Republic of the United States of Indonesia Republik Indonesia Serikat | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1949–1950 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Capital | Jakarta | ||||||||
| Common languages | Indonesian | ||||||||
| Government | Federal Republic | ||||||||
• 1949-1950 | Sukarno | ||||||||
• 1949-1950 | Mohammad Hatta | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 27 December 1949 1949 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 15 August 1950 1950 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Indonesian Army is the land-based component of the Military of Indonesia. As well as its military role, it has played a significant part in Indonesian politics since independence, particularly during the New Order regime. Like the Indoneisan Military as a whole, it committed numerous human rights abuses, especially in East timor and Aceh[1]
History edit
Origins and Establishment edit
In the 1940's, facing the threat of war, the Dutch colonial authorities in Indonesia started to train their colonial army, the KNIL for external as well as internal defense. A Military Cadet School was established in Bandung, West Java and a few Indonesians were enrolled. However, the KNIL offered no serious resistance when the Japanese invaded in 1942. [2]. On 3 October 1943 the occupying Japanese established PETA or "Defenders of the Fatherland" (Indonesian: Pembela Tanah Air) to assist Japanese forces oppose a possible invasion by the Allies. By the end of the war, approximately 57,000 men had joined [3]. There were also a number of other paramilitary groups set up, including groups of youths who were given indoctrination but not military training. These groups were prepared to cooperate with the Japanese as they had hopes for independence to be given in return[4]
Following the Surrender of Japan and the Indonesian Declaration of Independence on August 17, 1945, PETA and the other armed organizations were disbanded. President Sukarno agreed with this disarmament despite calls for PETA to be used as the kernel of a national army. At the same time various groups of people banded together into irregular militia, or laskar to fill the gap left by the dissolution of PETA. However these groups often fought among themselves over ideological differences and lacked training and discipline, [5][6]
On 22 August 1945, the acting legislature, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, PPKI) announced the formation of the BKR or People's Security Agency (Indonesian: Badan Keamanan Rakyat) to maintain security. Its officers were mainly from ex-PETA personnel, and as such were more disciplined and loyal to the government. Many laskar refused to join the BKR or take orders. In order to defend the new state against the threat of the Dutch trying to regain control over their former colony, and to accommodate the much more anti-Dutch laskar, on 5 October 1945, the BKR was turned into the People's Security Army (Indonesian: Tentara Keamanan Rakyat, TKR). Although its main function was still internal security, it was now an army. The same day, ex-KNIL Major Oerip Soemohardjo was appointed chief of TKR General Headquarters, while the post of Army Commander was intentionally given to a non-KNIL figure to avoid anti-KNIL resentment. However the man appointed, Suprijadi, who had led a PETA revolt against the Japanese in Blitar had disappeared. Thirteen of the fifteen serving Indonesian KNIL commissioned officers decided to support the newly independent republic and joined the TKR, bringing about improvements in its organization.[7]
War of Independence edit
On 12 November 1945, Oerip Soemohardjo called a meeting of TKR divisional and regimental TKR commanders to decide on a permanent leadership for the army as the central government had ignored their calls to fill the vacancy. As a result, ex-PETA officer Sudirman was elected TKR commander. Disappointed at not winning, Oerip resigned as chief of TKR General Headquarters. On the same day, Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX, the Sultan of Yogyakarta was elected minister of defense. However, two days later, Prime Minister Sjahrir announced the appointment of Amir Sjarifuddin as defense minister and refused to recognize the appointment of Sudirman, coming as he did from an organization (PETA) seen as collaborationist. This put him in confrontation with the Army. It was not until 18 December that the central government recognized Sudirman in exchange for army recognition of Amir as defense minister [8].
On 1 January 1946, the TKR was renamed the People's Safety Army (Indonesian: Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat, TKR), then again renamed to Army of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Tentara Republic Indonesia, TRI). A committee under the chairmanship of Oerip Soemohardjo and dominated by ex-KNIL officers was established to increase Army efficiency. As a result of Oerip's work on this committee, he was reappointed Army chief of staff. A second Army conference began in Yogyakarta on 23 May and agreed, independently of the government, on a reorganization of the Army, with the number of divisions being reduced to ten.[9][10]
| Area of Operations | Division | Commander |
|---|---|---|
| West Java | I/Siliwangi | Maj. Gen A.H. Nasution |
| Central Java | II/Sunan Gunung Jati | Maj. Gen. Abdul Kadir |
| Central Java | III/Diponegoro | Maj. Gen. Sudarsono |
| Central Java | IV/Senopati | Maj. Gen. Sudiro |
| East Java | V/Ronggolawe | Maj. Gen. Djatikusumo |
| East Java | VI/Narotama | Maj. Gen. Abdul Kadir |
| South Sumatra | VIII/Garuda | Col. Simbolon |
| Central Sumatra | IX/Banteng | Col Ismail Lengah |
| North Sumatra | X/Gajah | - |
On 19 February 1946, Amir announced the creation of an Educational Staff within the ministry of defense to provide political education for the army, which sparked protests among officers.[11]. Meanwhile, Sudirman continued to push for 100 percent independence with no compromises to the Dutch. On 9 April he said that while the Army was an instrument of the government, it was not a dead instrument - a clear warning to the government. However, the government was committed to negotiation, and subsequently negotiated for no more than de facto recognition of independent Indonesia, which resulted in the Linggadjati Agreement on 15 November 1946.[12]
Arguments continued over the political role of the military, and eventually agreement was reached that although there should be a political element to the Army's role, there was no agreement on coordination of efforts and policies. Sudirman was of the opinion that the army should be part of the struggle for independence, not merely a tool of the state.[13][14]
A struggle developed between the socialist Amir, who wanted to turn the laskar into a 'democratic alternative' to the military and Sudirman, who viewed the laskar as a threat. In the middle was President Sukarno.[15] On 5 May 1947, Sukarno officially ordered the merger of the laskar and the TRI into the Indonesian National Army (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) with Sudirman as commander- in-chief. [15]
From 1947, the military began to establish a structure paralleling the government, with each civilian official from district leaders up to provincial governors had a corresponding, and more powerful military figure.[1]
The Sukarno Years edit
Following the recognition of Indonesian independence, the role of the army became a major issue. Civilian politicians believed the army should be under civilian control, but the official Army view is that it was the organization that had repeatedly saved the Indonesia nation it had helped create and that civilian leaders had been too ready to compromise with the Dutch during the War of Independence, rather then fighting for freedom in battle. [16][1]
By November 1950, the army strength had fallen by a quarter to 200,000, and this reduced size together with divisions among the army leadership meant the army was not yet ready for a significant political role.[16] However, by 1952, with the economic crisis caused by the collapse in revenues from rubber sales at the end of the Korean War, the government's plans to reduce the size of the military led an internal conflict within the Army. Following resistance from Army commanders outside Java to the plan to halve the size of the Army, and demands from parliament for the Army leadership to be replaced, the Jakarta-based generals organized a show of force, which came to be known as the 17 October Incident. Armed troops were deployed in front of the palace demanding parliament be dissolved. However, Sukarno was able to persuade the crowd to disperse. This led to the suspension of Nasution. The resultant loss of Army influence led to a fall in spending on the military, which in turn propmpted regional commanders to look for alternative sources of income.[17]
In February 1955, realizing that it needed unity in the face of civilian governments and a resurgent Communist Party of Indonesia, the Army held a conference in Yogyakarta to resolve the splits caused by the 17 October affair[18]
Meanwhile regional Army commanders' search for additional income had resulted in major smuggling operations being established in Sulawesi by early 1955 and North Sumatra by early 1956. However, no action was taken against Army officers involved. However, when Nasution announced a plan to transfer officers away from their lucrative business ventures in 1956, splits again opened within the Army. Deputy chief-of-staff and Nasution opponent Lt-Col Zulkifli Lunis and officers of the I/Siliwangi planned a coup but were foiled on two ooccasions by Nasution. Against the background of a widemning split between Java and the outer islands, Army commanders in North and West Sumatra took over control from the civilian authorities. The government countered this with a naval blockade and a reshuffle of Army appointments and managed to regain control. However, on 2 March 1957, martial law was proclaimed by the East Indonesian military commander Lt-Col Samual. This, and the subsequent reading of a Universal Struggle Charter to Samual's officers marked the start of the Permesta rebellion. Nasution then persuaded Sukarno to declare martial law [18][1]
and the following year it fully supported his Guided Democracy proposal and the return to the 1945 Constitution as this provided for a greater role for specified groups. In late 1958, Sukarno recognized the military as a special group and shortly after, the cabinet agreed to extend martial law for another year. [1]
1958 Nasution announced the Middle Way" doctrine - a dual purpose for the TNI - military and social-political - opened door to military involvement in all aspects of society. Neither a direct political force nor a dead tool of government[19]
Following the introduction of Guided Democracy, the government conceded Army demands for seats in the cabinet and legislature[19]
The New Order edit
MiddleWay expended into dwifungsi or dual function - used to expand role further into society[19]
The Reform Era edit
Role of the Army Today edit
Organization edit
The Army was very unhappy with the governments of the 1950'sas they felt it gave them a less significant political role than they thought right.[1]
Equipment edit
References edit
- Crouch, Harold (2007) The Army and Politics in Indonesia, Equinox, Jakarta ISBN 979-378-050-9
- Kahin, George McTurnan (1970), Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-9108-8
- Friend, Theodore (2003) Indonesian DestiniesHarvard University Press, ISBN 0 674 01137 6
- Ricklefs, M.C. (1981) A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300. MacMillan, ISBN 0 333 24380
- Schwarz, Adam (1994) A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s Allen & Unwin ISBN 1 86373 635 2
- Sundhaussen, Ulf (1982) The Road to Power: Indonesian Military Politics 1945-1967 Oxford University Press, ISBN 0 19 582521 7
Notes edit
- ^ a b c d e f Schwarz (1994), p 298 Cite error: The named reference "SCHWARZ15" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Sundhaussen (1982), p. 1
- ^ a b Ricklefs (1981), p194
- ^ Sundhaussen (1982), p.2
- ^ Crouch (2007), p.25
- ^ Sundhaussen (1982), pp 5-6
- ^ Sundhaussen (1982), pp6-7
- ^ Sundhaussen (1982), pp 20-23
- ^ Sundhaussen (1982), pp9-10
- ^ Friend (2003), p. 451
- ^ Sundhaussen (1982), pp 26-27
- ^ Ricklefs (1981), pp 210, 212
- ^ Sundhaussen (1982), p27
- ^ Ricklefs (1981), p210
- ^ a b Sundhaussen (1982), p32
- ^ a b Ricklefs (1981), p. 227
- ^ Ricklefs (1981), pp 233-234
- ^ a b Ricklefs (1981), pp 240-234
- ^ a b c Schwarz (1994), p 16
- ^ Crouch (2007), p. 356
- ^ Sunhaussen (1982), pp2-4
- ^ Kahin (1970) p148
Cabinets of Indonesia
 | |
|---|---|
People's Representative Council Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| Leadership | |
Speaker | Agung Laksono, Golkar since 2004 |
| Seats | 550 |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Legislative Complex, Jakarta | |
| Website | |
| www.dpr.go.id | |
| Faction | Seats |
|---|---|
| Golkar Party Faction (including 2 members of the [[Concern for the Nation Functional Party) |
129 |
| Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle Faction | 109 |
| United Development Party Faction | 58 |
| Democratic Party Faction (including 1 member of the [[[[Justice and Unity Party]]) |
57 |
| National Mandate Party Faction | 53 |
| National Awakening Party Faction | 52 |
| Prosperous Justice Party Faction | 45 |
| Reform Star Party Faction | 14 |
| Prosperous Peace Party Faction | 13 |
| Democratic Vanguard Star Faction comprising: 11 members of the Crescent Star Party |
20 |
| Total Seats | 550 |
| Portfolio | Minister | Party |
|---|---|---|
| Coordinating Ministers | ||
| Legal, Political and Security Affairs | Widodo Adi Sucipto | none* |
| Economy | Boediono | none |
| People's Welfare | Aburizal Bakrie | Golkar |
| Ministers Leading Departments | ||
| Home Affairs | Mardiyanto | none* |
| Foreign Affairs | Hassan Wirajuda | none |
| Defense | Juwono Sudarsono | none |
| Law and Human Rights | Andi Mattalatta | Golkar[1] |
| Finance | Sri Mulyani Indrawati | none |
| Energy and Mineral Resources | Purnomo Yusgiantoro | none |
| Industry | Fahmi Idris | Golkar[2] |
| Trade | Mari E. Pangestu | none |
| Agriculture | Anton Apriantono | Prosperous Justice Party[3] |
| Forestry | Malem Sambat Kaban | Crescent Star Party[4] |
| Transportation | Jusman Syafii Jamal | none |
| Maritime Affairs and Fisheries | Freddy Numberi | none* |
| Manpower and Transmigration | Erman Suparno | National Awakening Party[5] |
| Public Works | Joko Kirmanto | none |
| Health | Siti Fadilah Supari | none |
| National Education | Bambang Soedibyo | National Mandate Party (former member[6]) |
| Social Services | Bachtiar Chamsyah | United Development Party[7] |
| Religious Affairs | Muhammad Maftuh Basyuni | none |
| Culture and Tourism | Jero Wacik | Democratic Party[8] |
| Information and Communication | Mohammad Nuh | none |
| State Ministers | ||
| Research and Technology | Kusmayanto Kadiman | none |
| Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises | Surya Dharma Ali | United Development Party[9] |
| Environment | Rachmat Witoelar | Golkar (former member[10][11] |
| Empowerment of Women | Meutia Hatta | none |
| Administrative Reform | Taufik Effendi | Democratic Party[12] |
| Development of Disadvantaged Regions | Muhammad Lukman Edy | National Awakening Party[13] |
| National Development Planning and Chairperson of the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) | Paskah Suzetta | Golkar[14] |
| State Enterprises | Sofyan Djalil | none |
| Youth and Sports Affairs | Adyaksa Dault | none |
| Public Housing | Muhammad Yusuf Asy'ari | Prosperous Justice Party[15] |
| Officials of ministerial rank | ||
| State Secretary | Hatta Radjasa | National Mandate Party[16] |
| Cabinet Secretary | Sudi Silalahi | none* |
| Attorney General | Hendarman Supandji | none |
| Military of Indonesia Commander | Djoko Santoso | none* |
| *Former military personnel | ||
| Faction | Seats |
|---|---|
| Pancasila Block (230 seats, 53.3%) | |
| Indonesian National Party (PNI) | 119 |
| Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) | 60 |
| Proclamation Republic | 20 |
| Indonesian Christian Party (Parkindo) | 16 |
| Catholic Party | 10 |
| Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI) | 10 |
| League of Upholders of Indonesian Independence (IPKI) | 8 |
| Others | 31 |
| Islamic Block (274 seats, 44.8%) | |
| Masjumi | 112 |
| Nahdatul Ulama | 91 |
| Indonesia Islamic Union Party (PSSI) | 16 |
| Islamic Educators Association (Perti) | 7 |
| Others | 4 |
| Socio-Economic Block (10 seats, 2.0%) | |
| Labor Party | 5 |
| Party of the Masses (Murba) | 1 |
| Younger Generation Communists (Acoma) | 1 |
| Total Seats | 514 |
| Name of Cabinet | Period of Office |
|---|---|
| War of Independence | |
| Sukarno's Presidential Cabinet | August - November 1945 s |
| Sjahrir I | November 1945 - February 1946 s |
| Sjahrir II | March - June 1946 s |
| Sjahrir III | October 1946 - June 1947 s |
| Amir Sjarifuddin I | July - November 1947 s |
| Amir Sjarifuddin II | November 1947 - January 1948 s |
| Hatta I | January 1948 - December 1948 s |
| Emergency Sjarifuddin | December 1948 - July 1949 s |
| Hatta II | July - December 1949 s |
| United States of Indonesia | |
| Hatta (United States of Indonesia) | December 1949 - August 1950 s |
| Soesanto (Republic of Indonesia) | December 1949 - January 1950 s |
| Halim (Republic of Indonesia) | January - August 1950 s |
| Liberal Democracy Era | |
| Natsir | September 1950 - March 1951 f |
| Sukiman | April 1951 - February 1952 f |
| Wilopo | April 1952 - June 1953 f |
| Ali Sastroamidjojo I | July 1953 - July 1955 f |
| Boerhanoedin Harahap | August 1955 - March 1956 f |
| Ali Sastroamidjojo II | March 1956 - March 1957 f |
| "Karya" Djuanda | April 1957 - July 1959 s |
| Guided Democracy | |
| Working I | July 1959 - February 1960 s |
| Working II | February 1960 - March 1962 s |
| Working III | March 1962 - November 1963 s |
| Working IV | November 1963 - August 1964 s |
| Dwikora | August 1964 - February 1966 s |
| Revised Dwikora Cabinet | February - March 1966 s |
| Second Revised Dwikora Cabinet | March - July 1966 s |
| New Order | |
| Ampera | July 1966 - October 1967 s |
| Revised Ampera Cabinet | October 1967 - June 1968 s |
| First Development Cabinet | June 1968 - March 1973 s |
| Second Development Cabinet | March 1973 - March 1978 s |
| Third Development Cabinet | March 1978 - March 1983 s |
| Fourth Development Cabinet | March 1983 - March 1987 s |
| Fifth Development Cabinet | March 1987 - March 1993 s |
| Sixth Development Cabinet | March 1993 - March 1998 s |
| Seventh Development Cabinet | March - May 1998 s |
| Reform Era | |
| Development Reform Cabinet | May 1998 - October 1999 s |
| National Unity Cabinet | October 1999 - July 2001 s |
| Mutual Assistance Cabinet | July 2001-2004 s |
| United Indonesia Cabinet | October 2004-present |
2009 edit
| Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parties contesting nationally | |||
| Democratic Party (Partai Demokrat) | 21,703,137 | 20.85 | |
| Golkar Party (Partai Golongan Karya) | 15,037,757 | 14.45 | |
| Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan) | 14.600.091 | 14.03 | |
| Prosperous Justice Party (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera) | 8,206,955 | 7.88 | |
| National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional) | 6,254,580 | 6.01 | |
| United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan) | 5,533,214 | 5.32 | |
| National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa) | 5,146,122 | 4.94 | |
| Great Indonesia Movement Party (Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya, Gerindra) | 4,646,406 | 4.46 | |
| People's Conscience Party (Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat, Partai Hanura) | 3.922.870 | 3.77 | |
| Crescent Star Party (Partai Bulan Bintang) | 1,864,752 | 1.79 | |
| Prosperous Peace Party (Partai Damai Sejahtera) | 1,541,592 | 1.48 | |
| Ulema National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Nasional Ulama) | 1,527,593 | 1.47 | |
| Concern for the Nation Functional Party (Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa) | 1,461,182 | 1.40 | |
| Reform Star Party (Partai Bintang Reformasi) | 1.264.333 | 1.21 | |
| National People's Concern Party (Partai Peduli Rakyat Nasional) | 1,260,794 | 1.21 | |
| Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan Indonesia) | 934,892 | 0.90 | |
| Democratic Renewal Party (Partai Demokrasi Pembaruan, PDP) | 896,660 | 0.86 | |
| National Front Party (Partai Barisan Nasional, Barnas) | 761,086 | 0.73 | |
| Indonesian Workers and Employers Party (Partai Pengusaha dan Pekerja Indonesia) | 745.625 | 0.72 | |
| Democratic Nationhood Party (Partai Demokrasi Kebangsaan) | 671,244 | 0.64 | |
| Archipelago Republic Party (Partai Republik Nusantara) | 630,780 | 0.61 | |
| Regional Unity Party (Partai Persatuan Daerah) | 550,581 | 0.53 | |
| Patriot Party (Partai Patriot) | 547,351 | 0.53 | |
| Indonesian National Populist Fortress Party (Partai Nasional Benteng Kerakyatan Indonesia) | 468,696 | 0.45 | |
| Sovereignty Party (Partai Kedaulatan) | 437,121 | 0.42 | |
| National Sun Party(Partai Matahari Bangsa) | 414,750 | 0.40 | |
| Indonesian Youth Party (Partai Pemuda Indonesia) | 414,043 | 0.40 | |
| Functional Party of Struggle (Partai Karya Perjuangan) | 351,440 | 0.34 | |
| Vanguard Party (Partai Pelopor) | 342,914 | 0.33 | |
| Indonesian Democratic Party of Devotion (Partai Kasih Demokrasi Indonesia) | 324,553 | 0.31 | |
| Prosperous Indonesia Party (Partai Indonesia Sejahtera) | 320,665 | 0.31 | |
| Indonesian National Party Marhaenism (Partai Nasional Indonesia Marhaenisme) | 316,752 | 0.30 | |
| Labor Party (Partai Buruh) | 265,203 | 0.25 | |
| New Indonesia Party of Struggle (Partai Perjuangan Indonesia Baru) | 197,371 | 0.19 | |
| Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party (Partai Persatuan Nahdlatul Ummah Indonesia) | 142,841 | 0.14 | |
| Indonesian Unity Party (Partai Sarikat Indonesia) | 140,551 | 0.14 | |
| Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia) | 137,727 | 0.13 | |
| Freedom Party (Partai Merdeka) | 111,623 | 0.11 | |
| Parties contesting in Aceh only | |||
| Prosperous and Safe Aceh Party (Partai Aceh Aman Sejahtera) | - | - | |
| Aceh Sovereignty Party (Partai Daulat Atjeh) | - | - | |
| Independent Voice of the Acehnese Party (Partai Suara Independen Rakyat Aceh, SIRA) | - | - | |
| Aceh People's Party (Partai Rakyat Aceh) | - | - | |
| Aceh Party (Partai Aceh) | - | - | |
| Aceh Unity Party (Partai Bersatu Aceh) | - | - | |
| Total Votes Counted | 104,099,785 | 100 | |
References edit
- Mutiara Sumber Widya (publisher)(1999) Album Pahlawan Bangsa (Album of National Heroes), Jakarta
- Sudarmanto, Y.B. (1996) Jejak-Jejak Pahlawan dari Sultan Agung hingga Syekh Yusuf (The Footsteps of Heroes from Sultan Agung to Syekh Yusuf), Penerbit Grasindo, Jakarta ISBN 979-553-111-5
2009 election edit
People's Representative Council election results |- !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Number !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Party !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Ideological Basis !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Chair |- |align=left| Golkar (Partai Golongan Karya) | 24,480,757 | 21.6 | 128 |- |align=left| Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan) | 21,025,991 | 18.5 | 109 |- |align=left| National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa) | 11,994,877 | 10.6 | 52 |- |align=left| United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan) | 9,248,265 | 8.1 | 58 |- |align=left| Democratic Party (Partai Demokrat) | 8,455,213 | 7.5 | 57 |- |align=left| Prosperous Justice Party (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera) | 8,324,909 | 7.3 | 45 |- |align=left| National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional) | 7,302,787 | 6.4 | 52 |- |align=left| Crescent Star Party (Partai Bulan Bintang) | 2,970,320 | 2.6 | 11 |- |align=left| Reform Star Party (Partai Bintang Reformasi) | 2,763,853 | 2.4 | 13 |- |align=left| Prosperous Peace Party (Partai Damai Sejahtera) | 2,425,201 | 2.1 | 12 |- |align=left| Concern for the Nation Functional Party (Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa) | 2,398,117 | 2.1 | 2 |- |align=left| Justice and Unity Party (Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan din Indonesia) | 1,423,427 | 1.2 | 1 |- |align=left| United Democratic Nationhood Party (Partai Persatuan Demokrasi Kebangsaan) | 1,313,654 | 1.2 | 5 |- |align=left| Freedom Bull National Party (Partai Nasional Banteng Kemerdekaan) | 1,230,455 | 1.1 | 1 |- |align=left| Pancasila Patriots' Party (Partai Patriot Pancasila) | 1,073,064 | 0.9 | - |- |align=left| Indonesian National Party Marheanism (Partai Nasional Indonesia Marhaenisme) | 922,451 | 0.8 | 1 |- |align=left| Vanguard Party (Partai Pelopor) | 897,115 | 0.8 | 2 |- |align=left| Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party (Partai Persatuan Nahdlatul Ummah Indonesia) | 895,566 | 0.8 | - |- |align=left| Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia) | 855,218 | 0.7 | 1 |- |align=left| Freedom Party (Partai Merdeka) | 841,821 | 0.7 | - |- |align=left| Indonesian Unity Party (Partai Sarikat Indonesia) | 679,296 | 0.6 | - |- |align=left| New Indonesia Alliance Party (Partai Perhimpunan Indonesia Baru) | 672,952 | 0.6 | - |- |align=left| Regional United Party (Partai Persatuan Daerah) | 657,907 | 0.6 | - |- |align=left| Social Democrat Labour Party (Partai Buruh Sosial Demokrat) | 635,182 | 0.6 | - |- |align=left| Total counted | 113,488,398 | - | 550
RIS edit
[17] and on for capitals
| Name | Established | Capital | Dissolved | Notes[18] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republic of Indonesia | 17 August 1945[19] | Yogyakarta | - | - |
| States | ||||
| East Indonesia | 24 December 1946[17] | Makassar | 17 August 1950[20] | Longest-lasting state |
| East Sumatra | 25 December 1948[21][22] | Medan | 17 August 1950[20] | Along with East Indonesia, the last state to be dissolved |
| Madura | 20 February 1948[23] | Pamekasan | 9 March 1950[24] | State |
| Pasundan | 25 February 1948[23] | Bandung | 11 March 1950[24] | State |
| South Sumatra | 2 September 1948[23] | Palembang | 24 March 1950[24] | State |
| East Java | 27 November 1948[23] | Surabaya | 9 March 1950 [24] | State |
| Autonomous entities | ||||
| West Borneo | 12 May 1947[25][26] | Pontianak | 22 April 1950 [27] | |
| East Borneo | 12 May 1947[28] | Samarinda | 24 March 1950[24] | Federation |
| Great Dayak | 3 June 1947[28] | Banjarmasin | 4 April 1950[24] | Neo-land |
| Bandjar | 14 January 1948[29] | - | 4 April 1950[24] | |
| Southeast Borneo Federation | March 1947[30] | - | 4 April 1950[24] | Federation |
| Bangka | July 1947[31] | - | 4 April 1950[24] | Neo-land |
| Billiton | July 1947[31] | - | 4 April 1950[24] | Neo-land |
| Riau | July 1947[31] | - | 4 April 1950[24] | Neo-land |
| Central Java | 2 March 1949[32][note 1] | Semarang | 9 March 1950[24] | Undefined political entity |
| Other regions | ||||
| Waringan | - | - | 4 April 1950[24] | Autonomous community |
| Padang | - | - | 9 March 1950[24] | Autonomous community |
| Sabang | - | - | 9 March 1950[24] | Autonomous community |
| Djakarta Federal District | June 1948 [33] | - | 11 March 1950[24] | - |
- ^ Recognition by the Dutch authorities of the temporary representative body
- ^ Yayasan API (2001) p769
- ^ Daniel Dhaidae & H. Witdarmono (2000) p49
- ^ http://www.indopolitik.com/tokoh/anton-apriyantono.php
- ^ Yayasan API (2001) p583
- ^ Yayasan API (2001) p525
- ^ http://www.indopolitik.com/tokoh/bambang-sudibyo.php
- ^ Yayasan API (2001) p895
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/directory/whos_who/J
- ^ Yayasan API (2001) p927
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/directory/whos_who/R
- ^ http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/r/rachmat-witoelar/index.shtml
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/directory/whos_who/T
- ^ http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/l/lukman-edy/index.shtml
- ^ Daniel Dhaidae & H. Witdarmono (2000) p98
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/directory/whos_who/M
- ^ Daniel Dhaidae & H. Witdarmono (2000) p387
- ^ a b Kahin 1952, p. 355.
- ^ Schiller 1955, p. 193.
- ^ Schiller 1955, p. 182.
- ^ a b Reid 1974, p. 165.
- ^ Kahin 1952, p. 225.
- ^ Reid 1974, p. 117.
- ^ a b c d Cribb 2000, p. 160.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Simanjuntak 2003, pp. 99–100.
- ^ Reid 1974, p. 100.
- ^ Schiller 1955, p. 183.
- ^ Kahin 1952, p. 456.
- ^ a b Wehl 1948, p. 165.
- ^ Schiller 1955, p. 103.
- ^ Schiller 1955, p. 121.
- ^ a b c Schiller 1955, p. 111.
- ^ Schiller 1955, p. 192.
- ^ Schiller 1955, p. 194.