Wizard Quell | |
---|---|
Created by | ??? |
Date | 18th century |
Setting and usage | The fictional school of Durmstrang |
Purpose | |
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
none | |
Glottolog | None |
Wizard Quell (WQ) is a secret language created by Durmstrang alumni in late 18th century in order to keep their conversations hidden from non-wizards (mugglez). This language is influenced primarily by English, Komi and Magyar. Since many words in WQ have multiple variants and no official grammar of this language exists, it's almost impossible for muggles to learn.
WQ was spoken by wizards all around the world, especially in Russia. However, due to October Revolution in 1917, most Russian wizards emigrated to Great Britain and France, so this language was abandoned. Only a few Bulgarian wizards continue speaking WQ.
Writing system
editWizard Quell uses Latin alphabet, albeit with addition of 3 extra letters: Ñ (sometimes written as Ń or Ň), Ö and Ʒ (since late '90s sometimes written as Ž, especially online), which are always pronounced respectively as [ɲ], [ə~ʌ] and [ʒ~ʐ].
However, WQ spelling is mostly irregular, quite similar to that of English.
Phonology
editWizard Quell's phonology resembles that of English, albeit with the extra vowel [ɨ] (like Russian ы). However, the exact realizations of WQ phonemes may vary depending on the diaspora.
E.g., wizards in Northern Russia used the following phonetic system:
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | |||||
voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | t͡ɕ | |||||
voiced | ɖ͡ʐ | d͡ʑ | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʂ | ɕ | h | ||
voiced | v | ð | z | ʐ | (ʑ) | ||||
Trill | r~ɹ~ɻ | ||||||||
Approximant | central | j | w | ||||||
lateral | l~ɫ |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | iː ɪ | ɨ | u |
Mid | e~ɛ | əː~ɜː ə~ʌ | ɔː |
Open | aː~æː a~æ | ɑː ɒ |
Also, WQ features a multitude of diphthongs: [aɪ eɪ ɔɪ əɪ aʊ oʊ ɪəɹ uəɹ ɛəɹ].
Notes:
- The phonemic status of [ʑ] is unclear. This sound is most likely an allophone of /d͡ʑ/, usually appearing as a reflex of the same sound in Komi loanwords, e.g. кузь [ˈkuʑ] («long») is rendered as kouge. However, it tends to merge with [d͡ʑ].
- /r/ may be either a trill or an approximant (as in English). The most common realization is [ɹ].
- [u] is of indeterminate length, yet it's transcribed as simple [u] for convenience.
- /əː/ may be realized as [ɜː]. It occurs only before /r/.
- /ɑː/ may occur only before /r/. In English loanwords where [ɑː] doesn't precede /r/ (except father), this back vowel was fronted to [aː] (apparently under the influence of Russian and Komi languages) and then eventually to [æː] (a similar process also happened in American English).
- Before /iː/, retroflex sibilants are realized as postalveolar.
- Sequences such as /CɪV/, where C is any palatalizable consonant (i.e. except [j], [w] and all retroflex consonants) and V is any vowel other than /ɪ/ and /iː/ may be realized as [CɪjV] or, if the [ɪ] is unstressed, as [CʲV]. Similarly, /CjV/ is realized as [Cʲ(j)V].
On the other hand, British and Bulgarian wizards used a simpler phonetic system:
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | |||||
voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||||
voiced | d͡ʒ | ||||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | h | |||
voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | |||||
Approximant | central | ɹ | j | w | |||||
lateral | l~ɫ |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | iː ɪ | u | |
Mid | e~ɛ | ɜː ə~ʌ | ɔː |
Open | aː~æː a~æ | ɑː ɒ |
Notes:
- Bulgarians tend to pronounce /ð/ as [d].
- /æː/ is merged with /ɑː/ in Britain.
- /æ(ː)/ may be realized as [a(ː)] in Bulgaria.
This system is evidently aligned with English phonology: retroflex and alveolo-palatal sibilants are merged into their postalveolar counterparts, and /ɨ/ is merged with /ɪ/.
Some vocabulary & phrases
editGloss | Translation | Pronunciation | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Koulömdin | Britannic | |||
0 | zero | [ˈziɹoʊ] | ||
1 | ök | [ˈʌk] | Ök may be also used as an indefinite article (like e.g. French un(e) or Magyar egy). When it's used as an article, it's pronounced as [ək] and may assimilate to the initial consonant of the following word (cf. sun and moon letters in Arabic). | |
2 | dos | [ˈdɒs] | ||
3 | quoim | [ˈkwɔɪm] | ||
4 | quater | [ˈkwɒtəɹ] | ||
5 | witt | [ˈwɪtt] | ||
6 | quight | [ˈkwaɪt] | ||
7 | shigim | [ˈɕɪʑɪm] | [ˈʃɪd͡ʒɪm] | |
8 | eight, dosmys |
[ˈeɪt], [ˈdɒsmɨs] |
[ˈeɪt], [ˈdɒsmɪs] |
Dosmys and ökmys mean respectively «10−2» and «10−1». This is an allusion to Finno-Ugric terms for 8 and 9 (e.g. Finnish kahdeksan and yhdeksän); cf. also Roman numeral IX for 9. |
9 | kyllenze, ökmys |
[ˈkɨllenz], [ˈʌkmɨs] |
[ˈkɪllenz], [ˈʌkmɪs] | |
10 | kymmeñ | [ˈkɨmmeɲ] | [ˈkɪmmeɲ] | |
11 | elligim | [elˈlɪʑɪm] | [elˈlɪd͡ʒɪm] | Formed by analogy with shigim so that terms for 7 and 11 would rhyme (as so do English seven and eleven). |
12 | duzzen | [ˈdʌzz(ə)n] | ||
13 | quoimmeñ | [ˌkwɔɪmˈmɛɲ] | ||
14 | quatermeñ | [ˌkwɒtəɹˈmɛɲ] | ||
15 | wittmeñ | [ˌwɪttˈmɛɲ] | ||
16 | quightmeñ | [ˌkwaɪtˈmɛɲ] | ||
17 | shigimmeñ | [ˌɕɪʑɪmˈmɛɲ] | [ˌʃɪd͡ʒɪmˈmɛɲ] | |
18 | eightmeñ, dosmeñ |
[ˌeɪtˈmɛɲ], [ˌdɒsˈmɛɲ] |
Dosmeñ and ökmeñ might be shortened forms of respectively *dosmysmeñ and *ökmysmeñ, but such full forms aren't attested in any sources. | |
19 | kyllenzmeñ, ökmeñ |
[ˌkɨllenzˈmɛɲ], [ˌʌkˈmɛɲ] |
[ˌkɪllenzˈmɛɲ], [ˌʌkˈmɛɲ] | |
20 | twendas, queage |
[ˈtwɛndas], [ˈkwiːʑ] |
[ˈtwɛndas], [ˈkwiːd͡ʒ] |
It's much more common to use twendas, whereas queage, which is derived from the obsolete Komi word кызь, has become deprecated too. |
21 | twendas-ök | [ˈtwɛndas ˈʌk] | ||
22 | twendas-dos | [ˈtwɛndas ˈdɒs] | ||
23 | twendas-quoim | [ˈtwɛndas ˈkwɔɪm] | ||
24 | twendas-quater | [ˈtwɛndas ˈkwɒtəɹ] | ||
25 | twendas-witt | [ˈtwɛndas ˈwɪtt] | ||
26 | twendas-quight | [ˈtwɛndas ˈkwaɪt] | ||
27 | twendas-shigim | [ˈtwɛndas ˈɕɪʑɪm] | [ˈtwɛndas ˈʃɪd͡ʒɪm] | |
28 | twendas-eight, twendas-dosmys |
[ˈtwɛndas ˈeɪt], [ˈtwɛndas ˈdɒsmɨs] |
[ˈtwɛndas ˈeɪt], [ˈtwɛndas ˈdɒsmɪs] |
|
29 | twendas-kyllenze, twendas-ökmys |
[ˈtwɛndas ˈkɨllenz], [ˈtwɛndas ˈʌkmɨs] |
[ˈtwɛndas ˈkɪllenz], [ˈtwɛndas ˈʌkmɪs] |
|
30 | quoimdas, otyz |
[ˈkwɔɪmdas], [ˈoʊtɨz] |
[ˈkwɔɪmdas], [ˈoʊtɪz] |
|
40 | quaterdas, kyrryk |
[ˈkwɒtəɹdas], [ˈkɜːɹɹɨk] |
[ˈkwɒtəɹdas], [ˈkɜːɹɹɪk] |
|
50 | wittdas, ellie |
[ˈwɪttdas], [ˈɛllɪ] |
||
60 | quightdas | [ˈkwaɪtdas] | ||
70 | shigimdas | [ˈɕɪʑɪmdas] | [ˈʃɪd͡ʒɪmdas] | |
80 | eightdas, dosmysdas |
[ˈeɪtdas], [ˈdɒsmɨsdas] |
[ˈeɪtdas], [ˈdɒsmɪsdas] |
|
90 | kyllenzdas, ökmysdas |
[ˈkɨllenzdas], [ˈʌkmɨsdas] |
[ˈkɪllenzdas], [ˈʌkmɪsdas] |
|
100 | sot, öksot |
[ˈsɒt], [ˈʌkˌsɒt] |
Öksot literally means a hundred or one hundred. | |
101 | sot-ök, öksot-ök |
[ˈsɒt ˈʌk], [ˈʌkˌsɒt ˈʌk] |
||
200 | dossot | [ˈdɒsˌsɒt] | ||
300 | quoimsot | [ˈkwɔɪmˌsɒt] | ||
400 | quatersot | [ˈkwɒtəɹˌsɒt] | ||
500 | wittsot | [ˈwɪttˌsɒt] | ||
600 | quightsot | [ˈkwaɪtˌsɒt] | ||
700 | shigimsot | [ˈɕɪʑɪmˌsɒt] | [ˈʃɪd͡ʒɪmˌsɒt] | |
800 | eightsot, dosmyssot |
[ˈeɪtˌsɒt], [ˈdɒsmɨsˌsɒt] |
[ˈeɪtˌsɒt], [ˈdɒsmɪsˌsɒt] |
|
900 | kyllenzsot, ökmyssot |
[ˈkɨllenzˌsɒt], [ˈʌkmɨsˌsɒt] |
[ˈkɪllenzˌsɒt], [ˈʌkmɪsˌsɒt] |
|
1000 | (ök)ezzer | [(ˌʌk)ˈɛzzəɹ] | Ökezzer literally means a thousand or one thousand. | |
1985 | (ök)ezzer-kyllenzsot-eightdas-witt, (ök)ezzer-ökmyssot-dosmysdas-witt |
[(ˌʌk)ˈɛzzəɹ ˈkɨllenzˌsɒt ˈeɪtdas ˈwɪtt], [(ˌʌk)ˈɛzzəɹ ˈʌkmɨsˌsɒt ˈdɒsmɨsdas ˈwɪtt] |
[(ˌʌk)ˈɛzzəɹ ˈkɪllenzˌsɒt ˈeɪtdas ˈwɪtt], [(ˌʌk)ˈɛzzəɹ ˈɛkmɪsˌsɒt ˈdɒsmɪsdas ˈwɪtt] |
Except numbering of years. |
104 | kymmeñezzer | [ˌkɨmmeɲˈɛzzəɹ] | [ˌkɪmmeɲˈɛzzəɹ] | |
105 | (ök)sotezzer | [(ˌʌk)ˌsɒtˈɛzzəɹ] | ||
106 | milliön | [ˈmɪllʲən] | ||
1/2 | ök half | [ˈʌk ˈhæɫf] | ||
1/3 | ök quoimöth | [ˈʌk ˈkwɔɪməθ] | ||
2/3 | dos quoimöthez | [ˈdɒs ˈkwɔɪməθez] | ||
1/4 | ök quarter | [ˈʌk ˈkwɔːɹtəɹ] | ||
3/4 | quoim quarterrez | [ˈkwɔɪm ˈkwɔːɹtəɹɹez] | ||
0.05 | zero point zero witt | [ˈziɹoʊ ˈpɔɪnt ˈziɹoʊ ˈwɪtt] | ||
3.14 | quoim point ök quater | [ˈkwɔɪm ˈpɔɪnt ˈʌk ˈkwɒtəɹ] |
Gloss | Translation | Pronunciation | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Koulömdin | Britannic | |||
1st | förmöst | [ˈfɜːɹməst] | ||
2nd | sekönd | [ˈsɛkənd] | ||
3rd | queamöth | [ˈkwiːməθ] | ||
4th | quateröth | [ˈkwɒtəɹəθ] | ||
5th | wittöth | [ˈwɪttəθ] | ||
6th | quightth | [ˈkwaɪtθ] | ||
7th | shydgymöth | [ˈɕɨd͡ʑɨməθ] | [ˈʃɪd͡ʒɪməθ] | |
8th | eightth, dosmyssöth |
[ˈeɪtθ], [ˈdɒsmɨssəθ] |
[ˈeɪtθ], [ˈdɒsmɪssəθ] |
|
9th | kyllenzöth, ekmyssöth |
[ˈkɨllenzəθ], [ˈɛkmɨssəθ] |
[ˈkɪllenzəθ], [ˈɛkmɪssəθ] |
|
10th | kymmeñöth | [ˈkɨmmeɲəθ] | [ˈkɪmmeɲəθ] | |
11th | ellydgymöth | [eɫˈɫɨd͡ʑɨməθ] | [elˈlɪd͡ʒɪməθ] | |
12th | duzzenth | [ˈdʌzz(ə)nθ] | ||
13th | queammeñöth | [ˌkwiːmˈmɛɲəθ] | ||
14th | quatermeñöth | [ˌkwɒtəɹˈmɛɲəθ] | ||
15th | wittmeñöth | [ˌwɪttˈmɛɲəθ] | ||
16th | quightmeñöth | [ˌkwaɪtˈmɛɲəθ] | ||
17th | shydgymmeñöth | [ˌɕɨd͡ʑɨmˈmɛɲəθ] | [ˌʃɪd͡ʒɪmˈmɛɲəθ] | |
18th | eightmeñöth, dosmeñöth |
[ˌeɪtˈmɛɲəθ], [ˌdɒsˈmɛɲəθ] |
||
19th | kyllenzmeñöth, ekmeñöth |
[ˌkɨllenzˈmɛɲəθ], [ˌɛkˈmɛɲəθ] |
[ˌkɪllenzˈmɛɲəθ], [ˌɛkˈmɛɲəθ] |
|
20th | twendassöth, queageöth |
[ˈtwɛndassəθ], [ˈkwiːʑəθ] |
[ˈtwɛndassəθ], [ˈkwiːd͡ʒəθ] |
Queageöth is currently obsolete. |
21st | twendas-förmöst | [ˈtwɛndas ˈfɜːɹməst] | ||
22nd | twendas-sekönd | [ˈtwɛndas ˈsɛkənd] | ||
23rd | twendas-queamöth | [ˈtwɛndas ˈkwiːməθ] | ||
24th | twendas-quateröth | [ˈtwɛndas ˈkwɒtəɹəθ] | ||
25th | twendas-wittöth | [ˈtwɛndas ˈwɪttəθ] | ||
26th | twendas-quightth | [ˈtwɛndas ˈkwaɪtθ] | ||
27th | twendas-shydgymöth | [ˈtwɛndas ˈɕɨd͡ʑɨməθ] | [ˈtwɛndas ˈʃɪd͡ʒɪməθ] | |
28th | twendas-eightth, twendas-dosmyssöth |
[ˈtwɛndas ˈeɪtθ], [ˈtwɛndas ˈdɒsmɨssəθ] |
[ˈtwɛndas ˈeɪtθ], [ˈtwɛndas ˈdɒsmɪssəθ] |
|
29th | twendas-kyllenzöth, twendas-ekmyssöth |
[ˈtwɛndas ˈkɨllenzəθ], [ˈtwɛndas ˈɛkmɨssəθ] |
[ˈtwɛndas ˈkɪllenzəθ], [ˈtwɛndas ˈɛkmɪssəθ] |
|
30th | queamdassöth | [ˈkwiːmdassəθ] | ||
40th | quaterdassöth | [ˈkwɒtəɹdassəθ] | ||
50th | wittdassöth | [ˈwɪttdassəθ] | ||
60th | quightdassöth | [ˈkwaɪtdassəθ] | ||
70th | shydgymdassöth | [ˈɕɨd͡ʑɨmdassəθ] | [ˈʃɪd͡ʒɪmdassəθ] | |
80th | eightdassöth, dosmysdassöth |
[ˈeɪtdassəθ], [ˈdɒsmɨsdassəθ] |
[ˈeɪtdassəθ], [ˈdɒsmɪsdassəθ] |
|
90th | kyllenzdassöth, ekmysdassöth |
[ˈkɨllenzdassəθ], [ˈɛkmɨsdassəθ] |
[ˈkɪllenzdassəθ], [ˈɛkmɪsdassəθ] |
|
100th | sotöth, eksotöth |
[ˈsɒtəθ], [ˈɛkˌsɒtəθ] |
||
101st | sot-förmöst, eksot-förmöst |
[ˈsɒt ˈfɜːɹməst], [ˈɛkˌsɒt ˈfɜːɹməst] |
||
200th | dossotöth | [ˈdɒsˌsɒtəθ] | ||
300th | queamsotöth | [ˈkwiːmˌsɒtəθ] | ||
400th | quatersotöth | [ˈkwɒtəɹˌsɒtəθ] | ||
500th | wittsotöth | [ˈwɪttˌsɒtəθ] | ||
600th | quightsotöth | [ˈkwaɪtˌsɒtəθ] | ||
700th | shydgymsotöth | [ˈɕɨd͡ʑɨmˌsɒtəθ] | [ˈʃɪd͡ʒɪmˌsɒtəθ] | |
800th | eightsotöth, dosmyssotöth |
[ˈeɪtˌsɒtəθ], [ˈdɒsmɨsˌsɒtəθ] |
[ˈeɪtˌsɒtəθ], [ˈdɒsmɪsˌsɒtəθ] |
|
900th | kyllenzsotöth, ekmyssotöth |
[ˈkɨllenzˌsɒtəθ], [ˈɛkmɨsˌsɒtəθ] |
[ˈkɪllenzˌsɒtəθ], [ˈɛkmɪsˌsɒtəθ] |
|
1000th | (ek)ezzeröth | [(ˌɛk)ˈɛzzəɹəθ] | ||
1985 (as a year) | kyllenzmeñ-eightdas-witt, ekmeñ-dosmysdas-witt |
[ˌkɨllenzˈmɛɲ ˈeɪtdas ˈwɪtt], [ˌɛkmɨsˈmɛɲ ˈdɒsmɨsdas ˈwɪtt] |
[ˌkɪllenzˈmɛɲ ˈeɪtdas ˈwɪtt], [ˌɛkmɪsˈmɛɲ ˈdɒsmɪsdas ˈwɪtt] |
Gloss | Translation | Pronunciation | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Koulömdin | Britannic | |||
I | me | [ˈmɛ] | ||
me | menö | [ˈmɛnə] | May be also syncopated to men'. | |
my | mon | [ˈmɒn] | ||
mine | menam | [ˈmɛnam] | ||
you (sg) | te | [ˈtɛ] | ||
you (acc.sg) | tenö | [ˈtɛnə] | May be also syncopated to ten'. | |
your (sg) | ton | [ˈtɒn] | ||
yours (sg) | tenad | [ˈtɛnad] | ||
he | ehtöt | [ˈɛtət] | ||
him | him | [ˈhɪm] | ||
his | his | [ˈhɪz] | ||
she | ehta | [ˈɛta] | ||
her | her | [ˈhɜːɹ] | ||
hers | hers | [ˈhɜːɹz] | ||
it | ehtö, ez |
[ˈɛtə], [ˈɛz] |
| |
it (acc.) | ez | [ˈɛz] | ||
its | ets, ezlön |
[ˈɛts], [ˈɛzɫən] |
||
we | mih | [ˈmɪ] | ||
us | mihanös | [ˈmɪ(j)anəs] | There's also an alternative pronoun nös, which is derived from Latin nos (however, sometimes it's treated as a shortened form of mihanös and thus spelled with apostrophe). It's usually used in poetry, especially when translating from English. | |
our | mihan | [ˈmɪ(j)an] | ||
ours | mihans | [ˈmɪ(j)ans] | ||
you (pl) | tih | [ˈtɪ] | ||
you (acc.pl) | tihanös | [ˈtɪ(j)anəs] | There's also an alternative pronoun vös, which is derived from Latin vos. It's usually used in poetry, especially when translating from English. | |
your (pl) | tihan | [ˈtɪ(j)an] | ||
yours (pl) | tihans | [ˈtɪ(j)ans] | ||
they | they | [ˈðeɪ] | ||
them | them | [ˈðɛm] | May be (and usually is) syncopated to ’em. | |
their | their | [ˈðɛ(ɪ)əɹ] | ||
theirs | theirs | [ˈðɛ(ɪ)əɹs] | ||
myself | monself | [mɒnˈsɛɫf] | There are also nonstandard elongated forms menamself and tenadself. | |
yourself | tonself | [tɒnˈsɛɫf] | ||
himself | himself | [hɪmˈsɛɫf] | ||
herself | herself | [hɜːɹˈsɛɫf] | ||
itself | etself | [ɛtˈsɛɫf] | There's also a nonstandard form ezlönself. | |
ourselves | mihanselffez | [mɪ(j)anˈsɛɫffez] | ||
yourselves | tihanselffez | [tɪ(j)anˈsɛɫffez] | ||
themselves | themselffez | [ðɛmˈsɛɫffez] | ||
this | ehtö, ehta, |
[ˈɛtə], [ˈɛta], |
[ˈɛtə], [ˈɛta], |
|
that | sidge, ehta |
[ˈsɪd͡ʑ], [ˈɛta] |
[ˈsɪd͡ʒ], [ˈɛta] |
|
these | thiege, ehna, |
[ˈðiːʑ], [ˈɛna], |
[ˈðiːd͡ʒ], [ˈɛna], |
|
those | those, ehna, |
[ˈðoʊz], [ˈɛna], |
[ˈðoʊz], [ˈɛna], | |
here | here | [ˈhɪəɹ] | ||
there | there | [ˈðɛəɹ] | ||
then | then | [ˈðɛn] | ||
so | so | [ˈsoʊ] | ||
such | setchöm | [ˈsɛʈ͡ʂəm] | [ˈsɛt͡ʃəm] | |
who | quod | [ˈkwɒd] | The accusative form usually coincides with nominative, however, there's also a separate form quodsö (cf. also English whom). | |
whose | quodlön | [ˈkwɒdɫən] | ||
what | quidge | [ˈkwɪd͡ʑ] | [ˈkwɪd͡ʒ] | |
where | quithe | [ˈkwaɪð] | ||
when | quore | [ˈkwɔːɹ] | ||
how | quidge | [ˈkwɪd͡ʑ] | [ˈkwɪd͡ʒ] | |
which | quetchöm | [ˈkwɛʈ͡ʂəm] | [ˈkwɛt͡ʃəm] | |
why | quidgela | [ˈkwɪd͡ʑɫa] | [ˈkwɪd͡ʒɫa] | |
not | not | [ˈnɒt] | ||
all | stall | [ˈstɔːɫɫ] | This word is derived from Komi став and thus may be sometimes pronounced as [ˈstæv]. | |
many | mengö | [ˈmɛŋɡə] | ||
much | much | *[ˈmʌt͡ɕ] | [ˈmʌt͡ʃ] | The exact pronunciation in Koulömdin system is unknown; it was hypothesized from its Latin cognate magnus, whose Italian and Spanish descendants contain [ɲ]. Also cf. Spanish mucho, which is derived from Latin multus. |
a lot | ek lot | [ek ˈɫɒt] | May be contracted to ellot and/or undergo sandhi with preposition öf (cf. English lotta). | |
how many | quidgemengö | [ˈkwɪd͡ʑˌmɛŋɡə] | [ˈkwɪd͡ʒˌmɛŋɡə] | |
how much | quidgemuch | *[ˈkwɪd͡ʑˌmʌt͡ɕ] | [ˈkwɪd͡ʒˌmʌt͡ʃ] | |
more | more | [ˈmɔːɹ] | ||
most | most | [ˈmoʊst] | ||
some | söme | [ˈsʌm] | ||
few | etch | [ˈɛʈ͡ʂ] | [ˈɛt͡ʃ] | |
less | less | [ˈlɛss] | ||
least | least | [ˈliːst] | ||
other | öther, möd |
[ˈʌðəɹ], [ˈmʌd] |
||
big | wydgyd | [ˈwɨɖ͡ʐɨd] | [ˈwɪd͡ʒɪd] | |
large | large, wydgyd |
*[ˈɫɑːɹd͡ʑ], [ˈwɨɖ͡ʐɨd] |
[ˈɫɑːɹd͡ʒ], [ˈwɪd͡ʒɪd] |
The exact pronunciation of large in Koulömdin system is unknown. Apparently, the possible sound evolution was [ɡʲ] > [ɟ] > [d͡ʑ]. |
long | kouge | [ˈkuʑ] | [ˈkud͡ʒ] | |
wide | wide, pashquid |
[ˈwaɪd], [ˈpæɕkwɪd] |
[ˈwaɪd], [ˈpæʃkwɪd] |
|
thick | kyzz | [ˈkɨzz] | [ˈkɪzz] | |
heavy | shuquid | [ˈɕʌkwɪd] | [ˈʃʌkwɪd] | |
small | geollyd | [ˈd͡ʑɒɫɫɨd] | [ˈd͡ʒɒllɪd] | |
short | jeññyd | [ˈɖ͡ʐɛɲɲɨd] | [ˈd͡ʒɛɲɲɪd] | |
narrow | narrow | [ˈnæɹɹoʊ] | ||
thin | thin | [ˈθɪn] | ||
woman | wouman (-nez), götyr (-rez) |
[ˈwuman (-nez)], [ˈɡʌtəɹ (-ɹez)] |
| |
man | mort (-tez) | [ˈmɔːɹt (-tez)] | ||
human | human (-nez), mensh (-ez) |
[ˈhʲuman (-nez], *[ˈmɛnɕ (-ez)] |
[ˈhʲuman (-nez)], [ˈmɛnʃ (-ez)] |
The exact pronunciation of mensh in Koulömdin system is unknown; it was hypothesized from its Swedish cognate människa [ˈmænnɪɧa], where [ɧ] is a contraction of /skj/. |
child | child (-dez), kid (-dez) |
*[ˈt͡ɕaɪɫd (-dez)], [ˈkɪd (-dez)] |
[ˈt͡ʃaɪɫd (-dez)], [ˈkɪd (-dez)] |
The exact pronunciation of child in Koulömdin system is unknown; it was hypothesized from its Gothic cognate 𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹 (kilthei). Apparently, the possible sound evolution was [kʲ] > [c] > [t͡ɕ]. |
wife | wife (-z), götyr (-rez) |
[ˈwaɪf (-ez)], [ˈɡʌtəɹ (-ɹez)] |
||
husband | virrös (-sez) | [ˈvɜːɹɹəs (-sez)] | ||
mother | möther (-rez) | [ˈmʌðəɹ (-ɹez)] | ||
father | father (-rez) | [ˈfɑːðəɹ (-ɹez)] | ||
animal | heiwan (-nez) | [ˈheɪwan (-nez)] | ||
fish | ghoti (-ez) | [ˈɡoʊtɪ (-ez)] | ||
bird | ornith (-ez) | [ˈɔːɹnɪθ (-ez)] |