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User:Eng215/Blue Quran

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The Blue Quran is a holy book written in Kufic script, which is characterized by sharp angles and the absence of vowel markings.[1] Unlike other Qurans from that period, each page of the Blue Quran contains 15 lines, which was not a traditional practice. It was common for Qurans to have thick margins, few lines, and large spaces between words, much like the Amajur Quran, which contained three lines per horizontal page.[2] More common features of the Blue Quran include the perceptible column of letters on the right side of each folio and the splitting of unconnected letters between lines in the manuscript.[3]

The manuscript is thought to have contained 600 parchment folios made from the skin of sheep, which was commonly used due to the of the thinness of the finished product.[4][5][6] Due to the size and construction of the manuscript, the parchment would have required at least 150 sheep.[6] The signature blue color of the parchment came from an indigo dye that was derived from indigotin-bearing plant material, either Indian Indigo or woad.[5] Due to the similar composition of all indigo dyes, modern analytic technology, and art historians are unable to make a definitive conclusion on the source of the blue dye.[6] However, research done by scholar Cheryl Porter, whose work focuses on the use and technical implementation of color in manuscripts, has determined that the dye was likely brushed onto the parchment before it was stretched and dried.[5]

The gilded lettering in the manuscript was given its gold sheen by the application of gold leaf over an adhesive, such as gum, egg white, fig sap, fish collagen, or a glue byproduct of parchment making.[5] The text was outlined in black or brown ink, which can be attributed to an iron-tannate ink that was common for the manuscript's estimated time and place of creation.[5] The ink was used to "tidy up" the feathery edges of the gold leaf. [7] Each sura was demarcated into groups of twenty verses using rosettes made from either silver leaf or silver ink.[5][1] The verse markers were also detailed with red paint, which were thought to have come from either lac or safflower. Curiously, several manuscript pages have been entirely or partly stripped of the golden letters. These erasures seem to go beyond correcting scribal mistakes as encountered regularly elsewhere.[8]

The Blue Qur'an is one of the largest manuscripts to exist, the work measures H. 11 15/16 in. (30.4 cm), W. 15 13/16 in. (40.2 cm). The codex is in a horizontal state, rather than the traditional vertical format [9].

History edit

Controversy of origin edit

The exact origin of the Blue Quran is unknown. Scholars have proposed that the manuscript was created under the Abbasid, Fatimid, or Umayyad Caliphate, or the Aghlabid or Kalbid dynasty.[10] This would place the location of origin in Iran, Iraq, Tunisia, Spain, or Sicily.

 
Map of the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 CE. Mashhad is in the northeast corner of modern Iran, close to Herat, Afghanistan.

According to a theory, the Blue Quran was produced in Persia during the Abbasid Caliphate. This was first proposed by Frederik R. Martin, a Swedish diplomat and dealer who introduced the Blue Quran to the academic community.[11] He claimed that he obtained some of the pages of the manuscript in Constantinople and that it originated in Mashhad, Persia, where they were commissioned for the tomb of the 9th-century Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid.[11] This is supported by the Persian customs stamp on one of its pages.[11] Moreover, the horizontal layout of the Blue Quran resembles the Qurans created in the early Abbasid Period, which would place the manuscript in or around modern-day Iraq.[12] This evidence supports the idea that the Blue Quran was created in the Eastern Islamic world.

On the other hand, the Blue Quran was included in the inventory of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, which places the manuscript in Tunisia around 1300 CE.[13] While this does not confirm that the manuscript was created in Tunisia, scholars argue that transporting the Blue Quran in its entirety over a long distance would be unlikely.[11][12] This supports the idea that the Blue Quran was created in the Western Islamic world.

Additionally, the Blue Quran shares many characteristics, including its deep blue color, with the Bible of Cava, a manuscript created in 812 CE in Umayyad Spain.[14] The physical similarities between the two supports the idea that the Blue Quran originated in Spain around the 9th-century. One theory is that an Umayyad patron commissioned the Blue Quran and that the manuscript was created by Christians, who have a greater tradition of writing their sacred texts on dyed parchment than Muslims.[14][9][15] Since the distance between Spain and Tunisia is closer than that of Persia and Tunisia, transporting the Blue Quran would be easier and therefore more likely.[14]

Presently, there is still controversy among scholars as to where the Blue Quran originated. Many museums cannot agree on how to categorize the manuscript, with some, like the Denver Art Museum, categorizing it as Asian Art while acknowledging it may have origins in North Africa.[16] This conflicting categorization reflects how scholars do not, and may never, agree on the true origins of the Blue Quran.

Importance of the Blue Quran The Blue Quran is one of the most extraordinary luxury manuscripts ever created. The sharp angles in the design showcase the skill of the creators and maintain a unique and striking appearance.

From a religious perspective, the Blue Quran is filled with cultural significance. The colors alone represent multiple aspects of Islamic culture. The blue color is associated with spirituality and divinity. Gold is associated with illumination and enlightenment. Historian Yasser Tabbaa has noted the "Evanescent Effect" that the gold lettering has against the blue parchment.[17] This work emulated the purple parchment that was used in the Byzantine illuminated manuscripts and was an effort to surpass their rivals in the Byzantine Empire. The Blue Quran was also a display of wealth and power among the Fatimid Dynasty. [18]

Importance of the Blue Quran edit

The Blue Quran is one of the most extraordinary luxury manuscripts created. The sharp angles in the design showcase the skill of the creators and maintains a unique and striking appearance.

From a religious perspective, the Blue Quran is filled with cultural significance. The colors alone represent multiple aspects of Islamic culture. The blue color is associated with spirituality and divinity.[10] This trait alone can link the Blue Quran to broader Islamic principles. Gold is associated with illumination and enlightenment. Historian Yasser Tabbaa has noted the "Evanescent Effect" that the gold lettering has against the blue parchment. This work emulated the purple parchment that was used in the Byzantine illuminated manuscripts, and was an effort to surpass their rivals in the Byzantine Empire. The Blue Quran was also a display of wealth and power among the Fatimid Dynasty.

  1. ^ a b "BIFOLIUM FROM THE "BLUE QUR'AN" - Aga Khan Museum". 2013-11-01. Archived from the original on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  2. ^ George, Alain (2017), "The Qurʾan, Calligraphy, and the Early Civilization of Islam", A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 109–129, doi:10.1002/9781119069218.ch4, ISBN 978-1-119-06921-8, retrieved 2021-05-06
  3. ^ Blair, Sheila S. (2004-08-12). "Ivories and Inscriptions from Islamic Spain". Oriente Moderno. 84 (2): 375–386. doi:10.1163/22138617-08402003. ISSN 2213-8617.
  4. ^ George, Alain (April 2009). "Calligraphy, Colour and Light in the Blue Qur'an". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 11 (1): 75–125. doi:10.3366/E146535910900059X. hdl:20.500.11820/5b72c4c8-5f2e-44d0-a646-056c17f9f1c7. ISSN 1465-3591.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Porter, Cheryl (2018-12-12). "The Materiality of the Blue Quran: A Physical and Technological Study". The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: 573–586. doi:10.1163/9789004356047_029. ISBN 9789004356047. S2CID 191581646.
  6. ^ a b c Whitfield, Susan (2018). Silk, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road (1 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-28177-6. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctv2n7dzx.
  7. ^ Bloom, Jonathan (October 4, 2013). "The Blue Koran Revisited". Journal of Islamic Manuscripts. 6 (2015): 196–218.
  8. ^ Fraser, Marcus. "Doha, Qatar National Library: HC.MS.03223". Corpus Coranicum. Berlin Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  9. ^ a b Whitfield, Susan (2018). Silk, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road (1 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-28177-6. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctv2n7dzx.
  10. ^ a b George, Alain (April 2009). "Calligraphy, Colour and Light in the Blue Qur'an". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 11 (1): 75–125. doi:10.3366/E146535910900059X. hdl:20.500.11820/5b72c4c8-5f2e-44d0-a646-056c17f9f1c7. ISSN 1465-3591.
  11. ^ a b c d Bloom, Jonathan (2015-01-01). "The Blue Koran Revisited". Journal of Islamic Manuscripts. 6 (2–3): 196–218. doi:10.1163/1878464X-00602005.
  12. ^ a b George, Alain (2017), "The Qurʾan, Calligraphy, and the Early Civilization of Islam", A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 109–129, doi:10.1002/9781119069218.ch4, ISBN 978-1-119-06921-8, retrieved 2021-05-06
  13. ^ Neumeier, Emily (2006-04-15). "Early Koranic Manuscripts: The Blue Koran Debate". Elements. 2 (1). doi:10.6017/eurj.v2i1.8938. ISSN 2380-6087.
  14. ^ a b c D’Ottone Rambach, Arianna (2017-01-01). "The Blue Koran. A Contribution to the Debate on Its Possible Origin and Date". Journal of Islamic Manuscripts. 8 (2): 127–143. doi:10.1163/1878464X-00801004. ISSN 1878-4631.
  15. ^ "Folio from the "Blue Qur'an"". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
  16. ^ "Qur'an leaf in Kufic script | Denver Art Museum". www.denverartmuseum.org. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  17. ^ Tabbaa, Yasser (1991). "The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part I, Qur'ānic Calligraphy". Ars Orientalis. 21: 119–148. ISSN 0571-1371. JSTOR 4629416.
  18. ^ "Blue Qur'an (MET)". Joy of Museums Virtual Tours. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
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