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User:Erictleung/Bladder microbiome

< User:Erictleung

The bladder microbiome (also urobiome or urinary microbiome) is the collection of microorganisms that exist in the bladder.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41585-018-0127-5 (PDF: https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC6628711&blobtype=pdf)

Until 2014, it was believed that the bladder was sterile and void of microorganisms. However, it was thoroughly verified that there are resident commensal microorganisms in the bladder.

History

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Bladder as sterile

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Experiments giving evidence to the dogma that urine is sterile date to the 1800s. In 1871, Joseph Lister has glasses of urine, some treated with small amounts of tap water and the rest untreated. The untreated glasses of urine remained sterile, and so he is quoted saying, "The fresh and healthy urine is perfectly free from bacteria or other minute organisms"[1]

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11884-016-0345-8

Discovering the commensal bacteria

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The bladder was notably not a body site in the Human Microbiome Project, a research initiative started in 2007 to categorize microorganisms on other body sites like the gastrointestinal tract, skin, vagina, and mouth.[citation needed] Starting around 2010, the use of culture-independent 16S rRNA sequencing allowed researchers to find evidence of colonized bacteria in the male urogenital tract from voided urine samples. In 2023, evidence of uncultivated bacteria was also found in female urinary tracts.[2]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3957746/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11884-016-0345-8

Female bladder

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Urinary tract infections

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https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2018-06-03/bladder-microbiome-study-could-be-game-changer-for-uti-treatment/9822020

Overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence

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Connections with vaginal microbiome

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https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03968-5

Male bladder

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Lower urinary tract symptoms

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TODO

Bladder cancer

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0090429519300068 Review article

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bloom, David A.; McGuire, Edward J.; Lapides, Jack (1994). "A Brief History of Urethral Catheterization". Journal of Urology. 151 (2): 317–325. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)34937-6. ISSN 0022-5347. OCLC 117422874 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  2. ^ Wolfe, Alan J.; Toh, Evelyn; Shibata, Noriko; Rong, Ruichen; Kenton, Kimberly; FitzGerald, MaryPat; Mueller, Elizabeth R.; Schreckenberger, Paul; Dong, Qunfeng; Nelson, David E.; Brubaker, Linda (2012-01-25). "Evidence of Uncultivated Bacteria in the Adult Female Bladder". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 50 (4): 1376–1383. doi:10.1128/JCM.05852-11. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 3318548. PMID 22278835.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
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