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User:Donald Trung/Vietnamese nobility expansion from the L’Association des Amis du Vieux Huế

< User:Donald Trung

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Vietnamese nobility" and is preserved for attribution. This article covers both the imperial seal of the Nguyễn dynasty as well as other seals used by its Emperors (or "Kings").

Original draft edit

During [[Vietnam]]'s monarchial period, '''Vietnamese nobility''' (tước) were classified into eleven classes, with names similar to their [[Chinese nobility|Chinese equivalent]]. These are listed here from the highest to the lowest, along with their equivalent [[European nobility|European titles]].<ref>Danny J. Whitfield: ''Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Vietnam'', [[Scarecrow Press]], 1976, S. 213 (Eintrag Nobility).</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Vietnamese ![[Literary Chinese in Vietnam|Hán tự]] !European equivalent !Remarks |- |''[[Huangdi|Hoàng Đế]]'' |黃帝 | Emperor | |- |''Đại Vương'' |大王 | King, or Grand Prince | |- |''Vương'' |王 | King / Prince | King if as a separate noble title, Prince if he is the son of an Emperor. |- |''Quốc Công'' |國公 | | lit. "National Duke" |- |''Quận Công'' |郡公 | | literally "County Duke" |- |''Công'' | 公 | Duke | |- |''Hầu'' | 侯 | Marquis | |- |''Bá'' | 伯 | Count | |- |''Tử'' | 子 | Viscount | |- |''Nam'' | 男 | Baron | |- |''Vinh phong'' | 榮封 | | no equivalent, roughly Baronet |} == Terminology == === Sovereigns === [[File:Empire of Vietnam yellow stamp - www.khanhvanweb.com (1945).jpg|thumb|right|A [[postage stamp]] of the [[Empire of Vietnam]] (the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] under [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] rule) using the term "[[Huangdi|Hoàng-Đế]] [[Bảo-Đại]]".]] Sovereign rulers (both Emperors and Kings) in general are referred to in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] as ''Vua'' (君, 𢁨, 𢂜, 𢃊, 𤤰, 𪻟, 𪼀, 󰅫, 󰅻). This term, which can also be interpreted as "[[Patron]]", has no equivalent in Chinese languages, but comes from the indigenous Vietnamese vernacular and therefore had to be written in Nôm when used in court documents (which were typically written in Hán, i.e. [[classical Chinese]]).<ref name="Alexander-Barton" >Alexander Barton Woodside: ''Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century'', [[Harvard University Asia Center]], [[Harvard University Press]], [[Cambridge, MA]] 1988, S. 10</ref> The Vietnamese monarchs usually carried the titles ''Vua'' and ''[[Huangdi|Hoàng Đế]]'' (黃帝) in parallel, with the former predominating among the general Vietnamese people and the latter at the imperial court.<ref name="Alexander-Barton"/> === Lords === Both the [[Trịnh lords|Trịnh]] and [[Nguyễn lords]], who nominally ruled the country from the 16th to the 18th century under the ''[[de jure]]'' control of the [[Revival Lê dynasty]], used the title ''Chúa'' (主, "lord" / "prince"), which is outside of the classical hierarchy of nobility, this title is considered to be higher than ''Công'' and lower than ''Vương''.<ref>K. W. Taylor: ''A History of the Vietnamese'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 2013, S. 652 (Table 7).</ref> == History == [[File:Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d’An-Bình - Ministre des Rites et des Travaux (1939).jpg|thumb|right|A letter from the [[Ministry of Rites|Ministry of Rites and Labour]] to the [[List of administrators of the French protectorate of Annam|Resident-Superior of Annam]] informing him that [[Léon Sogny]] will be given the noble title "[[Baron]] of An Bình".]] The use of noble titles has existed in China since ancient times and the system of nobility used in Vietnam until 1945 dates back to the [[Zhou dynasty]] (Châu dynasty).<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-General-Vietnamese-Nobility">{{cite web|url= https://www.aavh.org/?p=671|title= AP0660-Sogny-Marien - Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d’An Binh (1). - Notice : Brevet impérial élevant M. Sogny à la dignité nobiliaire de Baron An Binh (Baron de la Paix). “Fait au Palais Kien Trung le 9° jour du 3° mois de la 14° année Bao Dai” (28 avril 1939).|date=17 September 2013|accessdate=29 March 2021|author= Christophe|publisher= L’Association des Amis du Vieux Huế|language=fr}}</ref> The system of nobility employed by the [[Later Lê dynasty]] and later were directly based on the Chinese system used during the [[Ming dynasty]] period, this system would remain to be used in Vietnam until 1945 (as the [[August Revolution]] overthrew the [[Nguyễn dynasty]]), but had actually ceased in [[China]] in 1911 due to the [[Xinhai Revolution]].<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-General-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> The noble titles of Vietnam can be divided into two categories:<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-General-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> (A) Six titles which exclusively reserved for princes of imperial blood were, in ancient China, these were devolved to kings and tributary princes, as well as twelve other less important titles intended for the descendants of princes of imperial blood, with a reduction of "one degree for each successive generation".<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-General-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> And (B) Five titles of nobility reserved for [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarins]], regardless of origin (related to the Emperor or of popular origin), to reward merits, and, more particularly, military merits. These were given the five titles of "Công" (公), "Hầu" (侯), "Bá" (伯), "Tử" (子), and "Nam" (男).<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-General-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> Noble titles from both category A and B are transmissible to the eldest son of the nobleman, with a decrease of one degree with each successive generation.<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-General-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> After the establishment of protectorates over the Nguyễn dynasty by the [[France|French]] in the form of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] the terminology used in the table above (as "European equivalent") was used by the French to designate dignitaries endowed with titles of nobility.<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-General-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> While no protocol has regulated the matter of these designations, over 50 years of use have definitively enshrined these terms for translating Vietnamese noble titles.<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-General-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> == Symbols == [[Seal (East Asia)|Seals]] and other symbolic objects were also given to people after they received a noble title.<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Baron-de-An-Bình-1">{{cite web|url= https://www.aavh.org/?p=681|title= AP0670-Sogny-Marien. Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d’An Binh (13).|date=17 September 2013|accessdate=24 March 2021|author= Christophe|publisher= L’Association des Amis du Vieux Huế|language=fr}}</ref> For example after [[Léon Sogny]] received the title of "[[Baron]] of An Bình" (安平男) in the year [[Bảo Đại]] 14 (保大拾肆年, 1939) he was also given a golden seal and a '' [[Bai (decoration)|Kim Bài]]'' (金牌) with his noble title on it. The seal had the [[seal script]] inscription ''An Bình Nam chi ấn'' (安平男之印).<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Baron-de-An-Bình-2">{{cite web|url= https://www.aavh.org/?p=689|title= AP0678-Sogny-Marien. Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d’An Binh (12).|date=17 September 2013|accessdate=24 March 2021|author= Christophe|publisher= L’Association des Amis du Vieux Huế|language=fr}}</ref> == List of French people who have received a Vietnamese noble title during the French protectorate period == After the French had established two protectorates in Vietnam, and by analogy with what was done for the Mandarins, titles of nobility were awarded by the Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty to high-ranking French colonial officials.<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Franco-Vietnamese-Nobility">{{cite web|url= https://www.aavh.org/?p=674|title= AP0663-Sogny-Marien - Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d’An Binh (11).|date=17 September 2013|accessdate=29 March 2021|author= Christophe|publisher= L’Association des Amis du Vieux Huế|language=fr}}</ref> These noble titles which, formerly gave certain rights and privileges to the Vietnamese that received them, by the 1930s were reduced to being merely a simple pension, are were considered to be purely honorary for the French officers who received them.<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Franco-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> In fact they would usually just receive a patent and a ''Kim Bài'' on which the title was engraved in [[Traditional Chinese characters]].<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Franco-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> Between the years 1885 and 1936 a total of 22 noble titles were awarded by the Vietnamese Emperor to [[French people]].<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Franco-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> This group of people include a French minister, an admiral, two generals, nine governors general of Indochina, and nine senior residents of Annam.<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Franco-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> List of senior French officials to whom a noble title had been awarded by the Imperial Court of the Nguyễn dynasty between 1885 and 1937:<ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Franco-Vietnamese-Nobility"/> {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Name<br>([[Sinification|Vietnamisation]]) !! Rank in the French administration !! Noble title received !! Date of the awarding of noble title !! Image of the document affirming nobility |- | de COURCY<br>(Cô-xi) || General-in-chief || Bao-Ho Quan-Vuong || Ordinance of the 10th day, 9th month, 1st year of [[Hàm Nghi]]<br>(17 October 1885) || |- | de CHAMPEAUX<br>(Sâm-bô) || Chargé d’affaires || Bao-Ho Cong || Ordinance of the 10th day, 9th month, 1st year of Hàm Nghi<br>(17 October 1885) || |- | (Ba-duy-dam) || Vice-Admiral, Chief of Staff || Bao-Quoc-Cong || Ordinance of the 10th day, 9th month, 1st year of Hàm Nghi<br>(17 October 1885) || |- | WARNET<br>(Ba-nê) || General Commander-in-Chief of the Tonkin Expeditionary Force || Duc-Quoc-Vuong || Ordinance of the 10th day, 9th month, 1st year of Hàm Nghi<br>(17 October 1885) || |- | (Sanh-bich) || || Ve-Quoc-Cong || Ordinance of the 10th day, 9th month, 1st year of Hàm Nghi<br>(17 October 1885) || |- | RICHAUD<br>(Mi-sô) || Governour General || Pho-Quoc Quan-Vuong || Ordinance of the 10th day, 9th month, 1st year of Hàm Nghi<br>(17 October 1885) || |- | RHEINARD<br>(Lê-na) || Chargé d’affaires || Luong-Quoc Quan-Vuong || Ordinance of the 10th day, 9th month, 1st year of Hàm Nghi<br>(17 October 1885) || |- | ROUSSEAU<br>(Du xô) || Governour General || Pho Nam Vuong || Ordinance of the 6th day, 2nd month, 8th year of [[Thành Thái]]<br>(March 19, 1896) || |- | BRIERE<br>(Bo-ri-ê) || Resident Superior of Annam || Ho Nam-Cong || Ordinance of the 6th day, 2nd month, 8th year of Thành Thái<br>(March 19, 1896) || |- | DUVILLIER<br>(Dô-vi-ê) || 1st class Vice-Resident, Government Commissioner || Ve-Vo-Hau || Ordinance of the 6th day, 2nd month, 8th year of Thành Thái<br>(March 19, 1896) || |- | BOULLOCHE<br>(Bô-lô-so) || Senior Resident || Ta Quoc Vuong || Ordinance of the 19th day, 6th month, 11th year of Thành Thái<br>(July 26, 1899) || |- | BEAU<br>(Bô) || Governour General || Phu Quoc Vuong || Ordinance of the 24th day, 1st month, 2nd year of [[Duy Tân]]<br>(February 25, 1908) || |- | LEVECQUE<br>(Le-viet) || Senior Resident of Annam || Phu Quoc Cong || Ordinance of the 24th day, 1st month, 2nd year of Duy Tân<br>(February 25, 1908) || |- | LUCE<br>(Luc-so) || Governour General p. i. || Pho-Nam Quan-Vuong || Ordinance of the 22nd day, 11th month, 5th year Duy Tân<br>(January 10, 1912) || |- | GROLEAU<br>(Cô-rô-lô) || Resident Superior of Annam || Pho-Nam-Cong || Ordinance of the 22nd day, 11th month, 5th year Duy Tân<br>(January 10, 1912) || |- | SESTIER<br>(Xich-xê) || Senior Resident p. i. || Pho-Nam-Cong || Ordinance of the 22nd day, 11th month, 5th year Duy Tân<br>(January 10, 1912) || |- | SARRAUT<br>(Sa-lô) || Governour General || Phu-Nam || Ordinance of the 29th day, 12th month, 5th year Duy Tân<br>(February 16, 1912) || |- | PASQUIER<br>(Bac-kê) || Governour General || Trach-Nam Quan-Vuong || Ordinance of the 2nd day, 2nd month, 6th year [[Bảo Đại]]<br>(May 20, 1931) || |- | ROBIN<br>(Rô-binh) || Governour General p. i. || An-Tinh-Cong || 15th day, 4th month, 8th year Bảo Đại ordinance<br>(May 9, 1933) || |- | CHÂTEL<br>(Sa-tiên) || Resident Superior of Annam || Nghe-Quoc-Cong || 15th day, 4th month, 8th year Bảo Đại ordinance<br>(May 9, 1933) || |- | CHARLES<br>(Sa-lê) || Honourary Governor General || Te-Nam-Vuong || Ordinance of the 19th day, 3rd month, 9th year Bảo Đại<br>(May 2, 1934) || |- | GRAFFEUIL<br>(Co-la-phoi) || Senior Resident || Te-Quoc-Cong || Ordinance of the 19th day, 3rd month, 11th year Bảo Đại (May 9, 1936) || |- | [[Léon Sogny]] || Chief of security of Annam || Baron of An Bình || 7 May 1939 || [[File:Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d’An Binh - L’Association des Amis du Vieux Huế (保大拾肆年 - 1939) 01.jpg|75px]] |} == See also == * [[Trần dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * R. B. Smith (1974). "Politics and Society in Viet-Nam during the Early Nguyen Period (1802–62)". ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', 106 (2), pp 153-69. {{Nobility by nation}} [[:Category:Vietnamese culture|*Nobility]] {{Asia-royal-stub}} {{Noble-stub}}

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  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
October 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
November 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
September 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
August 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
July 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
June 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
May 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
April 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
March 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
January 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
December 2019.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use edit

  • <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
    • <ref name="Brill2015"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

Corrections edit

Expansion sources edit

  • https://www.aavh.org/?p=674 (List of French blokes).
    • <ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Franco-Vietnamese-Nobility">{{cite web|url= https://www.aavh.org/?p=674|title= AP0663-Sogny-Marien - Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d’An Binh (11).|date=17 September 2013|accessdate=29 March 2021|author= Christophe|publisher= L’Association des Amis du Vieux Huế|language=fr}}</ref>
  • https://www.aavh.org/?p=671 (General History).
    • <ref name="L’Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-General-Vietnamese-Nobility">{{cite web|url= https://www.aavh.org/?p=671|title= AP0660-Sogny-Marien - Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d’An Binh (1). - Notice : Brevet impérial élevant M. Sogny à la dignité nobiliaire de Baron An Binh (Baron de la Paix). “Fait au Palais Kien Trung le 9° jour du 3° mois de la 14° année Bao Dai” (28 avril 1939).|date=17 September 2013|accessdate=29 March 2021|author= Christophe|publisher= L’Association des Amis du Vieux Huế|language=fr}}</ref>
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