Anarchist terrorism ...
None of the Galleanists' [1919] bombs ever reached their intended targets ... They injured only bystanders and themselves. ... Skirting the familiar thin line between political violence and ordinary criminality, the tactics they often used for deploying bombs were taken from the playbook of extortion rackets: the bombers would distribute a written threat of further violent attack (“pay or die”) and place the device in a doorway to terrorize the victim. However, the extortionists—many of them Italian immigrants associated with the “Black Hand” gangs—usually used proven bombs based ... The Black Hand bombs did considerable damage to buildings and were effective at terrorizing business owners and government officials. ... Amateur bomb-making enterprises usually reveal the expertise available in the surrounding community, and types of bombs are chosen either because they have symbolic significance in a group’s history or because they have proven effectiveness within that group’s knowledge and experience. ... Without practical experience or community know-how, the anarchists and other political bombers routinely overrated their ability to handle high explosives and create workable time bombs.[1] See Galleanists
Successful bombings in the time of the Galleanists were performed by laborers who regularly worked with explosives, such as the hundred bombings by the Bridge and Structural Ironworkers' Union or Harry Orchard's western mining region bombings and assassination of the governor of Idaho. Dynamite was not readily available to the factory laborers of the northeastern United States. Said historian Ann Larabee, the idea of amateur bombmaking was and remains "an impractical intellectual exercise".[2]
During the era of "propaganda of the deed", anarchists killed six heads of state, including French president Marie Francois Sadi Carnot and US president William McKinley ...[3]
Propaganda by the deed
editExpropriation
editContemporary
edit"Insurrectionary"
References
edit- ^ Larabee 2015, p. 45.
- ^ Larabee 2015, p. 38.
- ^ Merriman, John (2017). Ballad of the Anarchist Bandits: The Crime Spree that Gripped Belle Epoque Paris. PublicAffairs. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-56858-989-3.
Further reading
edit- Bantman, Constance (2019). "The Era of Propaganda by the Deed". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 371–387. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_22. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
- Flood, Chris (1997). "French Anarchist Terror". In Crenshaw, Martha; Pimlott, John (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-1-135-91966-5.
- Hubac-Occhipinti, Olivier (2007). "Anarchist Terrorists of the Nineteenth Century". In Chaliand, Gérard; Blin, Arnaud (eds.). The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24533-4.
- Jensen, Richard Bach (2016). "Historical Lessons: An Overview of Early Anarchism and Lone Actor Terrorism". In Fredholm, Michael (ed.). Understanding Lone Actor Terrorism: Past Experience, Future Outlook, and Response Strategies. London: Routledge. pp. 29–45. ISBN 978-1-317-32861-2.
- Larabee, Ann (2015). "Sabotage". The Wrong Hands: Popular Weapons Manuals and Their Historic Challenges to a Democratic Society. Oxford University Press. pp. 36–63. ISBN 978-0-19-020117-3. OCLC 927145132.
- Jensen, Richard Bach (2015). "Anarchist Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Europe and the World, 1878–1934". In Law, Randall D. (ed.). The Routledge History of Terrorism. Routledge Histories. London: Routledge. pp. 111–129. ISBN 978-0-415-53577-9.
- Jensen, Richard Bach (2014). The Battle Against Anarchist Terrorism: An International History, 1878–1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03405-1.
- Jones, Thai (2015). "Anarchist Terrorism in the United States". In Law, Randall D. (ed.). The Routledge History of Terrorism. Routledge Histories. London: Routledge. pp. 130–142. ISBN 978-0-415-53577-9.
- Otte, Thomas G. (1997). "Russian Anarchist Terror". In Crenshaw, Martha; Pimlott, John (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-135-91966-5.
- Zimmer, Kenyon (2009). "Propaganda by the deed". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present. Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1214. ISBN 978-1-4051-9807-3.
- Zuquete, Jose Pedro (2016). "World War A: Contemporary Anarchists and Extreme Left Perpetrators". In Fredholm, Michael (ed.). Understanding Lone Actor Terrorism: Past Experience, Future Outlook, and Response Strategies. London: Routledge. pp. 46–65. ISBN 978-1-317-32861-2.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=w31ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT558
- https://books.google.com/books?id=e16FCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48