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Biography edit
Ilya Erenburg was born in Kiev into a wealthy Jewish family in which he was the fourth child and only son. His father - Gersh Gershanovich (Gersh Germanovich, Grigory Grigoryevich) Erenburg (1852-1921) - was an engineer and a merchant of the second guild (subsequently the first guild); mother - Hana Berkovna (Anna Borisovna) Ehrenburg (nee Arinstein, 1857 - 1918 ) - a housewife. He had older sisters Manya (Maria, 1881-1940), Eugene (1883-1965) and Isabella (1886-1965).
Parents got married in Kiev on June 9, 1877, then they lived in Kharkov , where three daughters were born, and returned to Kiev only before the birth of their son. The family lived in the apartment of his grandfather on the side of his father, the merchant of the second guild, Grigory (Gershon) Ilyich Erenburg (originally from Novgorod-Seversky ), in the house of Natalia Iskra at Institutskaya street No. 22 [1][2] . The maternal grandfather, Doivber (Berka Zelikovich) Arinstein (1827-1904), among other things, was the founder of the Novgorod-Seversky charity loan and savings bank bearing his name, together with his wife Freida Iosifova [3][4] .
In 1895, the family moved to Moscow , where his father got the position of director of the Khamovnichesky beer-honey factory. The family lived on Ostozhenka, in the house of the Varvara Society in Savelovsky Lane, apartment 81.
Begining 1901, together with N. I. Bukharin, he studied at the 1st Moscow gymnasium , was expelled from the sixth grade in 1907
From his youth, Ilya Ehrenbourg sought to forge an identity between his origins Jewish, his roots Russian and his Europeanism, cultivated during his residency in Paris in 1908 -1917 and 1921-1940. During his studies in Moscow, he was confronted with a climate anti-Semitic which aroused in him a feeling of resignation and revolt [n 1]. It feeds on readings by major writers, such as Dostoevsky, Dickens, Tchekhov, Ibsen or Zola. He participated in the revolutionary movements of 1905 and joined the following year in the Social Democratic Workers Party of Russia [5]. After a few months of imprisonment for political reasons, he decides to go into exile.
Arrived in Paris in, he was immediately fascinated by the atmosphere of the capital [6]. A few days after his arrival, he meets Lenin in a bistro in Montparnasse [7].
He completes his education with readings and turns to poetry which gives meaning to his life during this first Parisian period[n 2][8]. From his affair with Katia (Ekaterina) Schmidt, who came to study medicine, his daughter Irina was born in 1911 [9]. He frequented cafes, such as La Closerie des Lilas or La Rotonde, where artists met and made friends, especially with Picasso, Modigliani, Fernand Léger or Max Jacob [10].
Figure Marevna, 1916, Paris.
From left to right - Rivera, Modigliani, Ehrenburg
In 1916, he published translations of poems by François Villon which became very popular with Russian-speaking. That same year, he became a war correspondent for a daily newspaper in Petrograd. After the tsar's abdication in 1917, he returned to Russia [11]. Separated from Katia Schmidt since 1914, he married a cousin studying plastic arts, Lioubov Mikhaïlovna Kozintseva, in Kiev on the 16th August 1919.
In 1914 - 1917, he was a correspondent for the Russian newspapers Morning of Russia and "Exchange statements"
A type newspaper
The country Russian empire
Founded by 1861
Termination of Publications 1879
Main office Petersburg "Stock Exchange News" on the Western Front.
In the summer of 1917 he returned to Russia.
In the autumn of 1918 he moved to Kiev, where he lodged with his cousin - dermatovenerologist of the local Jewish hospital Alexander Grigoryevich Lurie on 40 Vladimirskaya Street [12]
[13]
In August 1919, he married the niece of Dr. Lurie (his cousin by mother) Lyubov Kozintsova .
From December 1919 to September 1920, he and his wife lived in Koktebel with Maximilian Voloshin , then from Feodosia the barge crossed to Georgia, then went to Tiflis , where he procured Soviet passports for himself, his wife and travelled by train from Vladikavkaz to Moscow.
At the end of October 1920, Ehrenburg was arrested by the Cheka and released thanks to the intervention of N.I. Bukharin .
Negatively accepting the victory of the Bolsheviks (a collection of poems "Prayer for Russia", 1918; journalism in the newspaper "Kiev Life"), in March 1921, Erenburg again went abroad. Back in France in 1921, the Ehrenburgs were expelled a month after their arrival for “Bolshevik propaganda”. They leave for Brussels, then Berlin. That same year, Ilya published his novel "Julio Jurenito" [7]. Until 1927, he traveled frequently and wrote several novels. In the spring of 1932, he became permanent correspondent in France for Izvestia.
He writes his articles in a telegraphic style which he likes, with short sentences [14].
A member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, he also worked on Soviet propaganda and participated, with other authors like Constantin Simonov, in a violent anti-German campaign. His article "Kills", published on July 24 1942 when German troops entered Russian territory, is one example most cited and criticized of this campaign [n 3][15] Affirming that "the Germans are not human beings", the article calls on the soldiers to kill the enemies without mercy:
Let’s say nothing. Let us not be indignant. Let’s kill. If you haven't killed a German a day, your day is wasted ... If you don't kill the German, he's the one who will kill you ... If you can't kill a German with a bullet, kill him at bayonet ... If you killed a German, kill another - at the moment there is nothing more comforting for us other than to see German corpses. Don't count the days, don't count the kilometers. Just count one thing: the Germans you killed. Kill the German! This is what your old mother asks you. The child implores you: kill the German! Kill the German! This is what your homeland claims. Just hit [n 4].
In this text, the figure of the German includes that of the enemy, the same as that encountered during the war in Spain, "the fascist […] the ideal enemy by its external status and its radical anti-Semitism" [16]. In these writings, the injunctive modality dominates, the imperatives are repeated, the short sentences encourage action, the fight against the enemy reduced to the "globalizing category of the German" [17]. The extremism of his positions will earn him criticism in the Pravda in on behalf of Gueorgui Alexandrov, head of propaganda at the Central Committee of the Communist Party. After the Second World War, this article caused controversy in West Germany.
However, Ehrenburg always stressed that this hatred should only hit the Nazi invaders, not the German nation. German propaganda describes him as a monster, claiming that he called for raping women and killing their children. In his memoirs, the Soviet writer remembers: “At the beginning of 1945, I went to a German city which had been captured the day before. I was asked to go to the German hospital and explain that no one would hurt the medical team or the patients. The chief doctor could not calm down: "Yes, but Ilya Ehrenbourg, he is so violent ...". I had to tell him that Ilya Ehrenburg was in Moscow to calm him down. " [18].
Ehrenbourg then leaves as a journalist in the footsteps of the Red Army, in the territories just liberated from the German occupation. There, in the company of Vassili Grossman, he collected testimonies of the massacres committed by the Germans. Their report was used at the Nuremberg trials in 1945-46. The documentation collected was originally intended as a testimony to history, but also as evidence of the German crimes. The documents were therefore to take part in the accusations which the Allies were setting up against Nazism. The Jewish Antifascist Committee decided that the testimonies and documents collected during the war should be collected in one volume: The Black Book . It was also a question of keeping witness to the extermination and its scale, of fighting against a reviving anti-Semitism. Its development was stopped in 1948 with the dissolution of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee by the Stalinist regime and its evolution towards an anti-Semitism stigmatizing the supposed "cosmopolitanism" of Russian Jews. The discovery of the proofs corrected by Vassili Grossman allowed the complete publication of the work in the years 1990 [19][n 5].
During the Cold War, he contributed to propaganda communist.
Throughout the Stalinist period, he managed to maintain relative independence, while escaping the purges.
Ehrenbourg died of bladder cancer in 1967 and is buried in Novodevitchi cemetery. His wife died in 1970.
The the Israeli daily newspaper Maariv announced that Ehrenburg had bequeathed its archives to Yad Vashem Memorial, in Jerusalem, on condition that this legacy be kept secret for twenty years after his death [20].
Ehrenburg was a very close friend of the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, Nobel Prize winner in literature, whom he met in Paris and who visited him in the Soviet Union on numerous occasions [21].
Prix et distinctions edit
- Stalin Prize of the first degree (1942) - for the novel "The Fall of Paris" (1941)
- Stalin Prize of the first degree (1948) - for the novel "The Tempest" (1947)
- International Stalin Prize "For the consolidation of peace between peoples" (1952) - the first of only two Soviet citizens
- two orders of Lenin (April 30, 1944, 1961)
- Order of the Red Banner of Labor
- Order of the Red Star (1937)
- Legion of Honor (France)
Works edit
This list is google translated form the Russian wikipedia page.
- Stalin is the weekly newspaper of the 25th mixed inter-brigade. April 22, 1937 . Erenburg editorial
- 1910 - Poems - Paris
- 1911 - I live - St. Petersburg. : Public benefit partnership printing house
- 1912 - Dandelions - Paris
- 1913 - Weekdays: Poems - Paris
- 1914 - Children - Paris: Rirakhovsky printing house
- 1916 - The Tale of the Life of a Nadia and of the Signs of Prophecy Shown to his - Paris
- 1916 - Poems about the Eve - M .: printing house of A. A. Levenson
- 1916 - About the vest of Semyon Drozd. Prayer - Paris, type. I. Rirakhovsky
- 1918 - Prayer for Russia - 2nd ed. "At the death hour"; Kiev: "Chronicle"
- 1919 - Fire - Gomel: "Centuries and Days"
- 1919 - In the stars - Kiev; 2nd ed. Berlin: Helikon, 1922
- 1920 - The face of the war - Sofia: "Russian-Bulgarian book publishing", 1920; Berlin: Helikon, 1923; M .: "Puchina", 1924; ZiF, 1928
- 1921 - Eve - Berlin: The Thought
- 1921 - Reflections - Riga; 2nd ed. PG: “The Burning Bush”, 1922
- 1921 - Impossible Stories - Berlin: “C. Efron
- 1922 - Foreign Thoughts - M .: “Bonfires”
- 1922 - About Me - Berlin: The New Russian Book
- 1922 - Portraits of Russian poets. Berlin: Argonauts; M .: "Pervina", 1923; M .: "Science", 2002
- 1922 - Devastating Love - Berlin: The Lights
- 1922 - Golden Heart: Mystery; Wind: Tragedy - Berlin: Helikon
- 1922 - Extraordinary adventures of Julio Jurenito - Berlin: "Helikon"; M .: "GIHL", 1923, "ZiF" 1927; Berlin: Petropolis, 1930
- 1922 - But still it spins - Berlin: Helikon
- 1922 - Six Tales of Easy Ends - Berlin: Helikon; M .: "Puchina", 1925
- 1922 - Life and death of Nikolai Kurbov - Berlin: "Helikon"; M .: "New Moscow", 1923
- 1923 - Thirteen Pipes - Berlin: Helikon; M .: "New Milestones", 1924; M.-L .: Novella, 1924
- 1923 - Bestial Warmth - Berlin: Helikon
- 1923 - Trust "D. E. " The history of the death of Europe - Berlin: "Helikon"; Kharkov: "State Publishing House"
- 1924 - The Love of Jeanne Ney - M .: ed. the magazine "Russia"; M .: Novella, 1925; M .: "ZiF", 1927; Riga, 1927; Berlin: Petropolis, 1931
- 1924 - Tube - M.: "Krasnaya Nov"
- 1925 - Jack of Diamonds and company - L. -M .: Petrograd
- 1925 - Rvach - Paris: “Knowledge”; Odessa: Svetoch, 1927
- 1926 - Summer of 1925 - M .: "Circle"
- 1926 - Conditional suffering regular cafe - Odessa: "New Life"
- 1926 - Three stories about pipes - L .: “ Surf ”
- 1926 - Black Ferry - M .: "Giz"
- 1926 - Stories - M .: "Truth"ŒuvreŒuvreŒuvre
- 1927 - In the Flowing Lane - Paris: "Helikon"; M .: "Land and Factory"; Riga: "Gramata Draugs"
- 1927 - Materialization of science fiction - M.-L.: "Film printing"
- 1927–1929 - Collected works in 10 volumes - “ZiF” (only 7 volumes were published: 1–4 and 6–8)
- 1928 - White coal or Tears of Werther - L .: “Surf”
- 1928 - The hectic life of Lazik Roitschwanets - Paris: "Helikon"; novel published in Russia in 1990
- 1928 - Stories - L.: “Surf”
- 1928 - Communard tube - Nizhny Novgorod
- 1928 - The Conspiracy of Equals - Berlin: Petropolis; Riga: “Gramata Draugs”, 1932
- 1929 - 10 L.S. Chronicle of our time - Berlin: “Petropolis”; M.-L.: GIHL , 1931
- 1930 - Visa of Time - Berlin: "Petropolis"; 2nd add. ed., M.- L .: GIHL, 1931; 3rd ed., L., 1933
- 1931 - Dream Factory - Berlin: Petropolis
- 1931 - England - M .: "Federation"
- 1931 - United Front - Berlin: Petropolis
- 1931 - We and they (together with O. Savic ) - France; Berlin: Petropolis
- 1932 - Spain - M.: “Federation”; 2nd add. ed. 1935; Berlin: Helikon, 1933
- 1933 - Day Two - M.: “Federation” and at the same time “ Soviet Literature ”
- 1933 - Our daily bread - M.: “New Milestones” and at the same time “Soviet literature”
- 1933 - My Paris - M .: " Izogiz "
- 1933 - Moscow does not believe in tears - Paris: "Helikon"; M .: "Soviet literature"
- 1934 - A protracted denouement - M .: " Soviet writer "
- 1934 - The Civil War in Austria - M .: "Soviet Literature"
- 1935 - Without taking a breath - Arkhangelsk: Sevkrayizdat; M .: "Soviet writer"; 5th ed., 1936
- 1935 - Chronicle of our days - M .: "Soviet writer"
- 1936 - Four tubes - M.: " Young Guard "
- 1936 - Frontiers of the Night - M.: “Soviet Writer”
- 1936 - Book for adults - M.: “Soviet writer”; M .: A / O "Book and Business", 1992
- 1937 - Beyond the truce - M .: " Goslitizdat "
- 1937 - Spain: Volume 1 "UHP", Volume 2 "No pasaran! - M.-L.:" OGIZ - IZOGIZ "
- 1937 - What a person needs - M .: Goslitizdat
- 1938 - The Spanish Temper - M .: Goslitizdat
- 1941 - Fidelity: (Spain. Paris): Poems - M .: "Goslitizdat"
- 1941 - Captive Paris - M .: "Goslitizdat"
- 1941 - Gangsters - M .: "Goslitizdat"
- 1941 - Mad Wolves - M.-L.: “Military Horizon”
- 1941 - Cannibals. The path to Germany (in 2 books) - M .: “ Military Publishing House of NGOs ”
- 1942 - The Fall of Paris - M .: "Goslitizdat"; Magadan: “ Soviet Kolyma ”
- 1942 - Bitterness - M .: Pravda
- 1942 - Fire over the Enemy - Tashkent: Goslitizdat
- 1942 - Caucasus - Yerevan: Armgiz
- 1942 - Hatred - M .: Military Publishing House
- 1942 - The Solstice - M .: “ Pravda ”
- 1942 - The rulers of fascist Germany: Adolf Hitler - Penza: ed. gas. The Stalin Banner
- 1942 - For life! - M .: "Soviet writer"
- 1942 - Basilisk - OGIHL, Kuibyshev; M .: "Goslitizdat"
- 1942 - 1944 - War (in 3 volumes) - M .: “GIHL”; M: “Olympus”, “Astrel”, 2004
- 1943 - Freedom - Poems, Moscow: Goslitizdat
- 1943 - German - M.: Military Publishing House of NGOs
- 1943 - Leningrad - L .: “Military Publishing House of Non-Commercial Organizations”
- 1943 - The Fall of the Duce - M .: "Gospolitizdat"
- 1943 - The New Order in Kursk - M .: Pravda
- 1943 - Poems about the war - M .: "Soviet writer"
- 1943 - Ilya Erenburg. Paris. - Komsomolskaya Pravda, 102 (5504) (May 1). - Printing house of the newspaper Pravda named after Stalin, 1943. - S. 4.
- 1946 - Tree: Poems: 1938–1945 - M.: “Soviet writer”
- 1946 - The Roads of Europe - M.: “Pravda”
- 1947 - The Storm - Magadan: Publishing House "Soviet Kolyma" and M .: "Soviet Writer"
- 1947 - In America - M.: “ Moscow Worker ”
- 1948 - Lion in the square - M .: " Art "
- 1950 - The Ninth Wave - M.: “Soviet Writer”, 2nd ed. 1953
- 1952 –1954 - Collected works in 5 volumes - M .: GIHL
- 1952 - For the world! - M .: "Soviet writer"
- 1954 - Thaw - in 1956 reprinted in two parts M .: "Soviet writer"
- 1956 - The Conscience of the Nations - M.: “Soviet Writer”
- 1958 - French notebooks - M.: "Soviet writer"
- 1959 - Poems 1938 - 1958 - M.: “Soviet writer”
- 1960 - India, Greece, Japan - M .: “Soviet writer”; 2nd ed. M .: "Art"
- 1960 - Re-reading Chekhov - M .: Goslitizdat
- 1961 - 1967 - People, years, life - (books 1-6); 3rd ed. ( books 1–7 ), 1990; 5th ed. “Text”, 2005; 6th ed. "Olma MG", 2013; 7th ed. AST, 2017
- 1962 –1967 - Collected works in 9 volumes - M.: “ Fiction ”
- 1969 - The Shadow of the Trees - M .: "Progress"
- 1974 - Annals of courage. Articles of the war years - M .: "Soviet writer"
- 1977 - Poems -L.: "Soviet Writer", Book of the poet, BS
- 1986 - Spanish Reporting 1931-1939 - M .: ed. APN
- 1990 - 2000 - Collected works in 8 volumes - M .: " Luts "
- 1996 - At the death hour. Articles 1918–1919 - St. Petersburg
- 2000 - Poems and poems - St. Petersburg: "Akademproekt", New poet poet
- 2004 - Let me look back. Letters 1908–1930 - M.: “Agraf”
- 2004 - On the base of history. Letters 1931–1967 - M.: “Agraf”
- 2006 - I hear everything. Mail 1916–1967 - M .: “Agraf”
- 2008 - Remember and live ... Poems, translations, articles - M .: "Time"
- 2014 - Face of the war. Memoirs of 1919.1922-24 and Articles 1915-1917, St. Petersburg.
Bibliography edit
- Pierre Cot, Bon anniversaire cher Ilya Ehrenbourg, Les Lettres françaises No. 1118, 10- 16 February 1966, p. 1, 6-7
- Ilya Ehrenbourg, Les gens, les années, la vie, Parangon, Paris, 2008.
- Lilly Marcou (1992), Plon (ed.), Ilya Ehrenbourg, un homme dans son siècle, Lily Marcou
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|read online=and|pages totales=(help); Unknown parameter|Location=ignored (|location=suggested) (help). "original in French". - Ewa Bérard (1991), Ramsay (ed.), La Vie tumultueuse d'Ilya Ehrenbourg - Juif, Russe et Soviétique, Paris, Ewa Bérard
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|pages total=(help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) "visualiser dans Gallica".
Notes et références edit
Notes edit
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
Références edit
- ^ М. Кальницкий, М. Борисова «Эренбург с Институтской»
- ^ Развитие аптечной сети Харькова: Григорию Ильичу Эренбургу принадлежал также дом № 21 по улице Пушкинской в Харькове.
- ^ Вѣстник финансов, промышленности и торговли (1906)
- ^ Журнал Министерства юстиціи (октябрь 1906)
- ^ Lily Marcou, p. 21-22.
- ^ Lily Marcou, p. 26-27.
- ^ a b [https: //www.humanite.fr/ilya-ehrenbourg-le-plus-francais-des-sovietiques-676002 "Ilya Ehrenbourg The most French of Soviets"]. L'Humanité (in French). 2019-08-21.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ Lily Marcou, p. 37.
- ^ Lily Marcou, p. 36.
- ^ Lily Marcou, p. 39.
- ^ Ewa Bérard, p. 54.
- ^ Борис Фрезинский. "Эренбург и Мандельштам". Archived from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadlink=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Борис Фрезинский. "Эренбург и Мандельштам". Archived from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadlink=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Lily Marcou, p. 97.
- ^ Texte original en russe.
- ^ Hélène Mélat, "Ilya Ehrenbourg or the intoxication of performative writing", "Literary Studies", 36, 1, 2004, p. 77-92, here p. 85 [ http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/010637ar (read online)].
- ^ Hélène Mélat, op . cit. , p. 86.
- ^ Egorov, Oleg (August 08, 2018). "predicted Hiroshima and annoyed the Nazis". fr.rbth.com (in French).
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ M. Parfenov (dir.), The Black Book, texts and testimonies gathered by I. Ehrenbourg and V. Grossman , translated from Russian by Y. Gauthier, L. Jurgenson, M. Kahn, P. Lequesne and C. Moroz , Actes Sud, Arles, 1995.
- ^ Rose Kleiner, "Archives to throw new light on Ehrenburg", "Canadian Jewish News" (Toronto), March 17, 1988, p. 9.
- ^ { {work | author = Pablo Neruda | title = I admit that I lived | date = 1987 | publisher = Gallimard}}.
Liens externes edit
* {{Literary Basics}}
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