Merged to Umayyad conquest of Hispania in March 2023 except for the following uncited sentences:


These were not just points of inter-Islamic interaction, however. These kinds of goods were also traded with the Christian kingdoms, even in times of severe bellicosity, which points to the cross-cultural affiliations that were borne out of pragmatic affiliations, a facet of this period which remains woefully overlooked in modern conceptions[6]. Unfortunately,

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