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User:DerbyCountyinNZ/1820s in New Zealand

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DerbyCountyinNZ/1820s in New Zealand
Other decades in New Zealand
1810s • 1820s (1820s) • 1830s
Years in New Zealand
1820 • 1821 • 1822 • 1823 • 1824 • 1825 • 1826 • 1827 • 1828 • 1829

The 1820s in New Zealand saw a consolidation of the missionary settlements. The Church Missionary Society's third mission, but first under an ordained minister, is established at Paihia in 1823. The first Wesleyan mission is also started. Although relations with the local Māori are generally cordial the conversion of Māori to Christianity is not particularly successful.

Whaling also continues to develop. The Bay of Islands is still the main meeting point for whaling vessels but they visit much of the shoreline of both the North and South Island. By the end of the decade shore-based whaling stations have been established in Fiordland and Marlborough.

With the end of the Sealers' War in 1823 there is a brief resumption in sealing, but the industry is in decline globally and by the end of the decade there is only one registered sealing vessel in the entire Pacific.

General traders also establish themselves at various points around the coast including Stewart Island, Bluff, Taranaki and the Bay of Plenty. They provide provisions for visiting whalers and/or collect flax for rope-making. Timber-milling is started in the Hokianga. In the Bay of Islands there is an increase in the numbers of "grog-sellers and panderers to the worst vices of the "most abandoned men"[1]

The trade which has the most impact on Māori is that of firearms. The Ngāpuhi are the first to acquire substantial quantities of muskets and are able to inflict serious casualties in victories over tribes from the Northland to the Waikato and Bay of Plenty. The Auckland isthmus area is left virtually deserted until European settlers arrive in the 1840s.

The first attempt at organised settlement comes to nothing. The 1825 New Zealand Company visits Pegasus Bay, Otago Harbour, Port Nicholson and Auckland. They get as far as purchasing land in Auckland but change their minds almost immediately. They drop Henry Williams at the Bay of Islands and a few settlers at Hokianga where they start flax and timber milling.

Incumbents

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Regal and vice regal

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The colony of New South Wales nominally encompasses New Zealand from 1788 to 1840. Therefore the head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, represented by the Governor of New South Wales. However, British sovereignty is not established over New Zealand per se until 1840, at which point the Treaty of Waitangi retroactively recognised that it had been an independent territory until then. Furthermore, the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835 is formally recognised by the British government at the time, indicating that British sovereignty did not extend to New Zealand before then.[2]

  1. until 30 November 1821 - Lachlan Macquarie
  2. 1 December 1821 to 1 December 1825 - Thomas Brisbane
  3. 19 December 1825 to 21 October 1831 - Ralph Darling

Events

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1820

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  • 27 February – Reverend Samuel Marsden makes his third visit to New Zealand, on the HMS Dromedary. He unsuccessfully attempts to dissuade Thomas Kendall from his impending visit to England. Kendall, along with Hongi Hika and Hongi’s nephew Waikato sail for England on the whaler New Zealander on 2 March. While in England Kendall confers with Professor Samuel Lee at Cambridge on the publication of Grammar and Vocabulary of the New Zealand Language. The book is published at the end of the year. The well known painting of Kendall with the 2 chiefs is painted by James Barry. On 12 November Kendall is ordained as a priest by the Bishop of Ely. Hongi’s main purpose in this trip is to obtain muskets, at which he is eventually successful. Meanwhile Marsden travels much of the north of the North Island until he leaves on 9 December. He visits Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) twice, is the first European to sight Manukau Harbour, the first to visit Tauranga Harbour and one of the first to visit Kaipara Harbour.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
  • 3 May – A plough is used for the first time in New Zealand when John Gare Butler drives a team of six bullocks at Kerikeri.[12]

Undated

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1821

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  • 12 July – Thomas Kendall, Hongi Hika and Waikato arrive back in the Bay of Islands from their trip to England. While in England they have helped to compile a Maori dictionary, met King George IV who has given Hongi a suit of armour, and Hongi has acquired a number of muskets.[4][5][6][7]
  • 20 July – Grass is sown for the first time in New Zealand, on land cleared from fern at Kerikeri.[12]
  • 5 September – Hongi Hika and 2000 Ngāpuhi, armed with 1000 muskets, lay siege to Mauinaina pā at Tamaki. The pā is taken and the inhabitants massacred. Later in the year they lay siege to the Ngāti Maru pā at Te Totara (Thames), but after 2 days they make peace with the defenders and withdraw. They return that night and take the pā without difficulty.[7][8]
  • September – John Gare Butler and his family move into the unfinished Mission House. The house is finished the following year.[12]
Undated

1822

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  • 22 January – Samuel Leigh and his wife arrive in the Bay of Islands to start the first Wesleyan mission. They stay at Te Puna with the Hall family of the Church Missionary Society for the next 16 months.[17][18]
  • January–February – Hongi Hika leads 2000 Ngāpuhi armed with muskets south to attack Matakitaki pa near Pirongia. In March[8] or May[15] they capture Matakitaki with great slaughter. Many of the defenders have not experienced musket warfare before and flee in panic trampling many to death. Te Wherowhero is one of the leaders of the defenders.[7][6][15]
  • February–March – Ngāti Toa under Te Rauparaha leave the Taranaki and move to the Horowhenua-Kapiti region. Later in the year, under senior chief Te Pēhi Kupe, they capture Kapiti Island.[14][16]
  • August – The Church Missionary Society decides to dismiss Thomas Kendall.[5]
  • November–December – The sloop Snapper, Captain W. L. Edmondson, calls into Chalky Inlet (southwestern Fiordland) and meets James Caddell, a tattooed European living with local Maori. Caddell guides them to Ruapuke Island and then, on 27 December, to Bluff.[19][20]

1823

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  • 7 May – John Kent arrives in Foveaux Strait on the cutter Mermaid to investigate the possibility of setting up a flax trade. On 17 July he visits Otago Harbour which he names Port Oxley. Later in the year on HMS Elizabeth Henrietta is the first identified European visitor to the Taranaki. Traders and/or whalers had also recently visited the area.[21] Others who visited this year include the barque William Stoveld which is reported to have traded at the Waitara river mouth, and John Guard in the Waterloo.[22][23]
  • 16 May – William White and others arrive in the St Michael to reinforce the Wesleyan missionaries in the Bay of Islands. On 6 June[24] White and Samuel Leigh establish the first Wesleyan mission at Kaeo, near Whangaroa, which they call ‘Wesleydale’ (var. Wesley-Dale).[25][17][26][27][25]
  • 23 June – Phillip Tapsell is married for the first time, to Maria Ringa of Ngā Puhi, by Thomas Kendall. The bride runs away later the same day.[28][29] This is probably the first Christian wedding in New Zealand (as later claimed by Tapsell himself).
  • 3 August – The Brampton arrives at the Bay of Islands. On board are Reverend Samuel Marsden, Henry Williams and family, and the Wesleyan missionaries John Hobbs and Nathaniel Turner (and family). On 9 August Marsden, in person, delivers the letter sacking Thomas Kendall from the Church Missionary Society. The Brampton attempts to leave on 7 September[30] but runs aground. When the ship eventually leaves Marsden and Samuel Leigh, who has left the Kaeo mission after the arrival there of Hobbs and Turner on 19 August. Kendall was also aboard but after the grounding changes his mind and stays. During his stay Marsden has started the third CMS mission at Paihia with Henry Williams in charge. During the same year the first church in New Zealand is built as part of the Paihia mission. The original, made of raupo, is not replaced until 1855.[31][32][33][4][5][17]
  • November – John Gare Butler, the original owner of Kemp House, leaves the Kerikeri mission.[12]
Undated

1824

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Undated
  • James Spencer sets up a trading post for whalers visiting Foveaux Strait at Bluff. This is the earliest permanent European settlement in the South Island which will later grow into a town.[36][37]

1825

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  • Hongi Hika's campaign against Ngāti Whātua ends with the battle Te Ika a Ranganui on the Kaiwaka River (approximately 105 km north of modern downtown Auckland). Hongi’s eldest son is killed in the battle. The battle is a massive defeat for Ngāti Whatua and most survivors flee south leaving Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland) almost deserted until the arrival of Governor William Hobson in 1840. Hongi later pursues the Ngāti Whatua survivors into the Waikato.[7][6][8]
Undated
  • The 1825 New Zealand Company is formed. A preliminary expedition to New Zealand, with 60 artisans, leaves Great Britain on the Rosanna, Captain James Herd, and the Lambton, Captain Barnett, before the end of the year.[38]
  • Wesleyan missionary William White is possibly the first European known to have visited the central Waikato.[25]

1826

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  • 25 March – The 1825 New Zealand Company vessels Rosanna and Lambton, Stewart Island and undergo refitting for a month.[38] In April or May Thomas Shepherd, agricultural superintendent with expedition, interviews James Caddell. The location is unknown, possibly Ruapuke Island, Bluff or Otago Harbour.[39] In May Shepherd explores the future site of Dunedin and produces the oldest surviving drawings of Otago Harbour and surrounding coasts including Waikouaiti. Later in the month the Rosanna and the Lambton are the first European ships enter Wellington Harbour. Captain Herd names the harbour Port Nicholson after his friend John Nicholson, harbourmaster at Port Jackson (Sydney).[40][41]
  • 23 September – The New Zealand Company agents aboard the Rosanna complete the purchase of 'Pakatu' (Pakatoa), 'Taratora' (Rotoroa), 'Ponue' (Ponui) and 'Pake' (Pakihi) Islands in the Hauraki Gulf. They then become frightened of the local Māori, change their minds almost immediately, sell up and leave for the Bay of Islands where they land William Williams, missionary brother of Henry Williams, with his wife and daughter. Before the end of the year the expedition lands some of its passengers at Horeke in the Hokianga where they establish a trading and shipbuilding enterprise. On 30 January 1827 the Rosanna leaves the Hokianga for Sydney signalling the end of the attempt by the 1825 New Zealand Company to settle New Zealand.[8][34][38][42]
Undated
  • William Stewart establishes a timber, flax and trading settlement at Port Pegasus on Stewart Island, the first organised settlement south of the Bay of Islands.[43] He is visited by the New Zealand Company vessels before the end of the year.[44]
  • The mission ship Herald, designed and built by Reverend Henry Williams and his lay assistant William Hall, is launched. Later in the year Williams, on the Herald under Captain Gilbert Mair visits Tauranga for supplies[31][45]
  • Sealers visit Cloudy Bay and set up stations in Port Underwood. Whalers visit later the same year.[46][13]
  • Jules Dumont d'Urville arrives in New Zealand on the corvette Astrolabe during his global circumnavigation. He charts much of New Zealand that Cook did not, in particular the Marlborough Sounds. On 28 January 1827 he is the first European to make the passage through the notoriously dangerous French Pass thus determining the insularity of the island which now bears his name. This is considered a 'masterful feat of seamanship'.[13][47][48]

1827

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  • January – Hongi Hika is shot during a minor engagement against the Ngāti Uru (a hapū (sub-tribe) of Ngāpuhi) at Mangamuka beach in the Hokianga. The wound is serious but Hongi survives for 14 months before dying at Whangaroa on 3[7] 6[6] or 7[27] March 1828. The Ngāti Uru sack the Wesleyan mission at Kaeo as they leave the area. The Wesleyans re-establish their mission at the Hokianga the following year.[7][6][49]
  • September – Captain William Wiseman in the Elizabeth on a flax trading voyage, names Port Cooper (now Lyttelton Harbour) after one of the owners of the Sydney trading firm, Cooper & Levy.[50]
Undated
  • John Guard establishes a whaling station at Te Awaiti on the Arapawa Island shore of the Tory Channel. This is the first permanent land-based whaling station in New Zealand and the first European settlement in the South Island. The following year he establishes a subsidiary whaling station at Kakapo Bay in Port Underwood.[23][51][52][53][54][13][55]
  • Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha begins attacks on South Island tribes.

1828

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Undated
  • Phillip Tapsell sets up a flax trading post at Maketu.[28][56]
  • Whalers Dicky Barrett, Jacky Love and others establish a trading post at Ngamotu Beach, the first Europeans to settle in the New Plymouth area.[57][58]

1829

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Undated
  • James Farrow, the first trader known to have frequented the Tauranga area, arrives for the first time.[60]
  • A whaling station is established at Preservation Inlet on the south-west corner of the South Island by Captain William Anglem.[61][62]

References

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  1. ^ Jock Phillips. 'History of immigration - A growing settlement: 1825 to 1839', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 13-Jul-12
  2. ^ New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage
  3. ^ Parsonson, G. S. "Marsden, Samuel 1765–1838". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  4. ^ a b c New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: Thomas Kendall Biography
  5. ^ a b c d Binney, Judith. "Kendall, Thomas 1778?–1832". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2011. Cite error: The named reference "DNZBKendall" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Ballara, Angela. "Hongi Hika 1772–1828". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: Hongi Hika Biography
  8. ^ a b c d e A Manukau Timeline
  9. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.169.
  10. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.237.
  11. ^ a b Tauranga History Timeline
  12. ^ a b c d e Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.185. Cite error: The named reference "WisesKerikeri" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b c d Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 242 Cite error: The named reference "WisesMarlborough" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b c d Oliver, Steven. "Te Rauparaha ?–1849". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  15. ^ a b c Oliver, Steven. "Te Wherowhero, Potatau ?–1860". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2011. Cite error: The named reference "DNZBTeWherowhero" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  16. ^ a b c Oliver, Steven. "Te Pehi Kupe ?–1828". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  17. ^ a b c Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: Samuel Leigh Cite error: The named reference "DNZBLeigh" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  18. ^ New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: Samuel Leigh Biography
  19. ^ Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: James Caddell
  20. ^ Bluff History, The Port
  21. ^ Puke Ariki: Taranaki Stories
  22. ^ Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: John Kent
  23. ^ a b New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: Guard Biography
  24. ^ NZHistory The Christian Missionaries
  25. ^ a b c Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: William White
  26. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.164.
  27. ^ a b Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.508. Cite error: The named reference "WisesWhangaroa" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  28. ^ a b New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: Tapsell Biography
  29. ^ Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: Phillip Tapsell
  30. ^ New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: Samuel Leigh Biography has original departure date of 17 September, and an eventual departure of 14 November.
  31. ^ a b Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.331 Cite error: The named reference "WisesPaihia" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  32. ^ Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: Henry Williams
  33. ^ Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: John Hobbs
  34. ^ a b Early European Visits to NZ
  35. ^ New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: George Clarke Biography
  36. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 38.
  37. ^ Bluff History
  38. ^ a b c New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: 1825 New Zealand Company
  39. ^ Hall-Jones, John. "Caddell, James fl. 1810–1826". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  40. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 499.
  41. ^ New Zealand Encyclopaedia: Wellington
  42. ^ "John Wilson. 'Scots - Before 1840: sailors and missionaries', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 13-Jul-12". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 June 2013. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  43. ^ []http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-McCExpl-t1-body-d2.html#n30 NZETC: THE EXPLORATION OF NEW ZEALAND. CHAPTER II — MISSIONARIES, SEALERS, AND TRADERS 1814–30
  44. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.405.
  45. ^ The Elms Timeline
  46. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 67
  47. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 91.
  48. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 109.
  49. ^ New Zealand History online: Wesleyans and Catholics - missionaries
  50. ^ Early Christchurch
  51. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 173
  52. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 457
  53. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 427
  54. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 10
  55. ^ Previous whaling stations have been seasonal or temporary; other settlements with Europeans have been predominantly Māori although that at Bluff may have had more than one European before 1827.
  56. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 221
  57. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 291
  58. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 293
  59. ^ New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: Brown Biography
  60. ^ Tauranga City History: The Traders in Tauranga
  61. ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 356
  62. ^ It has also been suggested New Zealand Encyclopaedia 1966: Shore-based whaling that the station was established in 1828 by Peter Williams.
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