Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Name in national languages
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| Anthem: ወደፊት ገስግሺ ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ (English: "March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia") | |||||||||||
.svg) | |||||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Addis Ababa 9°1′N 38°45′E / 9.017°N 38.750°E | ||||||||||
| Official languages | Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya[1][2][3] | ||||||||||
| Ethnic groups | |||||||||||
| Religion (2016[7]) |
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| Demonym(s) | Ethiopian | ||||||||||
| Government | Ethnofederalist[8] (federal) parliamentary constitutional republic | ||||||||||
| Sahle-Work Zewde | |||||||||||
| Abiy Ahmed | |||||||||||
| Demeke Mekonnen | |||||||||||
| Tagesse Chafo | |||||||||||
• Speaker of the House of Federation | Adem Farah | ||||||||||
| Meaza Ashenafi | |||||||||||
| Legislature | Federal Parliamentary Assembly | ||||||||||
| House of Federation | |||||||||||
| House of Peoples' Representatives | |||||||||||
| Formation | |||||||||||
| 1270 | |||||||||||
| 1855 | |||||||||||
| 1904 | |||||||||||
| 9 May 1936 | |||||||||||
| 5 May 1941 | |||||||||||
• Derg military rule and overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie | 12 September 1974 | ||||||||||
| 28 May 1991 | |||||||||||
| 21 August 1995 | |||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||
• Total | 1,104,300[9] km2 (426,400 sq mi) (26th) | ||||||||||
• Water (%) | 0.7 | ||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||
• 2021 estimate | 117,876,227[10] (12th) | ||||||||||
• 2007 census | 73,750,932[6] | ||||||||||
• Density | 92.7/km2 (240.1/sq mi) (123rd) | ||||||||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate | ||||||||||
• Total | $272 billion[11] (58th) | ||||||||||
• Per capita | $2,772[11] | ||||||||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2021 estimate | ||||||||||
• Total | $91.514 billion[11] (65th) | ||||||||||
• Per capita | $974[11] | ||||||||||
| Gini (2015) |  35.0[12]medium | ||||||||||
| HDI (2019) |  0.485[13]low (173rd) | ||||||||||
| Currency | Birr (ETB) | ||||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) | ||||||||||
| Driving side | right | ||||||||||
| Calling code | +251 | ||||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | ET | ||||||||||
| Internet TLD | .et | ||||||||||
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country in the Horn of Africa, and the most populous[14] landlocked country in the world. It shares borders with Eritrea and Djibouti to the north, Somaliland[a] to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 sq mi) and over 117 million inhabitants[16] and is the 12th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa.[17][18][19] The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.[20][failed verification]
Ethiopian national identity is grounded in the historic and contemporary roles of Christianity and Islam, and the independence of Ethiopia from foreign rule,[not verified in body] stemming from the various ancient Ethiopian kingdoms of antiquity.[21][failed verification] Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia.[22] It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond.[23][24][25] According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn of Africa region during the ensuing Neolithic era.[26] Tracing its roots to the second millennium BC, Ethiopia's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history. Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba, under its first king, Menelik I.[27] In the first centuries, the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region.[28][29][30]
During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia established its modern borders through extensive conquest of territories to its east, west and south.[31] Ethiopia was the first independent African member of the League of Nations and the United Nations.[32] The country was occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia as part of Italian East Africa, until it was liberated in 1941 during World War II and underwent a short period of British military administration. During Italian rule, the government abolished the centuries-old practice of slavery,[33] and urbanization steadily increased.[34] In 1974, the long-standing Ethiopian monarchy under Haile Selassie was overthrown by the Derg, a communist military government backed by the Soviet Union.[35] In 1987, the Derg established the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, which was overthrown in 1991 by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). The EPRDF regime, ruled by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), saw severe authoritarian rule under a one-party dominance system, including human rights violations, political repressions, political prisoners, while the corruption rate steadily increased. During their rule, ethnic federalism was implemented in the constitution. The EPRDF coalition was merged with the new Prosperity Party of Abiy Ahmed in 2019 despite the TPLF refusing to merge. Since Abiy took office in 2018, ethnic tensions and unrest increased and hostility between Abiy's government and TPLF members worsened after 2020 and culminated in the Tigray War in November 2020.
Ethiopia is a multilingual nation, with around 80 ethnolinguistic groups, the four largest of which are the Oromo, Amhara, Somali and Tigrayans. A majority of the population adheres to Christianity (mainly the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and P'ent'ay), while a third follow Islam, primarily Sunni. The country is the site of the Islamic Migration to Abyssinia and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa, at Negash. The nation is a land of geographical contrasts, ranging from the vast fertile west, with its forests and numerous rivers, to the world's hottest settlement of Dallol in its north. The Ethiopian Highlands are the largest continuous mountain ranges in Africa, and the Sof Omar Caves contains the largest cave on the continent. Ethiopia also has the second-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa.[36] This sovereign state is a founding member of the UN, the Group of 24 (G-24), the Non-Aligned Movement, the G77 and the Organisation of African Unity. Addis Ababa is the headquarters of the African Union, the Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, the African Standby Force and many of the global NGOs focused on Africa.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Ethiopia experienced civil war and communist purges which hindered its economy but it has since recovered and, as of 2010,[update] has the largest economy by GDP in East Africa.[37][38][39] However, it remains one of the world's poorest countries,[40] facing poverty, hunger, corruption, weak infrastructure, poor respect for human rights, and limited access to health and education, with a literacy rate of only 49%,[41] ranking it in the worst quartile on the Human Development Index.
- ^ "ETHIOPIA TO ADD 4 MORE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES TO FOSTER UNITY". Ventures Africa. Ventures. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Nazretwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Shaban, Abdurahman. "One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages". Africa News.
- ^ "Ethiopian Constitution".
- ^ "Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007" (PDF). Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results. Population Census Commission. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Country Level". 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia. CSA. 13 July 2010. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
- ^ "Ethiopia- The World Factbook". www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ "Zenawism as ethnic-federalism" (PDF).
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
CIA World Factbookwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Ethiopia Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)".
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ "Gini Index coefficient". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
- ^ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
- ^ "Explore All Countries - Ethiopia". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world
- ^ Adopted by the Security Council at its 6127th meeting (ed.). "Resolution 1872 (2009)" (PDF). UN.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) - ^ "Ethiopia Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)".
- ^ "Population Projections for Ethiopia 2007–2037". www.csa.gov.et. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "Ethiopia". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Kessler, David F. (2012). The Falashas : a Short History of the Ethiopian Jews. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-283-70872-2. OCLC 819506475.
- ^ Hopkin, Michael (16 February 2005). "Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of Homo sapiens". Nature. doi:10.1038/news050214-10.
- ^ Li, J.Z.; Absher, D.M.; Tang, H.; Southwick, A.M.; Casto, A.M.; Ramachandran, S.; Cann, H.M.; Barsh, G.S.; Feldman, M.; Cavalli-Sforza, L.L.; Myers, R.M. (2008). "Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation". Science. 319 (5866): 1100–04. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1100L. doi:10.1126/science.1153717. PMID 18292342. S2CID 53541133.
- ^ "Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says". Bloomberg News. 21 February 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ Kaplan, Karen (21 February 2008). "Around the world from Addis Ababa". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ Zarins, Juris (1990). "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 280 (280): 31–65. doi:10.2307/1357309. JSTOR 1357309. S2CID 163491760.
- ^ "In search of the real Queen of Sheba". 3 December 2018.
- ^ Ancient India, A History Textbook for Class XI, Ram Sharan Sharma, National Council of Educational Research and Training, India
- ^ Munro-Hay, p. 57
- ^ Henze, Paul B. (2005) Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, ISBN 1-85065-522-7.
- ^ Young, J. (1998). "Regionalism and democracy in Ethiopia". Third World Quarterly. 19 (2): 191–204. doi:10.1080/01436599814415. JSTOR 3993156.
- ^ "Ethiopia and the OAU: Recalling the contributions of Ethiopia’s Pan-Africanist leaders". The Reporter – English Edition. Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. thereporterethiopia.com.
- ^ Goitom, Hanibal (14 February 2012). "Abolition of Slavery in Ethiopia". Library of Congress.
- ^ Shivley, K. "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia" Macalester.edu. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
- ^ "Ethiopia". Ethiopia | Communist Crimes. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
- ^ "Ethiopia surpasses Kenya to become East Africa's Biggest Economy". Nazret.com. 6 February 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion. International Monetary Fund (14 September 2006). Retrieved on 3 March 2012.
- ^ Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion. International Monetary Fund (14 September 2006). Retrieved on 3 March 2012.
- ^ "Ethiopia Poverty Assessment". World Bank. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- ^ "Major problems facing Ethiopia today". Africaw.
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