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User:DavidAnstiss/Odyendea

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DavidAnstiss/Odyendea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Simaroubaceae
Genus: Odyendea
Engl.
Species

See text

Odyendea is a genus of trees belonging to the family Simaroubaceae, in the order Sapindales (formerly Rutales or Geraniales). The genus is native to western tropical Africa.[1]

Description edit

meist Ateilig. Kelchb. zu einem becherförmigen Kelch vereint, mit 4 sehr kurzen, stumpfen Lappen. Blb. verkehrt-eiförmig, concav, wa 5mal Knser als der Kelch, in der Knospe dachig. Stb. 8, zuletzt länger als dieBlb., it fadenförmigen Stf. und bis zur Mitte mit einer lang keilfärmnipen, wolligen Lipula versehen. Discus hoch polsterförmig, Sfurchig. Carpelle 4, vereint; Frkn. zusammen weniger breit als der Discus, zusammengedrückt eiförmig, mit je 1 hängenden Sa. Gr. am Scheitel des Frkn. vereint, wenig länger als diese. Teilfr. sehr groß, zusammen- gedrückt eiförmig, an der Innenseite sehr schwach gekielt, mit holzigem Pericarp.— Bäume mit 3—5paarigen, lederartigen B. und mit länglich-verkehrt-eiförmigen Blättchen mit eingesenkten Nerven. Bl. ziemlich klein, kurz gestielt, zahlreich, in mehrfach zu- - sammengesetzten Rispen, mit ziemlich lang gestielten, verkehrt-eiförmigen B. am Grunde der Rispenäste.

8th. 'Odyendea (Pierre) Engl. Bl. S, mostly Neat. Chalice. to a cup-shaped chalice united, with 4 very short, blunt rags. Blb. obverse-egg shape, concav , about 5 times the calyx, roofy in the bud. N / A. 8, last longer than the Blb., it thread-like stf. and to the middle with a long wedge-farmed, woolly lipula provided. Discus highly upholstered, furrowed. Carpelle 4, united; Frkn. together less wide than the discus, pressed together in an egg shape, with 1 hanging Sa each. Size. at the apex of the Frkn. united, little longer than this. Partial fr. very large, together- pressed in an egg shape, very weakly keeled on the inside, with a woody pericarp.- Trees with 3-5 pair, leathery B. and with elongated, inverted eggshells with sunk nerves. Bl. fairly small, short stalked, numerous, in multiple - Compound panicles, with fairly long, obsolete egg-shaped B. at the bottom the panicle branches. (translated from German)[2]

Odyendea klaineana is a small to medium-sized tree that can grow up to 20 m (65.6 ft) meters tall.[3]

tree to 30 m (98.4 ft) with leaves imparipinnate, leaflets opposite to sub-opposite, petiolulate, entire,[4]

calyx 4- rarely 5 lobed, petals 4 rarely 5, fruits woody, leaflets oblong to obovate, seeds yield a fat/oil.[5]

Odyendea gabunensis reaches a height of 120–130 ft (36.6–39.6 m), with the bole up 80 ft (24.4 m) with good form and the trunk can reach a diameter of 5–6 ft (1.5–1.8 m).[6][7]

Timber edit

The bark of Odyendea gabunensis is called Onzang in Gabon.[7] It is also called Mbanko (syn Odyendea zimmermanii) as reported in Tanzania and Kenya.[6]

The wood of Odyendea gabunensis is whitish to straw coloured, sap wood and heartwood not differentiated. Texture is coarse with irregular grain. It dries rapidly, with little checking but the warp is severe. It splits severely during log conversion, stock saws, planes and nails easily, easy to peel into veneers. It can be used for making boxes, crates, veneers, plywood, pulpwood and chipboard.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Taxonomy edit

The genus of Odyendea was first published in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl (edited), Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien vol.3 (Issue 4) on page 215 in 1896.[1]

The genus name of Odyendea is the name of the tree in Gabon. It has other local names such as onzan, nzan, onzeng, onzang, onzon, osendje, ozendje, ozenje, benzeng, bondjengi, odiendle, odieneje, odjenge, odyendie, odzense, dibindi, disengo, lebvola, moussiguiri, musigiri, musigiti and noka.[8]

Hans Peter Nooteboom (1934–2022) in 1962 (published in 1963), took a very broad view of the genus Quassia L. and included therein various genera including, Hannoa Planch., Odyendyea (Pierre) Engl., Pierreodendron Engl., Samadera Gaertn., Simaba Aubl. and Simarouba Aubl.[9] In 2007, molecular analyses of the Simaroubaceae family (Clayton et al., 2007), suggested the splitting up of genera Quassia again, with all Nooteboom's synonyms listed above being resurrected as independent genera.[10]

Odyendea is listed as a possible synonym of Quassia L. by GRIN (United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service)[11]

Species edit

It has 2 known species;[1]

Distribution edit

They are native to the countries (and regions) of; Angola, Benin, Burkina, Cameroon,[12] Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zaïre.[1]

Habitat edit

o g found 2,500m in Gabon, dry deciduous forests, open sandy or Savannah-type vegetation[4]


Uses edit

Odyendea gabunensis (syn. Hannoa klaineana) and Odyendea klaineana (syn Hannoa chlorantha) are both used in traditional folk medicines of Central African countries (including Gabon,[13]) against fevers and malaria.[3][14][15]

6 indole alkaloids have been found from the bark of the trunk of Odyendea gabonensis.[16]

In 1985, two quassinoids Odyendane and Odyendene were extracted from the trunk bark of Odyendea gabonensis.[17]

In 1986, Two quassinoids and two coumarinolignoids have been extracted from Odyendea gabonensis (syn Hannoa klaineana) roots.[18]

The fruits of Odyendyea gabonensis contain a quassinoid Odyendanol and two new steroids.[19] A quassinoid from the bark of Odyendyea gabonensis also has the potential to be a anti-breast and anti-ovarian cancer agent.[20]

Several compounds have been extracted from the stem bark of Odyendyea gabonensis, they were then tested for their activity against the bacteria species; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, the fungi species; Mucor miehei and Candida albicans, and the plant pathogen oomycetes species; Aphanomyces cochlioides, Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani.[21]

Odyendea klaineana has wood that is hard, heavy, and dark, making it suitable for carving and furniture making. The roots and leaves are also used in folk medicines for their anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Additionally, the plant is used in reforestation programs due to its ability to quickly establish and grow in degraded lands.[3]

The fruits of Odyendea gabunensis (syn. Quassia gabonensis), known locally as 'Nzeng' are used locally as a condiment.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d "Odyendea Engl. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  2. ^ Engler, Adolf; Krause, Kurt; Pilger, R.; Prantl, Karl (1887). "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begründet" (in German). W. Engelmann. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Odyendea Klaineana (pierre) Engl. | Plants, Gardening, Landscaping | Botanikks". www.botanikks.com. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  4. ^ a b Kubitzki, Klaus (2010). Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 419–420. ISBN 978-3-642-14397-7.
  5. ^ Franz Thonner The flowering plants of Africa: An analytical key to the genera of African ... (2023), p. 451, at Google Books
  6. ^ a b Chudnoff, Martin (April 1980). Tropical Timbers of the World. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. p. 473.
  7. ^ a b James E. Lotan, Martin Chudnoff and David A. Perry Ecology and Regeneration of Lodgepole Pine, Issues 606-607 (1983), p. 256, at Google Books
  8. ^ Umberto Quattrocchi CRC World Dictionary of Plant Nmaes: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms ... (2023), p. 1858, at Google Books
  9. ^ Noteboom, Hans Peter (1962). "Generic delimitation in Simaroubaceae tribus Simaroubeae and a conspectus of the genus Quassia L." (PDF). Blumea. XI (2): 509–28. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  10. ^ Clayton, J.W.; Fernando, E.S.; Soltis, P.S.; Soltis, D.E. (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of the Tree-of-Heaven family (Simaroubaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear markers". Int. J. Plant Sci. 168: 1325–1339.
  11. ^ "Odyendea GRIN-Global". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  12. ^ Sonké, Bonaventure,; Couvreur, Thomas L.P. (2014). "Tree diversity of the Dja Faunal Reserve,southeastern Cameroon". Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1049. doi:10.3897/BDJ.2.e1049.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ Akendengué, B.; Louis, A.M. (February 1994). "Medicinal plants used by the Masango people in Gabon". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 41 (3): 193–200. doi:/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90032-9. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  14. ^ François G, Diakanamwa C, Timperman G, Bringmann G, Steenackers T, Atassi G, Van Looveren M, Holenz J, Tassin JP, Assi LA, Vanhaelen-Fastre R, Vanhaelen M (1998). "Antimalarial and cytotoxic potential of four quassinoids from Hannoa chlorantha and Hannoa klaineana, and their structure-activity relationships". Int. J. Parasitol. 28 (4): 635–40. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00008-3. PMID 9602388.
  15. ^ Lumonadio, L.; Atassi, G.; Vanhaelen, M.; Vanhaelen-Fastre, R. (1991). "Antitumor activity of quassinoids from Hannoa klaineana". J. Ethnopharmacol. 31: 59–65.
  16. ^ Forgacs, P.; Provost, J.; Touché, A. (November 1982). "Indole alkaloids of Odyendea gabonensis". Planta Med. 46 (3): 187–9. doi:10.1055/s-2007-971212. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  17. ^ Forgacs, P.; Provost, J.; Touche, A.; Guenard, D.; Thal, C.; Guilhem, J. (1985). "Structures de l'odyendane et l'odyendene deux nouveaux quassinoides d'odyendea gabonensis (pierre) engl. Simaroubacees". Tetrahedron Letters. 26 (29): 3457–3460. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)98663-5.
  18. ^ Vanhaelen-fastre, R.; Luyengi, L.; Vanhaelen, Maurice; Declercq, Jean Paul; van Meerssche, Maurice (1986). "Two quassinoids and two coumarinolignoids from Hannoa klaineana roots". Phytochemistry. 26: 317–319.
  19. ^ Donkwe, Suzye Mireille Moladje; Happi, Emmanuel Ngeufa; Wansi, Jean Duplex; Lenta, Bruno Ndjakou; Devkota, Krishna Prasad; Neumann, Beate; Stammler, Hans-Georg; Sewald, Norbert (December 2012). "Oxidative burst inhibitory and cytotoxic activity of constituents of the fruits of Odyendyea gabonensis". Planta Med. 78 (18): 1949-56. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1327878. PMID 23136063.
  20. ^ Usami, Yoshihide; Nakagawa-Goto, Kyoko; Lang, Jing-Yu; Kim, Yoon; Lai, Chin-Yu; Goto, Masuo; Sakurai, Nobuko; Taniguchi, Masahiko; Akiyama, Toshiyuki; Morris-Natschke, Susan L.; Bastow, Kenneth F.; Cragg, Gordon; Newman, David J.; Fujitake, Mihoyo; Takeya, Koichi; Hung, Mien-Chie; Lee, Eva Y-H. P.; Lee, Kuo-Hsiung (24 September 2010). "Antitumor Agents 282. 2′-(R)-O-Acetylglaucarubinone, a Quassinoid from Odyendyea gabonensis as a Potential Anti-breast and Anti-ovarian Cancer Agent". J. Nat. Prod. 73 (9): 1553–1558. doi:10.1021/np100406d. PMID 20738103.
  21. ^ Happi, Emmanuel Ngeufa; Fannang, Simone Véronique; Fomani, Marie; Donkwe, Suzye Mireille Moladje; Nicaise, Nkoungou Yomzak Carine; Wansi, Jean Duplex; Sewald, Norbert. "Steroids and Ceramide from the Stem Bark of Odyendyea gabonensis". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 68 (8): 924–930. doi:10.5560/znb.2013-3132.
  22. ^ Uphof, J.C. (1959). Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim.


;Category:Sapindales genera ;Category:Plants described in 1896 Category:Flora of West Tropical Africa Category:Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa

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