The Udigrudi Movement (Portuguese pronunciation: [udʒiˈɡɾudʒi], from English "underground"), also called o Desbunde or Recifense Psychedelia, was a Brazilian counter-cultural movement based out of Recife, Pernambuco. Though often associated with music, the movement also saw a blossoming in theatre, literature, cinema, visual art, and handicrafts.
Udigrudi sprung out of metropolization in Brazil, where Recife became the crossroad for the many cultures present in the Northeast.
- João Pessoa as a center?
First usage
editIt is presumed that "udigrudi" was first used by director Glauber Rocha to pejoratively refer to independent filmmakers who wanted to break away from Cinema Novo. It was later adopted and popularized by writer Luiz Carlos Maciel[1]
Background
editUdigudi can be situated within the larger rise of hippies globally in the '60s. As early as 1968 in the Northeast, "hippies," who adopted similar attitudes and dress to their counterparts in the United States, began to pop up.[1]
In 1964, Brazil suffered a coup d'teat which replaced the democratically elected João Goulart with a military dictatorship. During this time, society became extremely repressive, the state utilizing torture, murder, censorship, surveillance, and imprisonment to suppress dissent.[2] The Udigrudi in the Northeast, like many other artistic movements, was targeted and faced censorship and arrest.[1]
In Music
edit
Udigrudi in music has its roots in Northeastern folk music, including Forró, Baião, Xaxado, Embolada, and Frevo, as well as "post-Woodstock" psychedelia and the beatniks with influences like Beatlemania, tropicalismo, Jovem Guarda, and Brazilian regionalism.[3] Since its beginning in the 1970s, many called it Recifense beat-psychedelia, due to this.[4] What set Udigrudi aside from the rest of the Brazilian music world at the time, which had likewise adopted instruments from the Anglosphere, was its refusal to adhere to the widely-accepted commerical sound which was set forth by those like the tropicalists.[4] The most notable Udigrudi label was Solar, which grew out of frevo parent-label Rozenblit.[5]
The Experimental Music Fair of Nova Jerusalém, which was held from November 11th and 12th in 1972, is said to have sparked Udigrudi as a movement in Pernambuco, sometimes being considered Brazil's Woodstock.[6] With free entry, it was advertised as X. a Out of this festival, several musical partnerships were born, namely of Lula Côrtes and Laílson (with the production of Satwa), of Côrtes and Zé Ramalho (with the collaboration on the seminal album Paêbirú), and of Ave Sangria.[6]
The Boa Vista neighborhood of Recife became one of the centers of the scene, with figureheads of the movement, like Lula Côrtes and Zé Ramalho, congregating in its bars. Associated people became known as the "A Turma do Beco do Barato," or "the Cheap Alley Gang" in English.[5] Often Udigrudi is further split up into two groups, firstly, “a Turma da Paraíba” or the "the Gang of Paraíba" with Zé Ramalho, Huguinho, Jarbas Mariz, and Ibanez, and seconldy, “o Pessoal de Pernambuco” or " the People of Pernambuco," that included members like Lula Côrtes, Don Troncho, Licá, Katia Mesel, Tiago Araripe, Rafles, Jomard Muniz de Brito, Mano Teodósio, Laílson, Maristone, Flaviola, Raul Córdoba, Otávio Bzz, Alceu Valença, Robertinho do Recife, Marconi Notaro, Nuvem 33, Papa Poluição, and Ave Sangria. Other associated artists included Angeli, Aratanha Azul, Geraldo Azevedo, Ricardo Uchôa, Zé da Flauta, Laboratório de Sons Estranhos, Phetus, and Ivinho.
- https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/caminhosdegeografia/article/view/68665
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376541038_LUGAR_E_MUSICA_CONCRETUDE_E_IMAGINACAO_A_CENA_PSICODELICA_SETENTISTA_EM_PERNAMBUCO_BRASIL
- https://bdm.unb.br/handle/10483/2089
- https://repositorio.ufpe.br/bitstream/123456789/7850/1/arquivo780_1.pdf
In Film
editUdigrudi in film, also known as Cinema Marginal, Boca do Lixo filmmakers, Júlio Bressane and Rogério Sganzerla
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv7n0bkj.10?searchText=UDIGRUDI&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DUDIGRUDI%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Abd283d232730511d835ba3409e8e9ce6
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/43796891?searchText=UDIGRUDI&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DUDIGRUDI%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Abd283d232730511d835ba3409e8e9ce6
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/41552354?searchText=UDIGRUDI&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DUDIGRUDI%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Abd283d232730511d835ba3409e8e9ce6
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/43456812?searchText=UDIGRUDI&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DUDIGRUDI%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Abd283d232730511d835ba3409e8e9ce6
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/43456685?searchText=UDIGRUDI&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DUDIGRUDI%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Abd283d232730511d835ba3409e8e9ce6
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13110/criticism.56.2.0295?searchText=UDIGRUDI&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DUDIGRUDI%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Abd283d232730511d835ba3409e8e9ce6
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/44111098?searchText=UDIGRUDI&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DUDIGRUDI%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Abd283d232730511d835ba3409e8e9ce6
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/44111080?searchText=UDIGRUDI&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DUDIGRUDI%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Abd283d232730511d835ba3409e8e9ce6
In art
editHandicrafts - dolls of Caruaru.
In Literature
editLuiz Carlos Maciel - “Hippie Manifesto” (1970), The Quibbler (1969-1971), initially inspired by American hippies[1]
José Roberto Aguilar
References
edit- ^ a b c d Brito, Eleonora Zicari Costa de (2011). Pelo vale de cristal: Udigrudi e contracultura em Recife (1972-1976) (PDF) (in Portuguese). University of Brasília.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "Repressão – Memorias da Ditadura" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-07-15.
- ^ Manhã, Diario da (2016-09-07). "Salve o Udigrudi! | Diario da Manhã". Diário da manhã (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-07-15.
- ^ a b "Livro traz histórias inéditas sobre psicodelia no Recife dos anos 1970". O Povo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2022-09-05. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
- ^ a b Naleste, Caetano (2021-06-14). "Viva o beco do Barato (Ao Udigrudi Recifense)". Esquerda Online (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-04-04.
- ^ a b Nascimento, Artur Onyaiê Gonçalo do (May 15–17, 2014). "As Cenas Musicais no Recife e as Práticas Memorialísticas Acerca do Udigrudi" (PDF). DT 1 – XVI Congresso de Ciências da Comunicação na Região Nordeste realizado (in Portuguese). 1 – via INTERCOM.
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