User:Donald Trung/Kim khánh (金磬) Les Carnets de Philippe Truong expansion
This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Kim Khánh" and is preserved for attribution. This article covers both the imperial seal of the Nguyễn dynasty as well as other seals used by its Emperors (or "Kings").
- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/1017125685&type=revision
Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:58, 10 April 2021 (UTC) .
Original draft edit
{{cleanup|date=April 2011}}
[[File:De_Khim_Khanh_een_ridderorde_van_de_Keizer_van_Vietnam.png|right|200px|Kim Khanh]] The '''Order of Kim Khanh''' ({{lang-vi|Kim khánh|links=no}}, [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|chu Han Viet]]: 金磬) was an [[Order (honour)|Order of Merit]] of the [[History of Vietnam|Empire of Vietnam]]. The order was abolished when [[Vietnam]] became a republic. The emperor awarded this decoration to his mandarins or high officials. It is suited for their silken gowns but it is an unusual decoration in the eyes of the Europeans. It consists of a golden plaque in the shape of a traditional Vietnamese gong with Chinese characters and symbols like dragons, dragon's paws with a [[pearl]], [[Chinese guardian lions|fo-dogs]], [[turtle]]s and [[phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]]es. Attached to the plaque are a traditional depiction of a [[bat]] in orange and white pearls, beads of red and white [[coral]], fresh water pearls and gold. The Chinese characters mean "A visible sign of thanks and good will". On the back the words "awarded by the Emperor [[Khải Định]]" are written. In 1875 a Special Class of the order was given to the [[Adolphe Thiers|French President]].<ref>In 1875 to President Thiers, see the ''Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hué'', n°4, 1914, p. 392</ref> In a more simple version the Khim Khanh was awarded to French colonial administrators and princes in Asia like the [[Susuhunan]] of [[Surakarta]] [[Pakubuwono X]]. The jewel is 85 millimeter wide and 153 millimeter high. It was awarded in a rectangular silver or gold box with a decor of dragons and a red silk lining. == History == The initial ''Kim Khánh'' were issued either during the reign of the [[Gia Long]] Emperor or [[Minh Mạng]] Emperor and it is not known when the decoration was first issued or what classes they initially had.<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh">{{cite web|url= http://carnetdephilippe.canalblog.com/archives/2008/03/08/8249277.html|title= Décoration vietnamienne. - LE KIM KHANH. - 08 mars 2008 à 22:40 - philippe truong - Le kim khánh 金磬 ("gong en or") est un ordre décerné par les souverains d'Annam. On ignore pour le moment sa date de création. Elle remonte probablement au règne de Gia Long (1802-1820) ou Minh Mang (1820-1840).|date=8 March 2008|accessdate=11 April 2021|author= Philippe Truong|publisher= Les Carnets de Philippe Truong|language=fr}}</ref> An example of one of these early ''Kim Khánh'' dating to the reign of [[Thiệu Trị]] had a design of two embossed [[Vietnamese dragon|dragons]] facing the sun, enhanced with fine pearls, with two [[Traditional Chinese characters]] reading ''Ân tứ'' (恩賜, "King's Gift") composed of pearls.<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> This early ''Kim Khánh'' was intended for a member of the imperial family or for one of the four eminent dignitaries advisers to the Emperor, the "Pillars of the Empire".<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> The ''Kim Khánh'' was rarely granted to people and it was intended to reward the achievements of general and superior officers as well as the distinguished service of civilian mandarins.<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> Only high rank civil mandarins and military mandarins had the right to wear the ''Kim Khánh'' in public, other recipients had to keep them at home.<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> These people would receive either the ''sapèque d'argent'' or the ''sapèque d'or'' to wear in public (these decorations were introduced by decree by the [[Đồng Khánh]] Emperor in the year 1885).<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> The Emperor awarded a ''Đại hạng Kim Khánh'' to high-rank mandarins having reached an advanced age (60 or 70 years) that have earned it, bearing a reverse inscription celebrating his wisdom, his great age, or his merits.<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> == Classes and variants == By decree of the Đồng Khánh Emperor in 1885 the gong-shaped plate of the ''Kim Khánh'' was either made of gold (''Kim Khánh''), imitation gold (''Tử Kim Khánh''), or in silver (''Ngân Khánh'').<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> Its design features two dragons in relief facing the sun (or a flaming pearl).<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> Until 1885 the ''Kim Khánh'' only had 2 classes:<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> {|class="wikitable" |- ! Class !! Image |- | Đại hạng Kim Khánh || |- | Kim Khánh || |} In 1885 the Đồng Khánh Emperor divided the ''Kim Khánh'' into 3 classes, creating a total of 4 classes:<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> {|class="wikitable" |- ! Class !! Description !! Image |- | Đại hạng Kim Khánh || The obverse inscription reads ''Đồng Khánh sắc tứ'' (同慶敕賜, "Awarded by the Đồng Khánh Emperor") et au revers ''Báo nghĩa thù huân'' (報義酬勳, "Show gratitude and return the benefits") || |- | Trung Kim Khánh || Similar to the above, but lighter in weight. || |- | Thứ Kim Khánh || Has the obverse inscription '' Sanh thiện thượng công'' (X善賞功, "To perpetuate kindness and reward merits"). || |- | Tiểu Kim Khánh || With the inscription ''Lao năng khả tưởng'' (勞能可槳, "Conducted work and has talent worthy of praise"). || |} In the year [[Thành Thái]] 12 (1900) the ''Kim Khánh'' for Vietnamese mandarins were given the following inscriptions:<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> {|class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription<br>([[chữ Quốc ngữ]]) !! Inscription<br>([[Hán tự]]) !! [[English language|English]] translation !! Image |- | Báo nghĩa thù huân || 報義酬勳 || Show gratitude and return the benefits || |- | Gia thiện sanh năng || 嘉善(...)能 || Praise kindness and perpetuate talent || |- | Lao năng khả tưởng || 勞能可槳 || Conducted work and has talent worthy of praise || |} For both the French and foreigners, the Thành Thái Emperor created 3 classes of ''Kim Khánh''.<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> The obverse side of these all bears the inscription ''Đại Nam Hoàng Đế sắc tử'' (大南黃帝敕賜, "Awarded by the Emperor of the Great South") but have different reverse inscriptions.<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> {|class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription<br>([[chữ Quốc ngữ]]) !! Inscription<br>([[Hán tự]]) !! [[English language|English]] translation !! Image |- | Nhất hạng Kim Khánh || 一項金磬 || First class ''Kim Khánh''. || |- | Nhị hạng Kim Khánh || 二項金磬 || Second class ''Kim Khánh''. || |- | Tam hạng Kim Khánh || 三項金磬 || Third class ''Kim Khánh''. || |} == ''Ngọc Khánh'' == The ''[[Ngọc Khánh (decoration) |Ngọc Khánh]]'' (玉磬, "jade gong") is a higher distinction to the ''Kim Khánh''. The ''Ngọc Khánh'' were only reserved for the deserving First Class Mandarins.<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> This decoration was made of [[jade]] and had the inscription Trân bửu (珍寶, "Precious treasures") preceded by the name of the Emperor.<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> == South Vietnam == {{See also|Orders, decorations, and medals of South Vietnam}} There is a later version of the ''Kim Khánh'' where the dragons and inscriptions are replaced by a [[bamboo]] grove, a [[brush]] (representing civil mandarins) and a [[sword]] (representing military mandarins).<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> This was the [[Emblem of Vietnam#List|national emblem]] of the [[South Vietnam|First Republic of Vietnam]] during the presidency of [[Ngô Đình Diệm]].<ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh"/> == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * {{in lang|vi}} [http://huda.com.vn/default.asp?type=portal&tab=detail&menuID=124&id=18589&path=Kim%20b%C3%A0i,%20kim%20kh%C3%A1nh,%20ng%E1%BB%8Dc%20kh%C3%A1nh%20th%E1%BB%9Di%20Nguy%E1%BB%85n Kim bài, kim khánh, ngọc khánh thời Nguyễn] (Kim bai, kim khanh, ngoc khanh of Nguyen Dynasty) {{Nguyễn dynasty medals}} {{Nguyễn dynasty topics}} [[:Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Vietnam]] .
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<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
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- <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
- February 2021.
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<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
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- January 2021.
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<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
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- December 2020.
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<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
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- October 2020.
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<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
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- November 2020.
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<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
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- September 2020.
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<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
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- August 2020.
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<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
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- July 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- June 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- May 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE,except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- April 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- March 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- February 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- January 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- December 2019.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
To use edit
- <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
- <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
- <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>
Expansion link edit
- http://carnetdephilippe.canalblog.com/archives/2008/03/08/8249277.html
- <ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh">{{cite web|url= http://carnetdephilippe.canalblog.com/archives/2008/03/08/8249277.html|title= Décoration vietnamienne. - LE KIM KHANH. - 08 mars 2008 à 22:40 - philippe truong - Le kim khánh 金磬 ("gong en or") est un ordre décerné par les souverains d'Annam. On ignore pour le moment sa date de création. Elle remonte probablement au règne de Gia Long (1802-1820) ou Minh Mang (1820-1840).|date=8 March 2008|accessdate=11 April 2021|author= Philippe Truong|publisher= Les Carnets de Philippe Truong|language=fr}}</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 00:04, 11 April 2021 (UTC) .
- <ref name="Les-Carnets-de-Philippe-Truong-Kim-Khánh">{{cite web|url= http://carnetdephilippe.canalblog.com/archives/2008/03/08/8249277.html|title= Décoration vietnamienne. - LE KIM KHANH. - 08 mars 2008 à 22:40 - philippe truong - Le kim khánh 金磬 ("gong en or") est un ordre décerné par les souverains d'Annam. On ignore pour le moment sa date de création. Elle remonte probablement au règne de Gia Long (1802-1820) ou Minh Mang (1820-1840).|date=8 March 2008|accessdate=11 April 2021|author= Philippe Truong|publisher= Les Carnets de Philippe Truong|language=fr}}</ref>