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Distribution 2 edit

understanding how airborne microbial communities are distributed over time and space is critical

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and reach concentrations of up to 106 microbial cells per cubic meter of air.[1] Due to their important roles in public health and meteorological processes,[2][3][4][5] [6] understanding how airborne microbial communities are distributed over time and space is critical. While the concentration and taxonomic diversity of airborne microbial communities in the planetary boundary layer have recently been described,[7][8][1] the functional potential of airborne microbial communities remains unknown. Most studies have focused on laboratory cultivation to identify possible metabolic functions of microbial strains of atmospheric origin, mainly from cloud water.[9][10][11][12][13] Given that cultivable organisms represent about 1 % of the entire microbial community,[14] culture-independent techniques and especially metagenomic studies applied to atmospheric microbiology have the potential to provide additional information on the selection and genetic adaptation of airborne microorganisms. However, to our knowledge, only five metagenomic studies on airborne microbial communities at one or two specific sites per study exist.[15][16][17][18][19] Metagenomic investigations of complex microbial communities in many ecosystems (for example, soil, seawater, lakes, feces and sludge) have provided evidence that microorganism functional signatures reflect the abiotic conditions of their environment, with different relative abundances of specific microbial functional classes.[20][21][22][23] This observed correlation of microbial-community functional potential and the physical and chemical characteristics of their environments could have resulted from genetic modifications (microbial adaptation [24][25][26][27]) and/or physical selection. The latter refers to the death of sensitive cells and the survival of resistant or previously adapted cells. This physical selection can occur when microorganisms are exposed to physiologically adverse conditions.[28]

The presence of a specific microbial functional signature in the atmosphere has not been investigated yet. Microbial strains of airborne origin have been shown to survive and develop under conditions typically found in cloud water (i.e., high concentrations of H2O2, typical cloud carbonaceous sources, ultraviolet – UV – radiation etc.[9][29][30] While atmospheric chemicals might lead to some microbial adaptation, physical and unfavorable conditions of the atmosphere such as UV radiation, low water content and cold temperatures might select which microorganisms can survive in the atmosphere. From the pool of microbial cells being aerosolized from Earth's surfaces, these adverse conditions might act as a filter in selecting cells already resistant to unfavorable physical conditions. Fungal cells and especially fungal spores might be particularly adapted to survive in the atmosphere due to their innate resistance [31] and might behave differently than bacterial cells. Still, the proportion and nature (i.e., fungi versus bacteria) of microbial cells that are resistant to the harsh atmospheric conditions within airborne microbial communities are unknown.[28]

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  4. ^ Brown, James K. M.; Hovmøller, Mogens S. (2002). "Aerial Dispersal of Pathogens on the Global and Continental Scales and Its Impact on Plant Disease". Science. 297 (5581): 537–541. Bibcode:2002Sci...297..537B. doi:10.1126/science.1072678. PMID 12142520. S2CID 4207803.
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  7. ^ Els, Nora; Larose, Catherine; Baumann-Stanzer, Kathrin; Tignat-Perrier, Romie; Keuschnig, Christoph; Vogel, Timothy M.; Sattler, Birgit (2019). "Microbial composition in seasonal time series of free tropospheric air and precipitation reveals community separation". Aerobiologia. 35 (4): 671–701. doi:10.1007/s10453-019-09606-x. S2CID 201834075.
  8. ^ Innocente, Elena; Squizzato, Stefania; Visin, Flavia; Facca, Chiara; Rampazzo, Giancarlo; Bertolini, Valentina; Gandolfi, Isabella; Franzetti, Andrea; Ambrosini, Roberto; Bestetti, Giuseppina (2017). "Influence of seasonality, air mass origin and particulate matter chemical composition on airborne bacterial community structure in the Po Valley, Italy". Science of the Total Environment. 593–594: 677–687. Bibcode:2017ScTEn.593..677I. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.199. hdl:10278/3691685. PMID 28363180.
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  12. ^ VaïTilingom, Mickaël; Amato, Pierre; Sancelme, Martine; Laj, Paolo; Leriche, Maud; Delort, Anne-Marie (2010). "Contribution of Microbial Activity to Carbon Chemistry in Clouds". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (1): 23–29. Bibcode:2010ApEnM..76...23V. doi:10.1128/AEM.01127-09. PMC 2798665. PMID 19854931.
  13. ^ Vaitilingom, M.; Deguillaume, L.; Vinatier, V.; Sancelme, M.; Amato, P.; Chaumerliac, N.; Delort, A.-M. (2013). "Potential impact of microbial activity on the oxidant capacity and organic carbon budget in clouds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (2): 559–564. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110..559V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205743110. PMC 3545818. PMID 23263871.
  14. ^ Vartoukian, Sonia R.; Palmer, Richard M.; Wade, William G. (2010). "Strategies for culture of 'unculturable' bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 309 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02000.x. PMID 20487025.
  15. ^ Aalismail, Nojood A.; Ngugi, David K.; Díaz-Rúa, Rubén; Alam, Intikhab; Cusack, Michael; Duarte, Carlos M. (2019). "Functional metagenomic analysis of dust-associated microbiomes above the Red Sea". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 13741. Bibcode:2019NatSR...913741A. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50194-0. PMC 6760216. PMID 31551441.
  16. ^ Amato, Pierre; Besaury, Ludovic; Joly, Muriel; Penaud, Benjamin; Deguillaume, Laurent; Delort, Anne-Marie (2019). "Metatranscriptomic exploration of microbial functioning in clouds". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 4383. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.4383A. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41032-4. PMC 6416334. PMID 30867542.
  17. ^ Cao, Chen; Jiang, Wenjun; Wang, Buying; Fang, Jianhuo; Lang, Jidong; Tian, Geng; Jiang, Jingkun; Zhu, Ting F. (2014). "Inhalable Microorganisms in Beijing's PM2.5 and PM10 Pollutants during a Severe Smog Event". Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (3): 1499–1507. Bibcode:2014EnST...48.1499C. doi:10.1021/es4048472. PMC 3963435. PMID 24456276.
  18. ^ Gusareva, Elena S.; et al. (2019). "Microbial communities in the tropical air ecosystem follow a precise diel cycle". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (46): 23299–23308. doi:10.1073/pnas.1908493116. PMC 6859341. PMID 31659049.
  19. ^ Yooseph, Shibu; Andrews-Pfannkoch, Cynthia; Tenney, Aaron; McQuaid, Jeff; Williamson, Shannon; Thiagarajan, Mathangi; Brami, Daniel; Zeigler-Allen, Lisa; Hoffman, Jeff; Goll, Johannes B.; Fadrosh, Douglas; Glass, John; Adams, Mark D.; Friedman, Robert; Venter, J. Craig (2013). "A Metagenomic Framework for the Study of Airborne Microbial Communities". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e81862. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881862Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081862. PMC 3859506. PMID 24349140.
  20. ^ Delmont, Tom O.; Malandain, Cedric; Prestat, Emmanuel; Larose, Catherine; Monier, Jean-Michel; Simonet, Pascal; Vogel, Timothy M. (2011). "Metagenomic mining for microbiologists". The ISME Journal. 5 (12): 1837–1843. doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.61. PMC 3223302. PMID 21593798.
  21. ^ Li, Yingdong; Zheng, Liping; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Hongbin; Jing, Hongmei (2019). "Comparative metagenomics study reveals pollution induced changes of microbial genes in mangrove sediments". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 5739. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.5739L. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42260-4. PMC 6450915. PMID 30952929.
  22. ^ Tringe, Susannah Green; von Mering, Christian; Kobayashi, Arthur; Salamov, Asaf A.; Chen, Kevin; Chang, Hwai W.; Podar, Mircea; Short, Jay M.; Mathur, Eric J.; Detter, John C.; Bork, Peer; Hugenholtz, Philip; Rubin, Edward M. (2005). "Comparative Metagenomics of Microbial Communities". Science. 308 (5721): 554–557. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..554T. doi:10.1126/science.1107851. PMID 15845853. S2CID 161283.
  23. ^ Xie, Wei; Wang, Fengping; Guo, Lei; Chen, Zeling; Sievert, Stefan M.; Meng, Jun; Huang, Guangrui; Li, Yuxin; Yan, Qingyu; Wu, Shan; Wang, Xin; Chen, Shangwu; He, Guangyuan; Xiao, Xiang; Xu, Anlong (2011). "Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys with contrasting chemistries". The ISME Journal. 5 (3): 414–426. doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.144. PMC 3105715. PMID 20927138.
  24. ^ Brune, Andreas; Frenzel, Peter; Cypionka, Heribert (2000). "Life at the oxic–anoxic interface: Microbial activities and adaptations". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 24 (5): 691–710. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00567.x. PMID 11077159. S2CID 8638694.
  25. ^ Hindré, Thomas; Knibbe, Carole; Beslon, Guillaume; Schneider, Dominique (2012). "New insights into bacterial adaptation through in vivo and in silico experimental evolution". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 10 (5): 352–365. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2750. PMID 22450379. S2CID 22286095.
  26. ^ Rey, Olivier; Danchin, Etienne; Mirouze, Marie; Loot, Céline; Blanchet, Simon (2016). "Adaptation to Global Change: A Transposable Element–Epigenetics Perspective". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 31 (7): 514–526. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.03.013. PMID 27080578.
  27. ^ Yooseph, Shibu; Andrews-Pfannkoch, Cynthia; Tenney, Aaron; McQuaid, Jeff; Williamson, Shannon; Thiagarajan, Mathangi; Brami, Daniel; Zeigler-Allen, Lisa; Hoffman, Jeff; Goll, Johannes B.; Fadrosh, Douglas; Glass, John; Adams, Mark D.; Friedman, Robert; Venter, J. Craig (2013). "A Metagenomic Framework for the Study of Airborne Microbial Communities". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e81862. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881862Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081862. PMC 3859506. PMID 24349140.
  28. ^ a b Tignat-Perrier, Romie; Dommergue, Aurélien; Thollot, Alban; Magand, Olivier; Vogel, Timothy M.; Larose, Catherine (2020). "Microbial functional signature in the atmospheric boundary layer". Biogeosciences. 17 (23): 6081–6095. Bibcode:2020BGeo...17.6081T. doi:10.5194/bg-17-6081-2020. S2CID 234687848.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)   Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  29. ^ Joly, Muriel; Amato, Pierre; Sancelme, Martine; Vinatier, Virginie; Abrantes, Magali; Deguillaume, Laurent; Delort, Anne-Marie (2015). "Survival of microbial isolates from clouds toward simulated atmospheric stress factors". Atmospheric Environment. 117: 92–98. Bibcode:2015AtmEn.117...92J. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.07.009.
  30. ^ Vaitilingom, M.; Deguillaume, L.; Vinatier, V.; Sancelme, M.; Amato, P.; Chaumerliac, N.; Delort, A.-M. (2013). "Potential impact of microbial activity on the oxidant capacity and organic carbon budget in clouds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (2): 559–564. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110..559V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205743110. PMC 3545818. PMID 23263871.
  31. ^ Huang, Mingwei; Hull, Christina M. (2017). "Sporulation: How to survive on planet Earth (And beyond)". Current Genetics. 63 (5): 831–838. doi:10.1007/s00294-017-0694-7. PMC 5647196. PMID 28421279.
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