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Introduction: What is this? edit
Understanding the formation of the Himalayan mountains has been a goal of structural geologists for a long time. Many of the problems and disagreements that geologists have with each other concerning the Himalayan orogeny involve the relationship between the observed geometry, or structures, with the various rock units (different types of rock). There are three primary rock units present in the Himalaya: the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS; mainly low-grade Proterozoic metasediments), the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex (GHC; largely high-grade paragneisses and migmatite), and the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS; dominantly low-grade late Proterozoic to Eocene shelf sediments)[1]More information about these rock units can be found by reading about the geology of Nepal. Because the Himalaya form on the leading edge of a collisional tectonic event, it stands to reason that many structural features will form in this area. The three main rock units: the LHS, GHC, and THS all have a hotly debated relationship with each other involving two main fault lines. One is the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), and the other is the South Tibetan Detachment (STD). Tectonics geologists agree that the GHC, between the LHS and the THS, is between these two faults and is somehow being moved towards the surface and being exposed today. The South Tibetan Detachment is often interpreted as a low angle normal fault [2] and can also represent extension [3]. However, there are new interpretations about old observations that support the idea that the STD can also be a north-directed thrust fault [4].
Geometry/Structure edit
The main problem that the South Tibet detachment is expected to help resolve is the method of emplacement of the GHC between the LHS and THS within the Himalaya. There are three models that help explain this emplacement: wedge extrusion or critical tapering, channel flow, and tectonic wedging. [5] [6]. The wedge extrusion/critical taper and the channel flow models work under the assumption that the STD is a low angle normal fault, while the tectonic wedge model works as if the STD is a thrust fault.
Importance edit
The Asia-India collision is one of the most interesting tectonic events of the last 100 million years, and the Himalaya play a critical role as an outdoor laboratory to many people studying tectonic processes. The Himalaya offers many opportunities to study all factors that go into mountain building such as continental collisions, erosion, and even climatic changes. In order to understand the structural complexity of the Himalaya orogen, understanding the South Tibet detachment is critical to figuring out the exact time and processes involved in the emplacement of rock units there.
References edit
- ^ Webb, A. Alexander G.; Yin, An; Harrison, T. Mark; Célérier, Julien; Burgess, W. Paul (1 January 2007). "The leading edge of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex revealed in the NW Indian Himalaya: Implications for the evolution of the Himalayan orogen". Geology. 35 (10): 955. doi:10.1130/G23931A.1.
- ^ Kellett, Dawn A.; Grujic, Djordje (21 March 2012). "New insight into the South Tibetan detachment system: Not a single progressive deformation". Tectonics. 31 (2). doi:10.1029/2011TC002957.
- ^ Searle, Michael P.; Godin, Laurent (1 September 2003). "The South Tibetan Detachment and the Manaslu Leucogranite: A Structural Reinterpretation and Restoration of the Annapurna‐Manaslu Himalaya, Nepal". The Journal of Geology. 111 (5): 505–523. doi:10.1086/376763.
- ^ Webb, A. Alexander G.; Schmitt, Axel K.; He, Dian; Weigand, Eric L. (1 April 2011). "Structural and geochronological evidence for the leading edge of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex in the central Nepal Himalaya". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 304 (3–4): 483–495. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Corrie, Stacey L.; Kohn, Matthew J.; McQuarrie, Nadine; Long, Sean P. (1 October 2012). "Flattening the Bhutan Himalaya". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 349–350: 67–74. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.001.
- ^ Webb, A. Alexander G.; Schmitt, Axel K.; He, Dian; Weigand, Eric L. (1 April 2011). "Structural and geochronological evidence for the leading edge of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex in the central Nepal Himalaya". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 304 (3–4): 483–495. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.024.