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| The Dunning—Kruger effect has been visualized as a curve, where perceived competence rises quickly upon initial acquisition of competence, to drop off once one is competent enough to be aware of gaps in knowledge. Different curves put the very competent below or above those who with little competence and inflated belief of competence. |
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| Type | Cognitive bias |
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| Proposed by | David Dunning, Justin Kruger |
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| Year | 1999 |
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| Original paper | Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments |
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| Related effects | Impostor syndrome, Curse of knowledge, Self-serving bias, Optimism bias |
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