] Vetis.[22]
- ^ Calu – Identified with: Śuri,[7][9][4] Aita.[30][31]
- ^ Aita – Identified with: Śuri (Dīs),[1][2][3][4] Calu,[30][31] Summanus.[36]
- ^ Vetis – Identified with: Śuri,[4] Apulu.[22][4]
- ^ Manth – Identified with: Śuri.[10][2][4]
- ^ In Milton's Latin poem "In Quintum Novembris" (lines 23–24): Talibus infestat populos Summanus et urbes / cinctus caeruleae fumanti turbine flammae.
- ^ Summānus – Identified with: Aita.[36]
Citations
edit- ^ a b c d e f De Grummond 2004, p. 359.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n National Etruscan Museum.
- ^ a b c d e Obnorsky 1900.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Maras 2010.
- ^ a b Virgil, 11.786.
- ^ a b Pliny the Elder, 7.2.
- ^ a b c d Bouke van der Meer 2013, pp. 323–341.
- ^ a b c Myth Index.
- ^ a b c Rissanen 2013.
- ^ a b Colonna 2006, p. 141.
- ^ De Grummond 2008, pp. 422, 425.
- ^ Colonna 2009.
- ^ Di Silvio 2014.
- ^ a b c Romano Impero 2021.
- ^ Orchard 1997.
- ^ a b Bonfante & Bonfante 2002, p. 204.
- ^ a b Jannot 2005, p. 146.
- ^ Chhawchharia 2015.
- ^ a b Babelon 1963.
- ^ Noted by J. D. Beazley, "The World of the Etruscan Mirror" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 69 (1949:1–17) p. 3, fig. 1.
- ^ a b c Classical Association 1918, p. 107.
- ^ a b c d Kenney & Clausen 1983.
- ^ Cristofani 1985, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Cristofani 2000, pp. 161–162.
- ^ L'institut. Section 1: Sciences mathématiques, physiques et naturelles (in French). Imprimerie nationale. 1845-01-01. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
- ^ Desvergers, Noël; Vergers, M. J. L'Étrurie et les Étrusques (in French). Рипол Классик. ISBN 9785879679069. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
- ^ Krauskopf 2006, pp. vii, pp. 73–75.
- ^ Bonfante & Bonfante 2002, p. 194.
- ^ a b Nonoss 2015.
- ^ a b c Elliott 1995, pp. 17–33.
- ^ a b Krauskopf 1988, pp. 394–399.
- ^ Zavaroni 1996.
- ^ Mc Callister & Mc Callister 1999.
- ^ De Grummond & Simon 2006, p. 57.
- ^ Servius 380b, 11.785.
- ^ a b c d Capella, 2.164.
- ^ Cartwright 2012.
- ^ Latin Lexicon.
- ^ De Grummond 2016.
- ^ Nova Roma.
- ^ Scarborough 1969.
- ^ Servius 380a, 10.199.
- ^ Pallottino 1992.
- ^ Chisholm 1911.
- ^ See wiktionary:af:𐌀𐌈𐌋𐌄𐌅.
- ^ De Grummond & Simon 2006.
- ^ Strabo, 5.
Works cited
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- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2006). Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 978-1-931707-86-2.
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- De Simone, Carlo (2012). "Il teonimo Šuri: riflessioni ad alta voce". Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici (in Italian) (32–33).
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- Dronke, Ursula, ed. (1997). The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems. Translated by Dronke, Ursula. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-811181-9.
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- Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. p. 803. ISBN 978-159339266-6.
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- Jannot, Jean-René [in French] (2005). Religion in Ancient Etruria. Translated by Whitehead, J.K. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-20844-8.
- Kenney, Edward John; Clausen, Wendell Vernon (1983). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27373-2.
- Lecce, Vittoria. "Novembre e il dio Suri - Il Nero Signore" (in Italian). Museo Nazionale Etrusco. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
- Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Vol. I–VIII. Zurich, Munich, Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler Verlag. 1981–1999. ISBN 3-7608-8751-1.
- Lübker, Friedrich (1855). Real Lexicon of Classical Antiquity (in German and Russian). Leipzig: B. G. Teubner Verlag. Retrieved 2024-08-02. pp. 1303-1304:
Sorānus
- Maras, Daniele Federico (2010). "Suri. Il nero signore degli inferi". Archeo (in Italian). No. 305. Archived from the original on 2014-12-10. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
- Mc Callister, Rick; Mc Callister, Silvia, eds. (1999). "CA-CE". Etruscan Glossary. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
Calu
- Nonoss (2015). "Turan, Aritimi, Usil et l'énigmatique Letham..." Au Fil du Temps (in French). Retrieved 2024-08-02.
- Obnorsky, Nikolai Petrovich [in Russian] (1900). "Соран, прозвище Аполлона". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). Vol. XXXa. Saint Petersburg: Brockhaus–Efron. p. 895.
- Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2.
- Pliny the Elder (1855). Naturalis Historia [The Natural History] (in Latin and English). Translated by Bostock, John. London: Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 2024-08-02 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Pliny the Elder. Naturalis Historia [The Natural History] (in Latin and English). Vol. II. Translated by Bostock, John. 53. Retrieved 2024-08-02 – via Perseus Digital Library.
Tuscorum litterae novem deos emittere fulmina existimant, eaque esse undecim generum; Iovem enim trina iaculari. Romani duo tantum ex iis servavere, diurna attribuentes Iovi, nocturna Summano, rariora sane eadem de causa frigidioris caeli
[The Tuscan books inform us, that there are nine Gods who discharge thunder-storms, that there are eleven different kinds of them, and that three of them are darted out by Jupiter. Of these the Romans retained only two, ascribing the diurnal kind to Jupiter, and the nocturnal to Summanus; this latter kind being more rare, in consequence of the heavens being colder] - Pliny the Elder. Naturalis Historia [The Natural History] (in Latin and English). Vol. VII. Translated by Bostock, John. 2. Retrieved 2024-08-02 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Pliny the Elder. Naturalis Historia [The Natural History] (in Latin and English). Vol. XXIX. Translated by Bostock, John. 14. Retrieved 2024-08-02 – via Perseus Digital Library.
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- Scarborough, John (1969). Roman Medicine. Cornell University Press. pp. 144, 238. ISBN 978-0-8014-0525-9. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
Vediovis
- Servius (380). Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil (in Latin and English). Georgius Thilo. Retrieved 2024-08-02 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Servius (380a). Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil (in Latin and English). Vol. X. 199. Retrieved 2024-08-02 – via Perseus Digital Library.
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- Sturluson, Snorri (c. 1220). "Gylfaginning". Prose Edda (in Old Norse).
- Sturluson, Snorri (1995-04-06) [1987]. Edda. Translated by Faulkes, Anthony [in French]. London: Dent. ISBN 978-0-460-87616-2.
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- The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1974. ISBN 9780852292907.
Vediovis
- Tilton, Theodore (1897). The complete Poetical Works of Theodore Tilton in One Volume. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 705. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
- Van der Meer, Lammert Bouke (2013). "Lead Plaque of Magliano". Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Quaderni di Acme (134). Milan. pp. 323–341 (335). Retrieved 2024-08-02 – via Academia.edu.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - "Vediove". Nova Roma. Calendar of Holidays and Festivals. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
- Vigfússon, Guðbrandur; Powell, Frederick York (1883). Corpus Poeticum Boreale: Court poetry. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 471. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
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- Woodard, Roger D. (2006). Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult. University of Illinois Press. pp. 116–117.
- Zavaroni, Adolfo (1996). I documenti etruschi (in Italian). Sherpa. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
Calu
Further reading
edit- Briquel, Dominique (1997). Chrétiens et haruspices: La religion étrusque, dernier rempart du paganisme romain (in French). Presses de l'Ecole normale supérieure. ISBN 978-2-7288-0232-6.
- Cartwright, Mark (2012-07-19), "Hades", World History Encyclopedia, retrieved 2024-08-02
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2016-11-01). "Thunder versus Lightning in Etruria". Etruscan Studies. 19 (2): 183–207. doi:10.1515/etst-2016-0011. S2CID 199472126.
- Moore, Daniel W. (2018). "The Etruscan Goddess Catha". Etruscan Studies. 21 (1–2): 58–77. doi:10.1515/etst-2017-0030. S2CID 188353013.
- Simon, Erika (1998). "Apollo in Etruria". Annali della Fondazione C. Faina di Orvieto V (in Italian): 119–141.
- Simon, Erika. "Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon". In De Grummond & Simon (2006). Harvc error: no target: CITEREFDe_GrummondSimon2006 (help)
- Van der Meer, Lammert Bouke (2015) [2014]. "Some comments on the Tabula Capuana". Studi Etruschi. 77 (149–175). Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider. ISSN 0391-7762.