User:Claire.tucker/sandbox

Social Grooming Outline

Group 4: Rebecca Quinn, Jason Rahimzadeh, Omar Saleh, Claire Tucker

1. Introduction- overall, thorough introduction that could use reorganization/clarity throughout.
   1. Add brief 1 sentence introduction to altruism
2. Evolutionary Advantage- this section will be added to put the importance of social grooming into an evolutionary context and help explain why social grooming happens
   1. Smith, W. J. (1977).The Behavior of Communicating: An Ethological Approach, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
   2. This section will have subheadings with the reasons why social grooming is performed:
      1. Reinforce social structures and build relationships: Boccia, M. L., Rockwood, B., and Novak, M. A. (1982). The influence of behavioral context and social characteristics on the physical aspects of grooming in rhesus monkeys.Int. J. Primatol.3:91–108.
         1. Schino, Gabriele, Grooming, competition and social rank among female primates: a meta-analysis, Animal Behaviour, Volume 62, Issue 2, August 2001, Pages 265-271.
      2. Reconciliation and conflict resolution- Moser, Roman., Cords, Marina., Kummer, Hans. (1991). Social influences on grooming site preferences among captive long-tailed macaques. International Journal of Primatology, 1991, Volume 12, Number 3, Page 217.
      3. Pair bonding (Mutual grooming)- Kulahci, IG, Lemurs groom-at-a-distance through vocal networks, Animal Behaviour, Volume 110, 2015, Pages 179-186
3. Altruism and Kin Selection- this section is imperative to add, as it is impossible to talk about social grooming without identifying altruism and kin selection as both a limiting and contributing factor to its presence in various species
   1. General principle of Altruism and why social grooming falls into this category- LEHMANN, L. (2007), The evolution of trans-generational altruism: kin selection meets niche construction. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20: 181–189.
   2. Include information about Hamilton’s rule and how an organism decides if the behavior will benefit them or not- West, S., Murray, M., Machado, C., Griffin, A., & Herre, E. (2001). Testing Hamilton's rule with competition between relatives. Nature, 409(6819), 510-513. doi:10.1038/35054057
   3. Include the difference between altruism and mutualism- FOSTER, K. R. and WENSELEERS, T. (2006), A general model for the evolution of mutualisms. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 19: 1283–1293.
4. In non-human animals- This section is majorly lacking in detail, empirical evidence, and explanation
   1. Primates
      1. Dunbar R, I, M, Functional Significance of Social Grooming in Primates. Folia Primatol 1991;57:121-131.
      2. Akinyi, Mercy Y, Role of grooming in reducing tick load in wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus), Animal Behaviour, Volume 85, 2013, Pages 559-568.
      3. Yerkes, R. M. (1933). Genetic aspects of grooming, a socially important primate behaviour pattern.J. Soc. Psychol. 4: 3–25.
      4. Seyfarth, Robert M., A model of social grooming among adult female monkeys, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Volume 65, Issue 4, 1977, Pages 671-698
   2. Non-Human Primates
      1. Rathinakumar, A, Social Grooming among Indian short-nosed fruit bats, Behavior, Volume 154, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 37-63
      2. Moser, Roman., Cords, Marina., Kummer, Hans. (1991). ​Social influences on grooming site preferences among captive long-tailed macaques​. International Journal of Primatology, 1991, Volume 12, Number 3, Page 217.
   3. Within each of these heads provide specific species that perform the behaviors
5. In humans- several of the facts provided in this section are un-cited and need to be correctly credited.  Fact check a lot of the assumptions made.
   1. Finding and adding information about an observational study of human social grooming. Studies are mentioned, but no empirical data is produced, nor any direct evidence of such studies.
   2. Robert M. Yerkes, Robert. Genetic Aspects of Grooming, a Socially Important Primate Behavior Pattern. The Journal Of Social Psychology Vol. 4 , Iss. 1,1933.
6. Endocrine Effects- this page is lacking in detail and substance. It only cites two references and neglects to incorporate any recent studies.

1. Add intro to discuss interplay between grooming and the endocrine system
2. Paragraph on the integral role of oxycontin
3. Paragraph on the role of endorphins

I.  Carter, G, Intranasal oxytocin increases social grooming and food sharing in  the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus, Hormones and Behavior, Volume 75, 2015, Pages 150-153

II. Crockford, C, Urinary oxytocin and social bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Volume 280, 2013, Pages 20122765-20122765

III. Dunbar, R, The social, The social role of touch in humans and primates: Behavioral function and neurobiological mechanisms, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Volume 34, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 260-268.

1. (Take out this section?) Role of Special Neurons- this section lacks a basic explanation of how the subsection is related to the overall topic of social grooming.
   1. Add introduction to discuss role of special neurons for social grooming
   2. Hypothalamus regulatory link between endocrine and neuronal pathways